Coal and mineral processing operations can be controlled more economically if information on process variables is obtained continuously. Much of this information can be provided by nuclear techniques. Recent Australian developments in on-line nuclear gauges are reviewed. Techniques have been developed, field tested and commercialised for the on-line analysis of ash and moisture in coal and for the in-stream determination of solids weight fraction and ash in coal slurries. Techniques are being developed for the on-line analysis of moisture in coke and sulphur in lead sinter feed. As well, techniques are being developed for the bulk analysis of silver, lead and zinc in drill cores.