Single Tone Research Articles

Similar Tuning of Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emission Ratio Functions and Cochlear Vibrations in Mice.

When elicited by two stimulus tones (at frequencies f1 and f2, f2 > f1), the amplitudes of specific distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) components exhibit a characteristic bandpass shape as the ratio between f2 and f1 is varied. This bandpass shape has been attributed to various mechanisms including intracochlear resonance, suppression, and wave interference, and has been proposed to be related to cochlear frequency tuning. While human studies suggest modest correlations between psychophysical tuning and the tuning of DPOAE amplitude vs. f2/f1 ratio functions, a relationship between the latter and the tuning of cochlear mechanical responses has yet to be established. This was addressed here through direct comparisons of DPOAEs and cochlear vibrations in wild-type CBA/CaJ mice. DPOAEs were elicited using a fixed-f2, swept-f1 paradigm, and optical coherence tomography was used to measure displacements from cochlear locations with characteristic frequencies near f2. The tuning sharpness of 2f1-f2 DPOAE ratio functions was found to be remarkably similar to that of basilar membrane and/or tectorial membrane responses to single tones, with the tuning sharpness of all responses increasing similarly with decreasing stimulus level. This relationship was observed for f2 frequencies ranging from ~8 to 22 kHz. Intracochlear distortion products did not exhibit a bandpass shape as the f2/f1 ratio was varied, indicating that interference between distortion products traveling to the stapes may be responsible for the tuning of the DPOAE ratio function. While these findings suggest that DPOAE ratio functions could be used to noninvasively infer cochlear tuning, it remains to be determined whether this relationship holds in other species and for lower frequency regions.

Unmanned aerial vehicle defense based on jamming suppression

The number and scale of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are growing explosively, and the frequent occurrence of UAV intrusions poses a serious threat to national security and social stability. Therefore, it has become increasingly important to defend against UAVs and develop related defense technologies. In order to effectively defend against UAVs, it is necessary to interfere with their GPS/Beidou positioning and 2.4G communication technology, thus disrupting their positioning and communication and rendering them unable to function properly. This article designs and implements a continuous wave single tone narrowband interference, and tests its performance, achieving a power suppression effect that seriously interferes with GPS positioning and blocks communication.

Hybrid Time/Phase Domain Synchronous Electromagnetic Encoders for Near-Field Chipless-RFID and Motion Control Applications

Synchronous electromagnetic encoder systems exploiting phase encoding to boost up the number of bits per encoder position are reported in this article. The reader is a one-port structure consisting of a transmission line terminated with a matched load and fed by a harmonic (single tone) signal. The encoders, or tags, are implemented by means of a single chain of strip resonators (inclusions) printed or etched on a dielectric substrate and oriented transversally to the chain axis. Phase encoding is achieved through the transverse position of the strips in the chain. Thus, in a reading operation, the encoder is displaced at a very short distance over the reader, in the direction orthogonal to the line axis. By this means, the resonant strips of the encoder cross the line in perfect alignment with it, significantly perturbing the reflection (and transmission) coefficient. By tuning the frequency of the feeding signal to the resonance frequency of the strips, total reflection is (roughly) expected each time a resonant strip is on top of the line. Moreover, under perfect alignment between the line and a resonant strip, the phase of the reflection coefficient depends on the distance between the inclusion (resonant strip) and the input port. Therefore, the identification (ID) associated with that inclusion can be retrieved by measuring the phase of the reflection coefficient. The number of states (and hence bits) per encoder position in the chain depends on the number of different transverse positions of the inclusions that can be resolved (16 in the prototype reported in this article). The achieved density of bits per unit length is DPL <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$=$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 5.71 bit/cm and per unit surface is DPS <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$=$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 0.57 bit/cm <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$^{2}$</tex-math> </inline-formula> . Nevertheless, the main relevant advantage of the proposed phase-modulated (PM) system is the fact that a single harmonic signal suffices for tag reading, contrary to other synchronous electromagnetic encoder systems based on frequency encoding, where multiple feeding harmonic signals are needed.

Investigation of Age and Gender Effects on the Middle Ear With Wideband Tympanometry in Adults.

