Single Yarn Research Articles

A Self‐powered Tennis Training System Based on Micro‐Nano Structured Sensing Yarn Arrays

AbstractWearable sensing devices can reliably track players' mobility, revolutionizing sports training. However, current sensing electronics face challenges due to their complex structures, battery dependence, and unreliable sensing signals. Here, a tennis training system is demonstrated using machine learning based on elastic self‐powered sensing yarns. By employing a simple and effective strategy, piezoelectric nanofibers and triboelectric materials are integrated into a single yarn, enabling the simultaneous translation of both triboelectric and piezoelectric signals. Additionally, these yarns exhibit outstanding processability, allowing them to be machine‐knitted into self‐powered sensing fabrics. Due to their great sensitivity, these sensing yarns and fabrics may detect human movement with great precision. Machine learning algorithms can classify and interpret these signals to recognize various human motions. The developed tennis training system aims to maximize its benefits and provide comprehensive training for both players and coaches. This work enhances the applicability of self‐powered sensing systems in smart sports monitoring and training, advancing the field of intelligent sports training.

Self-healable epoxy/graphene oxide vitrimers and their recyclable glass fiber reinforced composites

Glass fiber-reinforced polymers (GFRPs) made from thermoset polymers have been widely used across various industries. However, these composites have significant drawbacks, including poor interfacial adhesion between the fiber and matrix, as well as a substantial contribution to waste and environmental pollution due to the challenges in recycling, reprocessing, and reuse. Herein, firstly graphene oxide (GO) was incorporated in vitrimer matrix to fabricate recyclable vitrimer nanocomposites with improved interfacial interaction, high thermal stability, low dielectric constant, fast stress relaxation as well as rapid self-healing ability. The nanocomposite with 0.2 wt% GO is optimized to achieve excellent remoulding (89% of flexural strength) and self-healing (60 min for a 48 μm scratch) properties due to dynamic disulfide bond exchange mechanism. Furthermore, epoxy/GO matrix was used to develop glass fiber reinforced composites via vacuum assisted resin infusion molding process (VARIM). The developed composites demonstrate tremendous mechanical strength (250 MPa), shape-memory, weldability, and degradable properties. Due to the rapid chemical degradation of epoxy vitrimer under mild conditions in the thiol (2-mercaptoethanol and 1-otanethiol), facilitated by thiol disulfide exchange reaction, glass fibers (GFs) can be effectively recycled. The performance of recycled glass fibers closely matches that of original fibers, exhibiting nearly identical woven structure and mechanical properties. The single yarn of recycled glass fibers can achieve tensile strength of 85% (1-octanethiol) and 72% (2-mercaptoethanol) of the original glass fibers, thus, the recycling of glass fibers would be highly advantageous in terms of achieving the sustainability goals.

Continuous fabrication of triboelectric/piezoelectric hybrid yarns with high output for self-powered wearable sensors

Yarn-based nanogenerators exhibit potential for use in self-powered wearable sensors. However, their current limitations include intricate manufacturing procedures, low electrical output performance, and a restricted level of reliability. Here, we present a continuous fabrication approach for fabricating triboelectric/piezoelectric hybrid nanogenerators utilizing yarns with integrated exceptional performance. The continuous production process exhibits the attributes of one-step forming, wherein piezoelectric nanofibers and triboelectric silicone rubber covering are simultaneously and effectively attached to a single yarn to create yarn-based hybrid nanogenerators. The hybrid yarn demonstrates exceptional electrical output performance by harnessing the advantages of both piezoelectric and triboelectric effects, resulting in a power density of 26.72 μW/m2 at 17 MΩ. Demonstrating high sensitivity, stability, and mechanical resilience, yarn-based hybrid nanogenerators are suitable for self-powered wearable sensors, enabling applications in Morse code recognition and gait detection. This innovation in yarn-based nanogenerators broadens their scope, heralding new possibilities in the energy-harvesting device and wearable technology.

