Sinonasal Malignancies Research Articles

Management of the orbit during endoscopic sinonasal tumor surgery.

The primary aims of the study were to report preoperative imaging characteristics and intraoperative management of the orbit during endoscopic resection of benign and malignant sinonasal tumors. This study was a case series at an academic tertiary care center. Retrospective chart review and prospective imaging assessment was performed on 159 cases treated between July 2009 and December 2012. A total of 41 patients met predetermined inclusion criteria. Squamous cell carcinoma (17.1%) and inverted papilloma (31.7%) were the most common malignant and benign histology, respectively. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scanning most commonly demonstrated erosion of the lamina papyracea (80.5%), whereas magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) most commonly illustrated loss of fat plane between tumor and extraocular muscle (53.1%). Endoscopic procedures to address the orbital interface included lamina papyracea resection (85.4%), dacryocystorhinostomy (26.8%), periorbita resection (26.8%), optic nerve decompression (7.3%), and orbital exenteration (2.4%). Oculoplastic surgery involvement was required in 31.7% of cases. Orbital complications included epiphora in 3 (7.3%) and diplopia in 2 (5.1%) patients. Postoperatively, no recurrences were noted in the benign group, whereas 6 (28.6%) recurrences were noted in 21 patients in the malignant group treated with intent to cure. Two patients died of disease due to distant metastases from mucosal melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma. This represents the largest series to date on endoscopic management of the orbit in benign and malignant sinonasal tumors. A majority of these cases can be managed by a purely endoscopic approach with low complication and recurrence rates, although a subset still require adjunct open approaches for successful tumor extirpation.

Epidemiological Survey of Sinonasal Malignancy in North-East Iran.

Sinonasalmalignanciesare uncommonneoplasmswith several histological subtypes. These malignancies have a poor prognosis and, because of the nonspecific nature of the symptoms, most patients are diagnosed late when the disease is already at an advanced stage. Therefore, most sinonasal malignancies tend to be treated with surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. Understanding the incidence and prevalence of clinical symptoms, pathology, diagnosis, and subsequent prognosis of the disease is important for early diagnosis. Medical records of patients witha confirmed diagnosis of sinonasalmalignancy in a tertiary referral center from 1998 to 2009 were retrospectively investigated by chronological examination. Information relating to symptoms, pathology, and treatment of patients were collected from the checklists and used to generate tables and graphs, while descriptive statistical tests were used to compare data. The records of 69 patients were examined, including 45 (65.2%) male and 24 (34.8%) female patients with a combined mean age of 54.07±16.04 years. Twenty-one patients (30.4%) were aged less than 45 years and 48 (69.6%) were more than 45 years of age. The most common symptom was facial swelling in 46 (66.6%) patients and the most common kind of tumor was squamous cell carcinoma in 28 (40.6%) patients. The primary location of the tumor in most patients was the maxillary sinus (54 patients; 78.3%). A majority of patients present in advanced stage (stage III or more) with intraorbital (39.1%) or intracranial (4.3%) involvement, or regional lymphatic (28.99%) or distance metastasis (7.2%). The most common treatment was surgery (17 patients; 24.6%). Due to their nonspecific symptoms, mostsinonasalmalignanciesare diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease. Therefore, all patients with nonspecific symptoms, especially older males, should be evaluated for sinonasal malignancies in order to eliminate this diagnosis.

Extended orbital exenteration for sinonasal malignancy with orbital apex extension: surgical technique and clinical analysis.