Several studies have reported the effects of age and gender on the middle ear of adults using wideband acoustic immittance (WAI) that measures middle ear function over a range of frequencies rather than the traditional measures with a single probe tone. Although these results are often based on WAI measurements under ambient pressure, using WAI under varying ear-canal pressures (wideband tympanometry [WBT]) may be able to provide more information about age and gender effects on the middle ear. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of age and gender on the middle ear with WBT in three different age groups consisting of young, middle-aged, and older adults. A total of 95 adults with normal middle ear function were assessed, including 32 young adults (16 men, 16 women, aged 20 to 39 years), 31 middle-aged adults (15 men, 16 women, aged 41 to 60 years), and 32 older adults (16 men, 16 women, aged 65 to 82 years). WBT measurements were performed from 226 to 8000 Hz using Interacoustics Titan. Energy absorbance data at tympanometric peak pressure (EA TPP ) and ambient pressure (EA AP ) at 1/3 octave frequencies, and resonance frequency (RF) data were analyzed according to age and gender variables. Analysis results showed that the mean EA TPP was significantly higher from 500 to 794 Hz and at 5040 and 6350 Hz, and significantly lower from 1587 to 3175 Hz in older adults compared with young adults. The mean EA AP was significantly lower from 1587 to 3175 Hz, and significantly higher at 5040 and 6350 Hz in older adults compared with young adults. There was no significant difference in the mean EA TPP and mean EA AP at any frequency between young and middle-aged adults, and middle-aged and older adults. RF was significantly lower in older adults compared with young adults. In all age groups, men had higher mean EA TPP and mean EA AP at lower frequencies and lower mean EA TPP and mean EA AP at higher frequencies than women. Men had slightly lower RF than women in young and older adults, while men had significantly lower RF than women in middle-aged adults. This study demonstrated that there are possible age and gender effects on the middle ear that may affect the mechanical transmission of sound. It may be useful to consider this finding in clinical evaluation in adults of different ages and genders, and to establish age- and gender-specific WBT norms in the adult population.

Pengaruh Komposisi Partikel Styrofoam dan Resin Epoksi pada Komposit Peredam Suara

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Styrofoam&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; (Extruded Polystyrene) waste can be used as a soundproofing material. This study aims to determine the effect of the particle composition of Styrofoam and epoxy resin on the performance of soundproofing composites. The composition between Styrofoam particles and epoxy resin is 20:20; 20:30; and 20:50 grams. Sound absorption test using PVC impedance tube 100 cm long, 15 cm diameter, and 5 mm thick. The variation in the placement distance of the composite from the sound source is 25; 50; and 75 cm and was measured using the sound level meter application. This type of test sound uses a single tone in the frequency range of 0-600 Hz which is recorded per 5 seconds. Composite performance analysis is reviewed based on media density, composite morphological characteristics of Image-J software, and sound absorption coefficient values. The results showed that the greater the composition had increased the density value of composite particles accompanied by a decrease in pore area in the composite media which resulted in a sound absorption coefficient of 15.61 dB at a composition of 20:50 with a distance of 25 cm from the sound source.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

The spatial representation of loudness in a timbre discrimination task.

When participants decide whether a presented tone is loud or soft they react faster to loud tones with a top-sided response key in comparison to a bottom-sided response key and vice versa for soft tones. This effect is comparable to the well-established horizontal Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect and is often referred to as Spatial-Musical Association of Response Codes (SMARC) effect for loudness. The SMARC effect for loudness is typically explained by the assumption of a spatial representation or by the polarity correspondence principle. Crucially, both theories differ in the prediction of the SMARC effect when loudness is task-irrelevant. Therefore, we investigated whether the SMARC effect still occurs in a timbre discrimination task: Participants (N = 36) heard a single tone and classified its timbre with vertically arranged response keys. Additionally, the tone's loudness level varied in six levels. In case of a spatial representation, the SMARC effect should still occur while in case of polarity corresponding principle, the effect should be absent. Results showed that the SMARC effect was still present and that the differences between top-sided and bottom-sided responses were a linear function of loudness level indicating a continuous spatial representation of loudness.