Fabrication and properties of photothermal conversion and thermochromic cotton yarn

Purpose This paper aims to demonstrate that, in line with the emerging trend of multifunctional yarn development, cotton yarn can effectively harness renewable solar energy to achieve photothermal conversion and thermochromism. This innovation not only maintains the comfort associated with natural fiber cotton yarn but also enhances its ultraviolet (UV) light resistance. Design/methodology/approach In this work, 4% zirconium carbide (ZrC) and thermochromic powder were adhered to cotton yarn through polyurethane (PU) by sizing coating method. After sizing, the two cotton yarns are twisted by ring spinning to obtain composite yarns with photothermal conversion and thermochromic functions. Findings The yarn obtained by cotton/6%PU/8% thermochromic dye single yarn and cotton/6%PU/4% ZrC single yarn composite is the best match. After 5 min of infrared light, the temperature of the composite yarn rose to the maximum, increasing by 36.1°C. The ΔE* value before and after irradiation of infrared lamp is 26.565, which proves that the thermochromic function is good. The yarn dryness unevenness was significantly reduced by 27.2%. The composite yarn has a UPF value of up to 89.22, and its performance characteristics remain stable after 100 minutes of washing. Originality/value The composite yarn’s photothermal conversion and thermochromism functions are mutually reinforcing. Using sunlight can simultaneously achieve heating and discoloration effects without consuming additional energy. The cotton yarn used in this application is versatile, and suitable for a wide range of uses including clothing, temperature visualization detection and other scenarios.

Improvement of apparent IFSS and specific modulus of CNT yarns

Due to the high strength of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) significant effort has been devoted to incorporating them into fibers and composites. To maximize their potential in these areas, there must be strong interactions between the CNT structures and the matrix of the composite. For CNT yarn, progress in this area has been limited. In this work, we present a method for modifying CNT yarn which improves the apparent interfacial shear strength (IFSS) by up to 45 %, as measured by single yarn pullout testing. An ammonium peroxide mixture (APM) treatment method is used to modify the yarn, and this is followed by treatment with commercial sizing agents. A tensioned heat treatment method is also employed to limit the effect of APM treatment on strength and modulus. This method increased the specific modulus of CNT yarns by as much as 16 %. The combined heat and chemical treatments yield increases as high as 43 % in IFSS and 6 % in specific tensile modulus while tempering the decreases in specific tensile strength. The yarn is characterized by SEM, EDS and Raman spectroscopy to show surface carbon being removed from the yarn, seemingly without damaging the CNT structures in the yarn. The main mechanism for IFSS increase appears to be removal of non-graphitic material from the yarn and slight oxidation of the yarn surface. The increase seen in IFSS has the potential to improve the performance of CNT yarn/polymer matrix composites for aerospace applications.

Investigating the impact of fiber and yarn structure on yarn tensile properties: A computational approach with artificial neural networks

The properties of yarns strongly depend on the fibers and spinning techniques used to manufacture them. It is imperative to investigate the influence of diverse fibers and yarn structures on the tensile properties of the yarns. Simultaneously, it is equally important to forecast these properties to mitigate costs, reduce waste, prevent faults, and achieve the desired performance in the final products. This study used three different fibers, namely conventional polyester, coolmax, and thermolite, and four different spinning techniques, namely conventional ring, compact, siro, and siro-compact spinning, to develop ring-spun yarns. The effect of fiber and spinning technique was investigated on lea strength (usually taken as count of yarn × lea strength (CLSP)), single yarn strength, and breaking elongation of the developed yarns. An artificial neural network model (ANN) was designed to predict the properties of the yarns using varying fiber types and spinning techniques. The yarns made of conventional polyester fibers resulted in the highest strength of the yarns, whereas coolmax fibers imparted maximum breaking elongation to the yarn compared with other fibers. Conventional ring spun yarns showed minimum strength, whereas siro yarns showed the highest strength among all the yarn samples. The ANN model predicted the CLSP, single yarn strength as well, and breaking elongation of the yarn with the highest accuracy as indicated by the R2-value, which suggests the model can be used reliably and accurately for the prediction of tensile properties of the yarns for different fibers and yarn structures.

A robust and low-cost blended-fiber-based evaporator with high efficiency for solar desalination

The solar-driven interfacial evaporation (SDIE) is a clean and efficient technology to mitigate freshwater shortages. A robust and low-cost evaporator is essential for the practical implementation of SDIE systems. Herein, we design a fantastic blended-fiber-based evaporator using weaving techniques. This mixture fabric is crafted using polyethylene terephthalate fibers and linen threads. It makes full use of the excellent light absorption, tensile strength, and corrosion resistance of polyethylene terephthalate fibers. Meanwhile, the mixture fabric reserves exceptional air permeability and water supply capability of linen thread. We optimize the density of the mixture fabric by adjusting the reed count and the weft count. It is found that the combination of the 40 reed and a single weft yarn produces the most effective and stable evaporator. The optimized mixture fabric makes a good trade-off between the water supply to the evaporator and solar-thermal evaporation. As a result, the evaporator achieves a high evaporation rate and efficiency (~1.53kg/m2/h, ~ 90%) under 1 sun illumination, which surpasses most of the existing two-dimensional evaporators based on metal nanomaterials, polymers, carbon-based materials, and fabrics. Our work opens a new horizon for the development of efficient, scalable, flexible, low-cost, corrosion-resistant, and stable evaporators.