The majority of sinonasal malignancies present with advanced disease, and cure rates are generally poor. Surgical extirpation remains the mainstay of treatment. In cases of sinonasal malignancy with orbital apex extension, gross-total tumor resection requires orbital exenteration and bony skull base resection around the orbital apex to provide sufficient margins. In this retrospective study, the authors describe their surgical strategy in and technique for orbital exenteration with orbital apex resection in patients at Tokyo Medical and Dental University who had sinonasal malignancy with orbital apex extension. They also analyzed the clinical features of and the results in these patients. Between February 2001 and August 2012 at the authors' institution, sinonasal malignancy with orbital apex extension was treated using craniofacial tumor resection with orbital exenteration including skull base bone around the orbital apex. The authors describe this technique and analyze the surgical indications, extent of resection, primary tumor location, outcome, pathological findings, and neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies of the patients who underwent the technique. The patients consisted of 12 men and 3 women with a mean age of 47.7 years (range 14-79 years). The longest postoperative follow-up was 9.5 years, and the shortest was 0.67 year (mean 3.0 years). Tumor originated at the ethmoid sinus in 6 patients (40%), maxillary sinus in 5 (33%), nasal cavity in 2 (13%), and orbital cavity and maxillary bone in 1 patient each (7%). Histological analysis of tumor specimens revealed squamous cell carcinoma in 9 patients (60%), rhabdomyosarcoma in 2 (13%), and small cell carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, and Ewing sarcoma in 1 patient each (7%). Two patients experienced recurrences at 1 and 5 months after treatment; these patients died at 5 and 10 months after surgery, respectively. Estimated 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 86.7%, and estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) was 86.2%; there was no perioperative mortality. None of the patients had new neurological deficits as a result of the surgery, but 5 patients suffered infectious complications from the graft transplanted into the cavity after resection. There were no other perioperative complications. These authors are the first to describe a technique for extended orbital exenteration with orbital apex skull base resection. The technique provided sufficient margins for gross-total resection of the sinonasal malignancy with orbital apex extension. The estimated 5-year OS and RFS rates were high, and the perioperative complication rate was acceptably low, demonstrating the safety and efficacy of this technique.

Improved performance in differentiating benign from malignant sinonasal tumors using diffusion-weighted combined with dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.

Background:Differentiating benign from malignant sinonsal lesions is essential for treatment planning as well as determining the patient's prognosis, but the differentiation is often difficult in clinical practice. The study aimed to determine whether the combination of diffusion-weighted (DW) and dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) can improve the performance in differentiating benign from malignant sinonasal tumors.Methods:This retrospective study included 197 consecutive patients with sinonasal tumors (116 malignant tumors and 81 benign tumors). All patients underwent both DW and DCE-MRI in a 3-T magnetic resonance scanner. Two different settings of b values (0,700 and 0,1000 s/mm2) and two different strategies of region of interest (ROI) including whole slice (WS) and partial slice (PS) were used to calculate apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs). A DW parameter with WS ADCsb0,1000 and two DCE-MRI parameters (time intensity curve [TIC] and time to peak enhancement [Tpeak]) were finally combined to use in differentiating the benign from the malignant tumors in this study.Results:The mean ADCs of malignant sinonasal tumors (WS ADCsb0,1000 = 1.084 × 10−3 mm2/s) were significantly lower than those of benign tumors (WS ADCsb0,1000 = 1.617 × 10−3 mm2/s, P < 0.001). The accuracy using WS ADCsb0,1000 alone was 83.7% in differentiating the benign from the malignant tumors (85.3% sensitivity, 81.2% specificity, 86.4% positive predictive value [PPV], and 79.5% negative predictive value [NPV]). The accuracy using DCE with Tpeak and TIC alone was 72.1% (69.1% sensitivity, 74.1% specificity, 77.5% PPV, and 65.1% NPV). Using DW-MRI parameter was superior than using DCE parameters in differentiation between benign and malignant sinonasal tumors (P < 0.001). The accuracy was 87.3% (90.5% sensitivity, 82.7% specificity, 88.2% PPV, and 85.9% NPV) using DW-MRI combined with DCE-MRI, which was superior than that using DCE-MRI alone or using DW-MRI alone (both P < 0.001) in differentiating the benign from the malignant tumors.Conclusions:Diffusion-weighted combined with DCE-MRI can improve imaging performance in differentiating benign from malignant sinonasal tumors, which has the potential to improve diagnostic accuracy and to provide added value in the management for these tumors.

Sinonasal malignancies in Sweden 1960-2010; a nationwide study of the Swedish population.