An efficient calibration method for digital bandwidth interleaving sampling system

Digital bandwidth interleaving (DBI) is a technique that can simultaneously increase system sampling rate and bandwidth. While DBI can reduce the impact of clock jitter on the dynamic performance of the system compared to time-interleaved sampling systems, achieving dynamic performance comparable to time-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (TIADC) remains challenging due to phase misalignment in crossover bands caused by analog filters and nonlinearity in analog mixers. To address these issues, this paper proposes a method to calibrate DBI sampling systems using PRBS signals. This method involves injecting pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) signal into the system input as a background signal and calculating the correlation between the output sampling sequence and the PRBS sequence to obtain the response of each sampling channel. Compared with traditional single tone signal or pulse signal, this method offers a more efficient background calibration method. To verify the effectiveness of this method, this paper designed a hybrid parallel sampling system combining DBI and TIADC with a 20 GSPS sampling rate and 8 GHz bandwidth to evaluate the effectiveness of the calibration method. In the performance test of the sampling system before and after calibration, this calibration method improved the system's Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratio (SINAD) by up to 13 dB, Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR) by up to 27 dB, and phase response flatness better than 0.3 radians.

Sound radiation from semi-infinite elliptical ducts with uniform subsonic jets: An analytical approach

This paper presents an analytical method for modeling the acoustic field radiation from a semi-infinite elliptical duct with a uniform subsonic jet. Elliptical ducts are often used as inlets for turbofan engines to take full advantage of the pre-compression effect of the fuselage and improve the stealth performance of the aircraft. The method accounts for the instability wave inside the vortex sheet induced by the shearing of jet and ambient flow and its effect to sound radiation. The method uses Mathieu functions to describe the incident and scattered sound in the elliptic cylindrical coordinates. A semi-analytical Wiener-Hopf approach with low computational cost is applied to obtain the near and far field solutions. The near field is illustrated by acoustic pressure maps at different modes and circumferential angles. The far field is shown by directivity patterns at single tones. Numerical simulations based on a finite element method are conducted to validate the accuracy of the analytical method. The results show good agreement between the analytical and numerical solutions. The proposed method can be used to analyze the acoustic characteristics of elliptical ducts with jets, which are relevant for noise control and optimization of turbofan engine inlets.

Мониторинг загрузки управляющих функций в решении инсайтных задач с использованием парадигмы сингл-тон

Abandoning the strategy of consciously searching for a solution can be an insight mechanism. A number of studies have shown that control is important for both insightful and non-insightful tasks. From this it follows that the control has different functions. Insight occurs in several stages, at which the role of control is different. In the beginning, the task is solved as noninsightful and control is needed for intelligence. This continues until an impasse in the solution is reached. Next, intuitive processes come to the first role, and the role of control is decreasing. To study the dynamics of control, the subject performs a dual task, solving the main task (insightful or non-insightful, visual or verbal) and simultaneously reacting to sound stimuli (two levels of complexity of reactions). To study the role of control, we propose to use modally non-specific stimuli (sound signals) presented in the single tone paradigm. Twenty-five people took part in the study. No significant differences in dynamics were obtained. The probe-task was performed much more slowly from the middle stage of solving a non-insightful task to the end of the solution. The execution of the probe-task when solving the insightful task was uniform. A non-insightful task forces you to operate with voluminous intermediate data; this requires more resources of the central executor block.

Development and Validation of The Anadolu University Music Perception Test

In Turkey, children are accepted to conservatory music departments after fourth grade and fine arts high school music departments after eighth grade by taking a musical talent test. For students with high musical aural skills to know about their potential and be directed to the related education institutions there needs to be a valid test. This study was, therefore, conducted to develop a valid internet-based test to assess music perception of children with design-based research. Design-based research includes a series of iterative stages that involve continuous data collection, analysis, and improvement, rather than a linear process in development and implementation activities. Voluntary-basis selected schools in the pilot city’s first through fourth grades (both public and private schools) were invited to join the preliminary test. A total of 433 students participated in the online test. The test has seven categories including pitch discrimination (single, two, and multiple tones), tempo, length, melody, and rhythm. For item analysis, two separate sequential samples were collected. The results were evaluated according to psychometric test development principles. The initial results show that the music perception test (AMAT) is a valid and reliable instrument. The test is open to public use and can be reached at: https://aummat.anadolu.edu.tr/amat/

