Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Control Research Articles

A grey wolf optimization-based modified SPWM control scheme for a three-phase half bridge cascaded multilevel inverter

The Multilevel inverter (MLI) plays a pivotal role in Renewable Energy (RE) systems by offering a cost-effective and highly efficient solution for converting DC from Photovoltaic (PV) sources into AC at high voltages. In addition, an innovative technology holds immense significance as it not only enables the seamless integration of PV systems into the grid but also ensures optimal power generation, thereby contributing to the widespread adoption of RE and fostering a sustainable future. This paper presents a modified sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) control scheme for a three-phase half-bridge cascaded MLI-powered PV sources. The selection of the MLI configuration is motivated by its reduced number of switching components, which enhances system reliability and simplifies experimental implementation. Compared to the SPWM schemes which require (m−1) carriers that make the generation of the pulse circuit very complex, the proposed control scheme requires only three signals: a carrier signal, a triangular waveform, and a modulating signal. This approach significantly reduces the complexity of control and facilitates practical implementation. The proposed control scheme simulation is verified using MATLAB/SIMULINK Software. The grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithm is implemented to determine the optimal switching angles of the proposed control scheme. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) objective is selected to be the fitness function to be minimized for improving the quality of the output waveforms. For verification, the results of the proposed GWO-based modified SPWM control scheme are compared with those obtained using both the Particle swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic algorithm (GA) used in the literature. Simulation results declared that the proposed control scheme improves performance, especially THD which is minimized to 6.8%. Experimental validation has been conducted by building a laboratory prototype of the proposed system. The experimental and simulation results gave acceptable and limited convergent results considering the experimental difficulties.

Modelling and simulation of sinusoidal pulse width modulation controller for solar photovoltaic inverter to minimize the switching losses and improving the system efficiency

Modelling and simulation of sinusoidal pulse width modulation controller for solar photovoltaic inverter to minimize the switching losses and improving the system efficiency

Hybrid PFM and SPWM Control Scheme for DCM Single-Leg-Integrated Boost Inverter

Under the conventional pulse width modulation (PWM) + sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) hybrid control, the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) single-leg-integrated boost (SLIB) inverter confronts an over-modulation problem under a wide change in load, leading to the distorted output waveform. One approach to address this issue is to keep the boost-leg duty cycle constant and regulate load power. However, it is not suitable for standalone or PV grid-connected power systems. Therefore, a pulse frequency modulation (PFM) + SPWM hybrid control scheme is proposed to overcome the shortcomings in this paper. Under the proposed scheme, the boost-leg of the inverter works in PFM while the other leg works in SPWM. Since the DC-link voltage is controlled by frequency, instead of load power or duty cycle, the inverter can avoid over-modulation for a wide load range and be applied on occasions where the load power is non-adjustable, which is more practical in comparison with the counterpart. The feasibility of the proposed hybrid control is verified by experiment through a 500 W prototype.

An Interleaved Battery Charger Circuit for a Switched Capacitor Inverter-Based Standalone Single-Phase Photovoltaic Energy Management System

A single-phase bidirectional DC/DC battery charger with a P&O MPPT current control strategy for a standalone energy management system has been integrated with an interleaved switched capacitor DC/AC inverter with an RMS feedback phase-shifted unipolar sinusoidal PWM control strategy. In the published literature, P&O MPPT control is used to drive a boost converter connected in parallel to a battery charger; this modified strategy combines a P&O MPPT algorithm with current control to drive an interleaving buck-boost battery charger. This battery charger circuit is connected in parallel to a closed loop controlled interleaved inverter that feeds the AC home load. MATLAB/Simulink based simulation circuit was developed and used to validate the successful integration of the interleaved battery charger with the global system. To do this, the system is tested with varying input conditions of irradiance and temperature. The system’s response to these variable inputs is monitored and analysed. The simulation results show the proposed method is effective for standalone battery-based PV systems. The system provides a more efficient and faster response compared with both an interleaved and non-interleaved voltage-controlled battery charger circuit that is also integrated with the global system. This battery charger control strategy is also shown to protect the battery from over-charging as well as discharging below 25%, which can improve and protect the long-term battery performance. Compared with novel industry approaches, the proposed system is simpler by nature due to the reduced number of conversions and therefore a reduced number of components which provides economic advantages.