Sinonasal malignancies (SNM) are rare and the prognosis is generally poor. Recently, a change in incidence for SNM has been reported. In this study, we investigated population-based trends for SNM in Sweden. We identified 3,221 patients from the Swedish National Cancer Registry diagnosed with primary malignancies arising from the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, or both, during the period 1960 through 2010. Incidence, gender and age, anatomical sites and relative survival were investigated. The incidence for SNM decreased except for sinonasal malignant melanoma (SNMM) and adenoid cystic cancer (even though a very small group) during the study period. More than 50 % of the malignancies involved the nasal cavity. The five-year relative survival was highest for adenoid cystic cancer followed by adenocarcinoma. SNMM and undifferentiated carcinoma had the poorest prognosis. We found that the incidence for SNM has decreased during the study period 1960 through 2010, except for SNMM that has increased.

Evolution of Skull Base Surgery for Sinonasal Malignancy at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

Evolution of Skull Base Surgery for Sinonasal Malignancy at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary

Dose–Volume Relationships Associated With Temporal Lobe Radiation Necrosis After Skull Base Proton Beam Therapy

We evaluated patient and treatment parameters correlated with development of temporal lobe radiation necrosis. This was a retrospective analysis of a cohort of 66 patients treated for skull base chordoma, chondrosarcoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, or sinonasal malignancies between 2005 and 2012, who had at least 6 months of clinical and radiographic follow-up. The median radiation dose was 75.6 Gy (relative biological effectiveness [RBE]). Analyzed factors included gender, age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking status, use of chemotherapy, and the absolute dose:volume data for both the right and left temporal lobes, considered separately. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) regression analysis evaluated potential predictors of radiation necrosis, and the median effective concentration (EC50) model estimated dose-volume parameters associated with radiation necrosis. Median follow-up time was 31 months (range 6-96 months) and was 34 months in patients who were alive. The Kaplan-Meier estimate of overall survival at 3 years was 84.9%. The 3-year estimate of any grade temporal lobe radiation necrosis was 12.4%, and for grade 2 or higher radiation necrosis was 5.7%. On multivariate GEE, only dose-volume relationships were associated with the risk of radiation necrosis. In the EC50 model, all dose levels from 10 to 70 Gy (RBE) were highly correlated with radiation necrosis, with a 15% 3-year risk of any-grade temporal lobe radiation necrosis when the absolute volume of a temporal lobe receiving 60 Gy (RBE) (aV60) exceeded 5.5 cm(3), or aV70 > 1.7 cm(3). Dose-volume parameters are highly correlated with the risk of developing temporal lobe radiation necrosis. In this study the risk of radiation necrosis increased sharply when the temporal lobe aV60 exceeded 5.5 cm(3) or aV70 > 1.7 cm(3). Treatment planning goals should include constraints on the volume of temporal lobes receiving higher dose. The EC50 model provides suggested dose-volume temporal lobe constraints for conventionally fractionated high-dose skull base radiation therapy.

Sinonasal malignancies in Sweden 1960-2010; a nationwide study of the Swedish population

Sinonasal malignancies (SNM) are rare and the prognosis is generally poor. Recently, a change in incidence for SNM has been reported. In this study, we investigated population-based trends for SNM in Sweden. We identified 3,221 patients from the Swedish National Cancer Registry diagnosed with primary malignancies arising from the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, or both, during the period 1960 through 2010. Incidence, gender and age, anatomical sites and relative survival were investigated. The incidence for SNM decreased except for sinonasal malignant melanoma (SNMM) and adenoid cystic cancer (even though a very small group) during the study period. More than 50 % of the malignancies involved the nasal cavity. The five-year relative survival was highest for adenoid cystic cancer followed by adenocarcinoma. SNMM and undifferentiated carcinoma had the poorest prognosis. We found that the incidence for SNM has decreased during the study period 1960 through 2010, except for SNMM that has increased.