Theme in spoken language: when a tone group is not a clause

Abstract While there is a clear tendency for a Theme not to occur within its own tone group, it is equally clear that clauses are frequently formed out of more than a single tone group. Hence it is precipitous to assume an a priori relationship between clause and tone group/information unit. Speakers in pursuit of their individual communicative choices manage their interactional and informational needs by producing prosodic and thematic choices appropriate to their goals. Such choices as we have seen are frequently mutually re-enforcing, but speakers may employ prosodic choices which foreground their interactional needs. Specifically, this entails that there is no direct relationship between lexico-grammatical and prosodic meanings; both redound with semantic meanings. Yet, these meanings may be constrained by the interactional demands of the communicative situation in which a speaker operates. In this paper, I examine the spoken realisation of Interpersonal Theme and find that Interpersonal Themes realized by Mood adjuncts and metaphors of modality tended to be realized with different key. Similarly, the expectation that marked Theme was likely to attract high key was found to be subject to the speaker’s need to manage the interaction.

Microwave photonic dispersion immune self-interference cancellation scheme for a radio over fiber based in-band full duplex communication link

A microwave photonic scheme for multi-functional radio over fiber based in-band full duplex communication links to realize deep self-interference cancellation, long range transmission, and efficient signal recovery is proposed. In the proposed scheme, double sideband modulation helps avoid applying electrical couplers or optical filters and is beneficial to improve the frequency conversion efficiency. By virtue of the intermediate frequency signal amplitude regulation mechanism induced by fiber dispersion, the conditions of dispersion induced power fading compensation, amplitude matching, and phase reversion between self-interference and reference signals can be satisfied through joint DC bias tuning. The high precision delay matching in the optical domain is advantageous to the deep self-interference cancellation performance in a wide frequency range compared to its electrical counterparts. Furthermore, the deterioration of signal quality and self-interference cancellation performance caused by fiber dispersion is avoided. Experimental analyses show that a single tone signal in a wide frequency range of 2–20 GHz can be cancelled over 60 dB. A broadband signal with bandwidth of 50 MHz in the C-band, X-band, and K-band can be cancelled over 35 dB. Furthermore, the recovery performance of the signal of interest with different modulation formats and different signal to interference ratios is investigated, showing high quality signal transmission and efficient signal recovery. The capability of dispersion induced power fading compensation is also verified, and the spurious-free dynamic range is measured to be 88.47dB⋅Hz2/3.

A new intonation quality evaluation method based on self-supervised learning

Intonation evaluation is an important precondition that offers guidance to music practices. This paper present a new intonation quality evaluation method based on self-supervised learning to solve the fuzzy evaluation problem at the critical intonations. Firstly, the effective features of audios are automatically extracted by a self-supervised learning-based deep neural network. Secondly, the intonation evaluation of the single tones and pitch intervals are carried out by combining with the key local features of the audios. Finally, the intonation evaluation method characterized by physical calculations, which simulates and enhances the manual assessment. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieved the accuracy of 93.38% which is the average value of multiple experimental results obtained by randomly assigning audio data, which is much higher than that of the frequency-based intonation evaluation method(37.5%). In addition, this method has been applied in music teaching for the first time and delivers visual evaluation results.

Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation paired with tones on electrophysiological markers of auditory perception

BackgroundTranscutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has been introduced as a non-invasive alternative to invasive vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS). While iVNS paired with tones has been highlighted as a potential effective therapy for the treatment of auditory disorders such as tinnitus, there is still scarce data available confirming the efficacy of non-invasive taVNS. Here, we assessed the effect of taVNS paired with acoustic stimuli on sensory-related electrophysiological responses. MethodsA total of 22 healthy participants were investigated with a taVNS tone-pairing paradigm using a within-subjects design. In a single session pure tones paired with either active taVNS or sham taVNS were repeatedly presented. Novel tones without electrical stimulation served as control condition. Auditory event related potentials and auditory cortex oscillations were compared before and after the tone pairing procedure between stimulation conditions. ResultsFrom pre to post pairing, we observed a decrease in the N1 amplitude and in theta power to tones paired with sham taVNS while these electrophysiological measures remained stable for tones paired with active taVNS a pattern mirroring auditory sensory processing of novel, unpaired control tones. ConclusionOur results demonstrate the efficacy of a short-term application of non-invasive taVNS to modulate auditory processing in healthy individuals and, thereby, have potential implications for interventions in auditory processing deficits.

An Efficient Random Access Reception Algorithm for ToA Estimation in NB-IoT

Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) aims to provide wide coverage for a massive number of low-cost devices. Therefore, an NB-IoT physical random access channel (NPRACH) preamble based on a single tone signal with frequency hopping was designed, enabling the base station to estimate the time-of-arrival (ToA) values for realizing uplink synchronization among multiple users. However, due to residual carrier frequency offset (RCFO) in the NPRACH preamble, it is crucial to keep the accuracy of the ToA estimation. Recognizing this urgency, in this paper we first judiciously investigate the effect of the hooping distance on ToA estimation. With which, we propose an efficient receiving algorithm to improve the accuracy of ToA estimation. The main aim of the algorithm is to treat two consecutive symbol groups as a whole and then carry out difference calculations on the two newly constituted symbol groups to construct a more logical frequency hopping distance. Extensive numerical results validate the superiorly of our proposed scheme compared against conventional strategies, showing that the probability of the ToA estimation obtained by this method is 99% within the acceptable error range.

Simultaneous three-wave and six-wave mixing of microwave and optical fields in an atomic medium.

We experimentally investigate near-infrared optical field generation through simultaneous three-wave mixing (TWM) and six-wave mixing (SWM) processes in room-temperature 85Rb atoms. The nonlinear processes are induced using three hyperfine levels in the D1 manifold, which cyclically interact with pump optical fields and an idler microwave field. The simultaneous appearance of TWM and SWM signals in discrete frequency channels is made possible by breaking the three-photon resonance condition. This gives rise to coherent population oscillations (CPO), which are observed experimentally. We explain through our theoretical model the role of CPO in the generation of the SWM signal and its enhancement due to parametric coupling with the input seed field in contrast to the TWM signal. Our experiment proves that a single tone microwave can be converted to multiple optical frequency channels. The simultaneous existence of TWM and SWM processes can potentially enable various types of amplification to be achieved with a single neutral atom transducer platform.

Identification of blurred terahertz images by improved cross-layer convolutional neural network.

Terahertz imaging technology has been gradually used in space communication, radar detection, aerospace and biomedical fields. Nevertheless, there are still some limits in terahertz image, such as single tone, fuzzy texture features, poor image resolution and less data, which seriously affect the application and popularization of Terahertz image technology in many fields. Traditional convolutional neural network (CNN) is an effective method for image recognition, but it is limited in highly blurred terahertz image recognition due to the great difference between terahertz image and traditional optical image. This paper presents a proven method for higher recognition rate of blurred terahertz images by using an improved Cross-Layer CNN model with different definition terahertz image dataset. Compared to employing clear image dataset, the accuracy of blurred image recognition can be improved from about 32% to 90% with different definition dataset. Meanwhile, the recognition accuracy of high blurred image can be improved by approximately 5% in contrast to the traditional CNN, which makes the higher recognition ability of neural network. It can be demonstrated that various types of blurred terahertz imaging data can be effectively identified by constructing different definition dataset combined with Cross-Layer CNN. A new method is proved to improve the recognition accuracy of terahertz imaging and application robustness in real scenarios.