Robust profiled carbon rovings made of multiple yarns for textile reinforcements in concrete and asphalt matrix

The load-bearing behavior and the performance of composites depends largely on the bond between the individual components. Conventional grid-like textile reinforcement structures with thin and smooth yarn structures transmit forces primarily by an adhesive bond with the surrounding matrix. A sufficient load transmission is not possible. Thick, pultruded rebars made of fiber-reinforced plastics can be profiled by subtractive (e.g. milling) or additive (e.g. wrapping) techniques in order to create a rip-like structure and increased shear bond. Yet the discontinuous fiber course results in material inefficiency. A newly developed profiling technique allows a tetrahedral profiling of the complete roving structure, yet considering its anisotropic properties. In the article, we present this approach, and the first results from single yarn tensile and pull-out tests of single, double and triple plied profiled rovings in concrete and asphalt matrix. Thus, the highest bond is achieved in the brittle concrete matrix. Plied rovings with strong tetrahedral profiles show up to 600% higher bond stress compared with rovings with circular profiles, while maintaining high tensile properties. However, splitting-induced failure of the reinforced test specimens occurs, making plied profiled rovings favorable for high concrete cover and less brittle matrixes; for example, asphalt. The reinforced asphalt specimens show at −10°C similar bond properties, but at 30°C the bond decreases by 80%. In summary, the study shows that bond properties of profiled rovings are superior to conventional circular rovings, and promise a high material efficiency for use in concrete and asphalt reinforcements.

Optimizing yarn properties through response surface methodology: Finding the ideal flax and cotton fiber proportion in blended yarns by using design‐expert software

AbstractThe textile industries are looking forward to sustainable textile products. The bio‐based products are very important for protecting the environment, reducing carbon emissions, eliminating chemical pollution, and preserving the resources. These products provide economic advantages and strengthen communities with customer expectations for environmentally friendly items. In addition, sustainable practices encourage innovation and contribute to a healthier and adaptable environment, making them an essential textile product. Here the natural flax fiber plays a vital role due to its eco‐friendly behavior. Cotton‐flax blended yarns are manufacturing for perfect use of natural fibers and getting the better quality yarn than single product yarn. Here in this work it was trying to find out the perfect blending ratio by using Design‐Expert software. Because different blended ratio contain different characteristics. So it was trying to find out a perfect blending solution from the thirteen different ratios by using Design‐Expert software. This software analyses the blended ratios through statistical analysis. This study focuses on the unevenness (U%), imperfection index (IPI), hairiness (H%), tenacity (cN/tex) and elongation at break of the blended yarn. During the analysis the actual and predicted values were checked and it shows good significance, the correlation and regression analysis highlight the results of the samples summary. The findings of the study have great impact on the quality of cotton‐flax blended yarn, which impact on the quality of textile products. This work not only helps to understand cotton‐flax blending using Design‐Expert software, but it also highlights the possibility of using the perfect blended ratio by giving a solution.Highlights To identify the perfect blended ratio of flax and cotton fiber for producing blended yarn. Design‐Expert software has been used to find out the perfect response through yarn properties surface methodology. Thirteen experimental runs were trailed to find the perfect result.

Optimization of Process Parameters Based on Machine Learning and Determination of Relative Importance of Process Variables on Jute Ply Yarn Breaking Extension

The breaking extension of jute ply yarn is comparatively low and ordinarily varies from 1.5 – 3.5% depending upon the process parameters like number of plies, single yarn twist factor and ply to single yarn twist ratio. To achieve various levels of jute ply yarn breaking extension within the above range, optimization of the three process variables was done in this study using a machine learning-based decision tree. For such optimization, twenty-seven different types of jute ply yarns were produced using three levels of singles' twist factor, number of ply and ply-to-single twist ratio. A total of 216 observed breaking extension values of these yarns were used for regression-based machine learning wherein 67% of test data were used to train the mode and the remaining 33% of test data were used for validation. An 8-node decision tree thus achieved from the model was used for the optimization process. A boxplot vs. terminal node graph was also used for classified optimization of ply breaking extension for various levels. The study conducted in this work reveals that the breaking extension of jute ply yarn varies directly with the number of plies, where 4-ply jute yarn produces maximum breaking extension and 2-ply produces the minimum. It was also observed that the decision tree was useful for the judicial selection of process parameters to achieve various levels of jute ply yarn breaking extension, wherein, it was found that the critical values for ply to single yarn twist ratio and single yarn twist factor were 0.80 and 26. The study also shows that apart from the individual influence of the variables on the breaking extension of ply yarns, interactions between variables also influence the breaking extension of jute ply yarn.