The use of the reversed facial flap in midface reconstruction following advanced sinonasal malignancies

The objectives of the study: Advanced or recurrent sinonasal malignancies sometimes need, besides an ablative step, a reconstructive step. If this occurs, the reconstructive step may require advanced knowledge of reconstructive surgery because of the complex remnant defects after ablation. The methodology: The authors present a surgical reconstructive solution that can be used in cases of advanced sino nasal tumors which associate the destruction of the malar region. This requires a midfacial flap which will provide a solid support for the paramedial forehead flap. Conclusions: The use of the reversed midfacial flap is an original method that can provide a good mechanical support for any reconstructive flap in the midfacial region. Keyw ords: sino nasal malignancies, reconstruction, flap

Atypical Olfactory Neuroblastoma Presenting as Sinonasal Polyposis with Nasopharyngeal Extension: A Case Report

Background: Olfactory neuroblastoma also known as Esthesioneuroblastoma (ENB) is a tumor arising from the basal layer of olfactory epithelium in the superior recess of the nasal cavity in the region of cribriform plate. Incidence peaks once in 11 - 20 years of age and again in 50 - 60 years of age. It is equally found in men and women. Aim: The main aim of this case report is to characterize the clinical features of ENB showing nasopharyngeal involvement and its importance in the differential diagnosis of sinonasal neuroendocrine malignancies. Case presentation: Two cases are reported. The first case was a 21-year-old male with symptoms of nasal obstruction, recurrent epistaxis, nasal discharge, headache and paresthesia over the face with an evolution of 1 year with no previous history of trauma. Diagnostic nasal endoscopy revealed reddish gray mass filling bilateral nasal cavities. Posterior rhinoscopy revealed mass coming through choanae and filling the nasopharynx. Endoscopic resection of tumor was done and postoperatively all the symptoms of the patient resolved. The second case was a 62-year-old male with complaints of nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, recurrent epistaxis, anosmia and difficulty in swallowing. On computed tomography, anteriorly, the mass was extending up to external nares and posteriorly up to the nasopharynx, superiorly up to nasal roof and inferiorly up to hard palate. No obvious erosion of floor of anterior cranial fossa was seen. No intracranial extension was seen. Surgery was advised but patient refused to undergo any treatment. Conclusion: This study highlights the characteristics and clinical features of ENB showing nasopharyngeal involvement and their importance in the differential diagnosis of sinonasal neuroendocrine malignancies.

Endoscopic surgery for malignant sinonasal tumours: an eighteen year experience

Curative resection of malignant tumours of the skull base is increasingly undertaken endoscopically. Hitherto the diverse histology, rarity and long natural history have made it difficult to accrue statistically robust cohorts for comparison with conventional craniofacial resection. It is now possible to make such a comparison in a large personal cohort. Data on all cases of sinonasal malignancy undergoing endoscopic resection with curative intent over an eighteen year period were collected prospectively and analysed for survival and prognostic factors. There were 140 cases, 68 men and 72 women, aged 20-92 years (mean 63 yrs). Follow-up ranged from 6-184 months (mean 60 months). Eighteen different histopathologies were represented with olfactory neuroblastoma (36), malignant melanoma (33) and adenocarcinoma (19) being the commonest. Additional radiotherapy was given in 95 cases and chemotherapy in 49. Overall survival is 84% at 5 years and 69% at 10 years. Overall disease-free survival was 77% at 5 years and 56% at ten. Overall and disease-free survival at 5 (and 10) years is, respectively, 97% and 90% for olfactory neuroblastoma, 79% and 68% for adenocarcinoma and 56% and 39% for malignant melanoma. These results show that endoscopic resection is an alternative to conventional craniofacial resection in selected cases.

Sinonasal Neoplasia - Clinicopathological Profile And Importance of Computed Tomography.