Cortical representation of musical pitch in event-related potentials

Neural coding of auditory stimulus frequency is well-documented; however, the cortical signals and perceptual correlates of pitch have not yet been comprehensively investigated. This study examined the temporal patterns of event-related potentials (ERP) in response to single tones of pitch chroma, with an assumption that these patterns would be more prominent in musically-trained individuals than in non-musically-trained individuals. Participants with and without musical training (N = 20) were presented with seven notes on the C major scale (C4, D4, E4, F4, G4, A4, and B4), and whole-brain activities were recorded. A linear regression analysis between the ERP amplitude and the seven notes showed that the ERP amplitude increased or decreased as the frequency of the pitch increased. Remarkably, these linear correlations were anti-symmetric between the hemispheres. Specifically, we found that ERP amplitudes of the left and right frontotemporal areas decreased and increased, respectively, as the pitch frequency increased. Although linear slopes were significant in both groups, the musically-trained group exhibited marginally steeper slope, and their ERP amplitudes were most discriminant for frequency of tone of pitch at earlier latency than in the non-musically-trained group (~ 460 ms vs ~ 630 ms after stimulus onset). Thus, the ERP amplitudes in frontotemporal areas varied according to the pitch frequency, with the musically-trained participants demonstrating a wider range of amplitudes and inter-hemispheric anti-symmetric patterns. Our findings may provide new insights on cortical processing of musical pitch, revealing anti-symmetric processing of musical pitch between hemispheres, which appears to be more pronounced in musically-trained people.

Reduced-Complexity Estimation of FM Instantaneous Parameters via Deep-Learning

Signal frequency estimation is a fundamental problem in signal processing. Deep learning is a fundamental method to solve this problem. This paper used five deep learning methods and three datasets including different singles Single Tone (ST), Linear- Frequency-Modulated (LFM), and Quadratic-Frequency-Modulated (QFM). This signal is affected by Additive White Gaussian (AWG) noise and Additive Symmetric alpha Stable (SαS) noise. Geometric SNR (GSNR) is used to determine the impulsiveness of noise in a Gaussian and SαS noise mixture. Deep learning methods are Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Bi-Direction Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM), and Convolution Neural Network (1D-CNN &amp; 2D-CNN). When compared to a deep learning classifier with few layers to get on high accuracy and complexity reduces for Instantaneous Frequency (IF) estimation, Linear Chirp Rate (LCR) estimation, and Quadratic Chirp Rate (QCR) estimation. IF estimation of ST signals, IF and LCR estimation of LFM signals, and IF, LCR, and QCR estimation of QFM signals. The accuracy of the ST dataset in GRU is 58.09, LSTM is 46.61, BiLSTM is 45.95, 1D-CNN is 51.48, and 2D-CNN is 54.13. The accuracy of the LFM dataset in GRU is 82.89, LSTM is 66.28, BiLSTM is 20%, 1D-CNN is 74.79, and 2D-CNN is 98.26. The accuracy of the QFM dataset in GRU is 78.76, LSTM is 67.8, BiLSTM is 69.91, 1D-CNN is 75.8, and 2D-CNN is 98.2. The results show that 2D-CNN is better than other methods for parameter estimation in LFM signals and QFM signals, and the GRU is better for parameter estimation in ST signals.

High dynamic range image compression based on the multi-peak S-shaped tone curve.

Tone mapping methods aim to compress the high dynamic range (HDR) images so that they can be displayed on common devices. The tone curve plays a key role in many tone mapping methods, which can directly adjust the range of the HDR image. The S-shaped tone curves can produce impressive performances due to their flexibility. However, the conventional S-shaped tone curve in tone mapping methods is single and had the problem of excessive compressing of the dense grayscale areas, resulting in the loss of details in this area, and insufficient compressing of the sparse grayscale areas, resulting in low contrast of tone mapped image. This paper proposes a multi-peak S-shaped (MPS) tone curve to address these problems. Specifically, the grayscale interval of the HDR image is divided according to the significant peak and valley distribution of the grayscale histogram, and each interval is tone mapped by an S-shaped tone curve. We further propose an adaptive S-shaped tone curve based on the luminance adaptation mechanism of the human visual system, which can effectively reduce the compression in the dense grayscale areas and increase the compression in the sparse grayscale areas, preserving details while improving the contrast of tone mapped images. Experiments show that our MPS tone curve replaces the single S-shaped tone curve in relevant methods for better performance and outperforms the state-of-the-art tone mapping methods.