Design and Implementation of multi-level inverter for PV system with various DC Sources

Multilevel inverters (MLI) are now favored over conventional transformers due to higher output voltage levels and lower harmonic distortions. In this study, a 45-level and 39-level inverter with lower power switchgear number was constructed. The 16-switch single-phase MLI inverter is generated, simulated, and used realistically. The simulation system uses a control method called sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM). The output voltage from the simulation includes total harmonic distortion (THD). THD values of 45 and 39 level output voltage simulation are 2.59% and 2.98% respectively. The system has been designed and tested practically without load? The THD value was 2.69% for 45-level and 3.13% for 39-level. These results demonstrate that the proposed MLI circuit and SPWM controller were successful in achieving the necessary voltage level and THD decreased when level increased.

A Control Scheme for a Quasi-Z Source Three-Phase Inverter

This paper presents a novel control scheme for a three-phase quasi-z source inverter (qZSI) using a capacitor voltage and input current-based sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique. The proposed scheme combines the advantages of both qZSI and SPWM techniques to achieve improved performance. The SPWM technique utilizes a sinusoidal modulation signal, which is compared with a high-frequency triangular carrier wave and two shoot-through (ST) references to determine the switching states for the three-phase qZSI. The positive and negative ST references are obtained from the capacitor voltages and input current, allowing for control of the DC bus voltage and ST states of the inverter. Additionally, the proposed control scheme generates the three-phase modulation signal through decoupling control in the dq reference frame. The detailed analysis of the control scheme includes its operating principle, transient state, steady-state responses, and the effects of parameter variations. Simulation studies are conducted using MATLAB/Simulink to assess the performance of the three-phase qZSI under the proposed control scheme. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the control scheme in terms of output voltage quality, DC bus voltage control, and robustness against reference variations. Overall, the proposed capacitor voltage and input current-based SPWM control scheme for the three-phase qZSI shows promising performance improvements and robustness, as confirmed through comprehensive simulation studies.

A Simulation Research on the Grid-Connected Control Technology of Single-Phase Inverters Based on MATLAB

This paper primarily discusses the main circuit of single-phase inverter circuits. It begins by introducing the research context and the significance of the subject, then discusses the topology of grid-connected single-phase inverter circuits, continues by discussing the control strategy for grid-connected single-phase inverter circuits, realizes a sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) signal generation circuit and an inverse control algorithm program, and finally ensures good output waveform and fast dynamic response. In view of the hysteresis feature of the grid voltage’s synchronous signal sampling circuit, the acquisition function in digital signal processing (DSP) control chips is applied, and the reasons for the hysteresis phenomenon are thoroughly investigated. The reliability of the SPWM control algorithm is revealed through the results.

Three‐phase transformerless photovoltaic inverter without common mode leakage current

AbstractSince three‐phase transformerless (TPT) PV inverters have large common mode leakage current (CMLC), a TPT PV inverter without CMLC is proposed. The proposed inverter is derived from three single‐phase half‐bridge inverters and a boost converter. Grounds of the PV array and three‐phase loads are connected directly, so no CMLC exists in the TPT solar inverter. Operating principle, stability analysis, and loss calculation and example of the proposed three‐phase inverter are illustrated in detail. The pulse‐width modulation (PWM) and sinusoidal PWM control methods are used in the boost converter and three‐phase inverter, respectively. The proposed inverter is a stable system. Finally, simulation and experimental results of a 900‐W TPT PV inverter confirm the theoretical analysis. The CMLC in the proposed inverter is only about 0.8 mA, which is mainly caused by the ground line inductance and oscilloscope probe noise.