Nasal cavity and Paranasal sinus malignancies are very rare, in which maxillary sinus is the commonest, followed by ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid sinus. Computed Tomography (CT) & Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) play a key role in diagnosis, staging and management of paranasal sinuses and nasal pathologies. Multiplanar imaging in CT helps better imaging of critical anatomical areas. Aim of our study was to study the incidence, clinical features, CT features and its importance in the management of sinonasal neoplasms. This prospective study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital of MP, India. Consecutive 40 histologically proven cases of sinonasal neoplasia who visited the Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Radiotherapy are included in our study. Demography and clinical features were recorded. Cases of nasal and paranasal sinus masses diagnosed on CT attending ENT and Radiotherapy OPD or admitted in the Radiotherapy ward forms the material of this study. This included patients of both sexes and all ages. Histopathological examination was asked to confirm the diagnosis made on CT. There were total 40 cases of sinonasal neoplasia among which 24 were benign. Almost all the benign cases were seen in the age group <40 y with mean age of 20 y and most of the malignant cases were seen in the age group above 40 y with mean age of 55 y. In our study we found male preponderance with male female ratio of 4:1 in both benign and malignant conditions. The commonest presenting symptoms of the patients with sinonasal masses in our study was nasal obstruction (75%) and nasal discharge (67.5%) followed by nasal mass (65%), epistaxis (62.5%) and headache (60%). Angiofibroma and papilloma were the commonest benign lesions. Commonest malignant lesion was squamous cell carcinoma. Of the malignant Sinonasal tumours studied in our series, maxillary sinus was involved in 13, ethmoid sinuses and nasal cavity in 10 cases each, and frontal sinuses in 2 cases. Contrast enhanced computed tomography with multiplanar reconstruction is an excellent modality for imaging sinonasal masses. CT can define the character of the sinonasal mass, thus differentiating benign from malignant. CT helps better imaging of critical anatomical areas and helpful in planning treatment procedures such as surgery and radiotherapy.

Transitional cell carcinoma of the sinonasal tract: A rare entity

Malignant sinonasal carcinomas are a rare entity comprising less than 1% of all cancers and around 3% of all head and neck malignancies seen in humans. Among these 15-20% are transitional cell carcinoma also known as non keratinizing carcinoma of sinonasal tract. We are reporting the case of a 45 years female with history of nasal obstruction and epistaxis. A contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) was done which showed mucosal thickening in the right nasal cavity. Endoscopy assisted biopsy was taken which revealed non keratinizing carcinoma (transitional type). Very few reported cases of this type of malignancy was found. A possible reason could be multiple synonyms like cylindrical cell carcinoma, Schneiderian carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma.

Quality of Life Factors and Survival After Total or Extended Maxillectomy for Sinonasal Malignancies

Total and extended maxillectomy results in significant morbidity that can have an effect on quality of life factors. Modern reconstructive techniques have ameliorated this effect, but they have not been quantified. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the quality of life factors and survival of patients undergoing total or extended maxillectomy for malignant disease. A retrospective study was performed of all patients who had undergone total or extended maxillectomy at a tertiary care cancer center from January 2008 to May 2013. The minimum follow-up period was 6months. The quality of life factors analyzed included swallowing function and diet consistency, pain control, and postoperative complications. A total of 25 patients (13 women and 12 men) met the inclusion criteria. Using the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system, 76% of the patients had stage IV disease. Of the 25 patients, 13 received a free tissue transfer, 11 an obturator flap, and 1 a regional flap. None of the patients with a free tissue transfer experienced failure. The tumor size had no systemic influence on the reconstructive method chosen (P= .32 to P= .98). The median follow-up period was 41weeks (range 24 to 252). One death was recorded, and 10 patients were lost to follow-up. Eleven patients progressed to a regular diet. Fifteen patients required a tracheostomy, and all were decannulated at a mean of 14days postoperatively. One patient had dental implants placed. The type of reconstruction did not influence swallowing function (P= .49) or long-term pain (P= .38). The mean pain score was 4.9 ± 2.7. Pain management proved difficult in 7 patients. Also, 6 patients developed a surgical site infection, 3 of whom required a return to the operating room. Seven patients were readmitted to the hospital for complications; however, the reconstructive method did not influence the incidence of complications (P= .64). The inevitable morbidity, with respect to quality of life factors, that result from the disfiguring effects of total or extended maxillectomy can be deemed acceptable by patients. We recommend discussing all reconstructive options regarding the management of late-stage maxillary malignancies and the potential effect they can have on patients' quality of life.