A Novel VFVDC Optimized Full Bridge Inverter Control Strategy for Independent Solar Power Systems

This research explored the independent solar power system (ISPS), including the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology and the DC (direct current) to AC (alternating current) full-bridge inverter (FBI) control technology. This study combined the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm based on the output voltage control strategy and the proposed optimized FBI control strategy to the ISPS. The proposed variable frequency and variable duty cycle (VFVDC) optimized FBI control strategy had adjustable frequency and duty cycle. The proposed VFVDC control strategy was compared with the sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM). When the output of FBI was at a low voltage level, the operating frequency was 10 kHz. Conversely, when the FBI gave a high voltage level output, the operating frequency was 1 kHz. This control improved the switching loss of 4 power MOSFETs in the FBI and thus improved the performance with a low harmonic amount. To further verify the explored system, this study used MATLAB to compare the proposed control strategy and SPWM control method. The simulation results verified that the proposed control strategy total harmonic distortion (THD) = 1.02% was better than the SPWM control method THD = 3.23%, then the low pass filter (LPF) volume was reduced. Finally, the actual ISPS was used for actual measurement and verification. The proposed control strategy had a low harmonic level, can operate stably and effectively, and thus be used for the actual fulfillment of electricity needs.

Design and Development of ROSMC-Based Single-Stage Z Source Inverter for Power Quality Enhancement in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Applications

This research work focuses on the design and analysis of the single-stage reduced order sliding mode control (ROSMC)-based Z-source inverter (ZSI) using sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technique for improving the output power quality. To enhance the ZSI output voltage, the shoot-through (ST) mode is executed. Reduced 2nd order model of ZSI is derived from original 6th order model using moment matching method to reduce the sensor requirements and complexity in controller design. The closed loop control is accomplished using cascade control technique to investigate the system’s dynamic response. A Genetic Algorithm (GA)-tuned Proportional Integral (PI) controller is used for the outer voltage control. GA-tuned PI/ROSMC-based SPWM control technique has been attempted for inner current control. Sinusoidal reference signal is generated by the inner current control loop. Internal Model Control (IMC)-tuned Proportional Integral derivative (PID) controller is used to minimise the effect of Right Half-Plane zero, and it also produces required shoot-through duty ratio (STDR). Simulation results illustrate that the ROSMC-based SPWM technique provides superior performance than GA-tuned PI-based SPWM control technique. An experimental prototype model of 2 kW ZSI, ROSMC-based SPWM control is implemented using SPARTAN-6 field programmable gate array. The simulation results are substantiated with the hardware results.

Modified SPWM Control for a Single-Stage Differential Boost Inverter Applied in a BESS

This study aims to implement a single-stage differential boost inverter (SSDBI) applied in a single-stage battery energy storage system (BESS) topology that can supply power from a lower-voltage battery module to an alternating current (AC) load. Compared with the common two-stage topology, which has a two-stage converter and higher-voltage battery module array, the single-stage topology can reduce the number of cells and components and improve the power density. In addition, a modified sinusoidal pulse-width modulation (SPWM) control was proposed to reduce the control complexity of the SSDBI while improving the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the inverter. The modified SPWM control can reduce the duty ratio of the SSDBI and the stress on the components in order to improve the AC voltage output waveform and reduce the THD.

Design of a New Duty Cycle Modulation to Improve the Energy Quality of an Insulated Production System

In this article, we propose a new strategy for controlling three-phase inverters of renewable energy sources, based on the Duty Cycle Modulatiom (DCM) control using the Park and Fortescue transformation (DCM-dq-dih). Our goals in setting and using this strategy are, on the one hand, to induce a lower harmonic rate as compared to the SPWM (Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation) strategy and on the other hand, this control technique enables the inverter to deliver balanced voltages, be it in the event of load unbalance. Our design is built on the basis of the known mode of DCM control of single-phase inverters. Thus, the control of our three-phase inverter is carried out by three DCM modules whose set-points come from the direct, reverse and homopolar strings reconstructed in a Park landmark. This new strategy was tested on the MATLAB Simulink environment for a load of 160 kW. The test results show a reduced Total Harmonic Distorsion (THD) of 2.7 times compared to the THD produced by the SPWM control strategy. In addition, regulation of the symmetrical components during load unbalance is ensured so that the inverter always delivers constant and balanced voltages.

A reduced switch extendable-level inverter-fed open-end winding PMSM drive

The advancement of multilevel inverters has led to an increase in efficiency and reliability. This paper demonstrates the design and implementation of a reduced switch extendable-level inverter-fed open-end winding permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive. Unlike traditional multilevel inverter topologies, output voltage levels in the proposed inverter depend on the operating frequency of the switches. As the frequency of operation is very high, the levels in the output voltage reach infinity and hence the term extendable-level inverter. It achieves infinite voltage output levels, with a reduced component count. The configuration of the open-end winding enables the application of the AC voltage directly to the independent motor phases and hence achieves the merits of operation at a reduced input DC voltage. The proposed drive achieves a very high DC-link voltage utilization, reduced inverter switching losses, enhanced power quality, and excellent dynamic response using a single DC source and a minimum number of components. A comparative analysis of the proposed drive with different MLI-fed OEWPMSM drives in terms of the component count and total harmonic distortion is provided. FPGA-based improved sinusoidal PWM control of the proposed drive reduces execution time and enhances the control performance of the inverter. Dynamic characteristics of the proposed drive are provided for analyzing the dynamic response of the drive to a step change in load torque. The proposed drive is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink platform for theoretical analysis and evaluation. The experimental prototype is designed and implemented for validating the proposed drive operation.

Analytical model for predicting the junction temperature of chips considering the internal electrothermal coupling inside SiC metal–oxide–semiconductor field‐effect transistor modules

Owing to their excellent characteristics, silicon carbide (SiC) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor modules are expected to have broad application prospects in various types of power conversion equipment in the future. Accurate prediction of the internal chip junction temperature of SiC module is of great value for the usage of the modules in the power conversion equipment. In this study, taking the electrothermal coupling process, and the thermal characteristics of the chips into consideration, the power loss model under unipolar and bipolar sinusoidal pulse-width modulation control was developed. A star-shaped equivalent thermal network model based on virtual temperature was established. Moreover, an analytical junction temperature predicting model was proposed. To obtain the temperature dependence of static and dynamic parameters for the models, power device analyser was used, and the double pulse test bench was established. To validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the above models, the finite element method was used to calculate the junction temperature of a commercial 1200 V/300 A full SiC module under different working conditions. The results show that the relative error is very small and the proposed model is effective

Performance Analysis of TRIAC and MPWM of AC Voltage Controller Fed Capacitor Run Induction Motor

Single phase capacitor run induction motor is necessary to operate meritoriously and enhance the power quality. AC voltage controller is utilized effectively for controlling the speed of the motor. It employs conventional TRIAC and sinusoidal pulse width modulation control. The performance parameters are total harmonic distortion, input power factor and efficiency are the main concern. The comparative analysis of the two methods was simulated using MATLAB Simulink platform. Speed control of capacitor run induction motor used in domestic and industrial applications.

A Seven-Level VSI With a Front-End Cascaded Three-Level Inverter and Flying-Capacitor-Fed H-Bridge

Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are playing a pivotal role in the power sector with potential applications, such as interfacing renewable energy sources with the grid and several industrial drive applications. MLIs with a smaller number of switching devices are more promising due to their compact size, reduced cost, and higher efficiency compared with their traditional counterparts. This paper, therefore, presents a new three-phase seven-level inverter. This topology is a combination of two cascade-connected two-level voltage-source inverters (VSIs) and H-bridge cells with flying capacitors (FCs). This paper presents the operating principle and the balancing technique for the dc-link capacitors and FCs. The generation of various output voltage levels and the limitation of the sinusoidal pulsewidth modulation control for FC voltage balancing is also presented. The number of components in the proposed circuit configuration and their voltage ratings are considerably lower compared with the recently proposed topologies. The behavior of the proposed circuit configuration is first assessed with simulation studies and is then tested with a laboratory prototype. The simulation and experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed topology and the voltage balancing technique.