Adénocarcinome de bas grade des fosses nasales : à propos d’un cas

Low-grade sinonasal adenocarcinomas are uncommon and recently described entities. Its histologic diagnosis is challenging. This tumour is characterized by a tendency to local invasion, and rare distant metastases. Well treated, the prognosis is excellent. We describe a case of low-grade nasal cavity adenocarcinoma and discuss the anatomoclinical, therapeutic and evolutionary characteristics of this malignant tumour. A 54-year-old female patient presented with a 10years history of right-sided nasal obstruction and recurrent epistaxis. On examination the patient had a large, firm mass in the right nasal cavity. Endoscopic sinonasal surgery was performed. The lesion was found to originate from the posteriolateral wall of the right nasal cavity. Histopathology analysis identified a low-grade sinonasal adenocarcinoma. Upon follow-up 4years after surgery, the patient exhibited no clinical evidence of recurrence. Low-grade sinonasal adenocarcinomas are poorly defined neoplasms, accounting for 4 to 20% of all sinonasal malignancies. The nasal cavity is the most frequently involved site. Low-grade sinonasal adenocarcinomas pose a diagnostic challenge for the pathologist because they must be distinguished from benign tumours, especially adenomas. The primary treatment of sinonasal adenocarcinoma is complete surgical excision.

Esthesioneuroblastoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma: differentiation in diagnosis and treatment.

Introduction Malignant sinonasal tumors comprise less than 1% of all neoplasms. A wide variety of tumors occurring primarily in this site can present with an undifferentiated or poorly differentiated morphology. Among them are esthesioneuroblastomas, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinomas, and neuroendocrine carcinomas. Objectives We will discuss diagnostic strategies, recent advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular diagnosis, and treatment strategies. Data Synthesis These lesions are diagnostically challenging, and up to 30% of sinonasal malignancies referred to the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center are given a different diagnosis on review of pathology. Correct classification is vital, as these tumors are significantly different in biological behavior and response to treatment. The past decade has witnessed advances in diagnosis and therapeutic modalities leading to improvements in survival. However, the optimal treatment for esthesioneuroblastoma, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, and neuroendocrine carcinoma remain debated. We discuss advances in immunohistochemistry and molecular diagnosis, diagnostic strategies, and treatment selection. Conclusions There are significant differences in prognosis and treatment for esthesioneuroblastoma, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma. Recent advances have the potential to improve oncologic outcomes but further investigation in needed.

Incidence of abnormal retropharyngeal lymph nodes in sinonasal malignancies among adults.

The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between abnormal retropharyngeal lymph nodes (RPLNs) and sinonasal malignancies among adults. Magnetic resonance and computed tomography images from 89 patients over 20 years old who were all histopathologically confirmed to have sinonasal malignancies from September 2001 to April 2014 were assessed retrospectively. Abnormal RPLNs were determined as those >5 mm in shortest axis or showing heterogeneous enhancement on axial images. Locations of sinonasal malignancies were categorized using the anterior border of the pterygopalatine fossa as a boundary: (a) anterior lesions, only present anterior to the boundary, or (b) posterior lesions, present or extending posterior to the boundary. Fisher's exact test was used for the analysis of the relationship between frequency of abnormal RPLNs and lesion location. Abnormal RPLNs were present in 13 of 89 patients (15%), including 6 of 41 squamous cell carcinomas (15%), 4 of 24 malignant lymphomas (17%), 3 of 5 olfactory neuroblastomas (60%), and 0 of 19 others (0%). Four of the 39 patients (10%) with anterior lesions showed abnormal RPLNs, compared to 9 of 50 patients (18%) with posterior lesions. No significant difference in frequency of abnormal RPLNs was apparent between anterior and posterior lesions (P = 0.37). In primary sinonasal malignancies among adults, the highest incidence of abnormal RPLNs was seen with olfactory neuroblastoma. The frequency of abnormal RPLNs was unaffected by the location of sinonasal malignancies among adults.

Human papillomavirus-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic-like features of the inferior turbinate: a case report.

Sinonasal malignancies are uncommon, but are of many different histologic types. Recently, Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic features was reported as a new histologic form. Although this histologic type resembles an adenoid cystic carcinoma, it differs from adenoid cystic carcinomas with regard to its association with HPV. Here, we present a case of HPV-related carcinoma with adenoid cystic features in the nasal cavity. We also review the histological characters of the tumor.

Outcomes and Complications of Locally Advanced Sinonasal Malignancies Treated with Open and Endoscopic Resections

Objectives: (1) Compare outcomes of patients with sinonasal malignancies (SNM) treated with an open resection to patients treated with an exclusively endoscopic or endoscopic-assisted approach. (2) Analyze the differences in surgical complications, length of hospital stay, and margin status between open and endoscopic approaches. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 102 patients with a pathologically diagnosed T3 or T4 SNM treated definitively at a tertiary care academic center from 1995 to 2012. Oncologic outcomes were determined. Results: Of the 102 patients, 29 presented with T3 disease while 73 presented with T4 disease. The most common histologic subtype was squamous cell carcinoma (56.9%). Fifty-three patients (52.0%) underwent open resection while 26 (25.5%) underwent an endoscopic or endoscopic-assisted resection. The 5- and 10-year disease-specific survival (DSS) for the 2 surgically treated groups was 67.6% and 65.2%, respectively. There was no significant difference between patients treated with open resection and patients treated with endoscopic resection in overall survival ( P = .98) or DSS ( P = .15). There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to length of stay (median for both = 5 days, P = .39) or margin status ( P = .42). The endoscopic surgery group had significantly more cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks than the open surgery group (42% vs 6%, P &lt; .001). Conclusions: Endoscopic and endoscopic-assisted resection of locally advanced SNM in the appropriately selected patient results in similar long-term oncologic control as open resection. There may be a higher rate of CSF leaks during endoscopic resections that contributes to hospital stays similar to those after open resections.

P12.09 * MALIGNANT TUMORS OF ANTERIOR SKULL BASE: IS THE ROLE OF SURGERY ENHANCED IN THE ENDOSCOPY ERA?

INTRODUCTION: Malignant tumors of anterior skull base represent a surgical challenge because of their anatomical location, the necessity of achieving negative margins, and the often-cosmetically disfiguring transfacial approaches needed. Recently, expanded endonasal endoscopic approaches (EEEA) have been developed, either alone or combined with transcranial approaches for treatment of these malignant lesions. We report our experience to illustrate the relative safety and effectiveness of the EEEA for skull base malignancies alone or combined when possible with minimally invasive approaches or traditional surgery. METHODS: From June 2009, 13 patients harbouring malignant neoplastic lesions of anterior skull base were treated at our department. Four patients affected by sinonasal malignancies with extension in anterior cranial fossa underwent to combined open subfrontal or minimally invasive supra orbital approach and EEEA. In 2 patients with respectively esthesioneuroblastoma and maxillary sinus squamous cell carcinoma a combined supraorbital key-hole craniotomy and EEEA were perfomed. Seven clival metastases with VI cranial nerve palsy were approached by the EEEA supplemented by neuronavigation. RESULTS: Gross total removal was performed in 9 out of 13 patients. In the other cases partial resection, but with adequate decompression and diagnosis were achieved. There were no mortality, 1 patient had infection and 1 deep vein thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience EEEA are an integral part of the neurosurgical armamentarium for the treatment of the skull base malignancies. In properly selected cases, it affords similar oncologic outcomes with lower morbidity than traditional open approaches. The major potential advantage of the EEEA approach is direct “natural” anatomical route to the lesion without traversing any major neurovascular structures, so obviating brain retraction. Many tumors grow in a medial-to-lateral direction, displacing structures laterally as they expand, creating natural corridors for their resection via an antero-medial approach. The complementary information provided by endoscopy can assist the surgeon in safely extend the approach maximizing the extent of resection and decompression in hidden angles. Nonetheless, these minimal access approaches should be considered a complement to well-established open approaches, which are still necessary in most advanced tumors.