Design and Application of a Fuzzy Adaptive Controlled Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive Employed in Electric Vehicle

In this work, design, development and analysis of a closed loop-based control strategy of a fuzzy adaptive controlled PWM operated Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor drive has been established. The entire structure of the proposed closed loop model is made up of two loop control formation, outer loop speed and inner loop current. Therefore, to enhance the dynamic operation of the drive system classical PI controller is taken as current controller and fuzzy adaptive controller with simplified fuzzy rules have been utilized as speed controller. With the implementation of sinusoidal PWM control strategy, it is evident that the nature of armature current would be nearly sinusoidal and generated torque ripples will be lesser. The detailed dynamic performance of a permanent magnet synchronous motor drive is carried out in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. An economic as well as efficient inverter configuration is also proposed in this article. The simulations results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The outcome of the proposed concept can be utilized for dynamic performance prediction of a light electric vehicle in a modern energy efficient environment

Imbalanced Load Regulation Based on Virtual Resistance of A Three-Phase Four-Wire Inverter for EV Vehicle-to-Home Applications

As a new application area of electric vehicles, vehicle to home (V2H) recently becomes one of the most attractive research areas. In this paper, a three-phase four-wire inverter using four half-bridge legs is adopted to realize the V2H functionality. Such three-phase inverter acts as the grid-side ac/dc part of the battery charger. In order to deal with the imbalanced load, an independently controlled neutral module has been adopted to form the neutral line and provide the path for the zero-sequence current, together with split dc-bus capacitors. Each phase employs the independent sinusoidal pulse width modulation control with the virtual resistor paralleled with the load, namely, notch-filter-incorporated capacitor voltage feedback control, which damps harmonics around the resonant frequency at various load conditions. In addition, this paper quantifies the load imbalance versus the dc-link voltage oscillation and provides the guidance for the selection of the dc-link capacitance. Finally, a 10-kW three-phase four-wire inverter working at the V2H mode is built and tested, with the three-phase imbalanced load imposed to validate the proposed design and control strategy.

Simplified five-level voltage source inverter with level-phase-shifted carriers based modulation technique

<p>A simplified circuit topology of the five-level pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter for DC-AC power conversion with no-isolated DC voltage sources and reduced switching device number is presented in this paper. The inverter circuit is based on the three-level H-bridge inverter configuration. The developed five-level inverter needs only five controlled power switches and four isolated gate drive circuits. Furthermore, the proposed topology does not require bidirectional power semiconductor controlled switches, hence a conventional discrete power MOSFETs or IGBTs can be used to build the inverter circuits. To obtain a better quality output voltage waveform, the level-phase-shifted carriers based sinusoidal pulse width modulation control was applied to produce a five-level PWM voltage waveform. The proposed inverter circuit was examined by using computer simulation with Power PSIM software. The basic principle operation of the inverter circuit was verified experimentally in laboratory using two non-isolated DC voltage sources as the inputs of the inverter’s prototype circuit. Some analysis of inverter’s output waveforms are provided and discussed. <em></em></p>

Power electronic controller with time sharing switching strategy for grid connected PV systems

The design and implementation of a high-efficiency two-stage power electronic controller for feeding power from a photovoltaic (PV) array to the load/utility grid is proposed. The PV array is connected to the load/utility grid through a boost converter and an inverter. The boost converter is controlled by sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) pulses so as to get a clamped quasi-sinusoidal waveform at the DC link. The inverter converts the clamped quasi-DC voltage into AC voltage using the SPWM controller. At any time only one switch operates at high frequency, thus yielding reduction in the switching losses of the converters. The controller used for the inverter takes care of both the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) at unity power factor (UPF) and grid synchronization. The power electronic controller has been constructed using IGBT switches. The complete system has been modeled with MATLAB/Simulink software and simulation results are compared with experimental results. Experiments have been conducted at varying irradiations for both stand-alone (110 W) and grid-connected (110 V, 50 Hz) systems with a PV array of 130.2 V and 4.5 A employing the dSPACE DS1103 controller. The steady-state and dynamic responses of the proposed system are presented.