Sustainable yarns and fabrics from tri-blends of banana, cotton and tencel fibres for textile applications

Millions of tons of banana pseudo-stem are readily available annually, making it a sustainable resource for banana fiber. Banana fibres possess inherent mechanical strength and anti-microbial properties, accompanied by stiffness and a harsh feel that undermine their full utilization in textiles. An effort was made in this study to create eco-friendly yarns and fabrics by combining banana fiber reclaimed from banana agro-waste with cotton and regenerated cellulosic (Tencel) fiber in varying blend ratios. The negative influence attached to banana fibre due to its chemical softening was overcome by boiling it in distilled water. The softened banana fibres were evaluated based on feel, strength, and weight loss. Three blend ratios, i.e., 10%, 20%, and 30% of banana fibre by weight, were selected to produce Banana: Cotton: Tencel blended yarns. Yarn characterizations revealed excellent mechanical properties as compared to the benchmark Cotton: Tencel 50:50 yarns. The yarn bundle strength and single yarn strength obtained in the case of 20% banana fibre blended yarn were approximately 11% and 8.62% higher than the Cotton: Tencel 50:50 blended yarns and 22.90% better in the yarn quality index analysis, respectively. Fabrics were formed using the said yarns on an industrial loom. Banana fibre blended fabrics exhibited a 6.61% higher tear strength, 18.8% more air permeability, 20% more elongation, and 12% higher tensile strength as compared to the Cotton: Tencel blended fabrics. The provided findings in this study propose that following this design approach during textile manufacturing will lead to more environmental and economic gains with high performance.

Gradient shear thickening gel/Kevlar fabric multi-layer armor with enhanced impact attenuation property

Realizing highly-efficient energy absorbing performance in soft body armor, yet with lightweight feature, has always been an eternal subject for personal protective equipment. This work reports a gradient-stacked shear thickening gel (STG)/Kevlar (GS-STG/Kevlar) fabric multi-layer armor with both lightweight feature and excellent impact attenuation performance. Firstly, STG is prepared by mechanical blending and chemical crosslinking and then coated on Kevlar fabrics, and afterwards STG-coated multi-layer Kevlar fabrics with gradient STG distribution in the thickness direction are fabricated. Single yarn pull-out test demonstrates that the friction between Kevlar yarns is greatly increased after STG treatment. Moreover, tribological testing also indicates that the friction coefficient of Kevlar fabrics is improved by coating STG. Furthermore, low- and high-speed impact experiments are conducted, and the results demonstrate that the GS-STG/Kevlar fabric composite exhibits the best impact attenuation property when compared with multilayered Kevlar fabrics and uniformly stacked STG/Kevlar fabrics under the same impact conditions. The increased friction and stiffening effect by STG, and the gradient stacking strategy are responsible for the great improvement in the impact attenuation performance of GS-STG/Kevlar fabric multi-layer armors. This study provides an effective methodology for achieving soft body armors with lightweight and high impact attenuation properties for personal impact protection.

Photothermoelectric Synergistic Hydrovoltaic Effect: A Flexible Photothermoelectric Yarn Panel for Multiple Renewable-Energy Harvesting.

The human body is in a complex environment affected by body heat, light, and sweat, requiring the development of a wearable multifunctional textile for human utilization. Meanwhile, the traditional thermoelectric yarn is limited by expensive and scarce inorganic thermoelectric materials, which restricts the development of thermoelectric textiles. Therefore, in this paper, photothermoelectric yarns (PPDA-PPy-PEDOT/CuI) using organic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and inorganic thermoelectric material cuprous iodide (CuI) are used for the thermoelectric layer and poly(pyrrole) (PPy) for the light-absorbing layer. With the introduction of PPy, the temperature difference of the photothermoelectric yarn can be increased for a better voltage output. Subsequently synergizing the photothermoelectric effect with the hydrovoltaic effect to create higher electric potentials, a single wet photothermoelectric yarn obtained by preparation can be irradiated under an infrared lamp at a voltage of up to 0.47 V. Finally, the photothermoelectric yarn PPDA-PPy-PEDOT/CuI was assembled in a series and parallel to obtain a photothermoelectric yarn panel, which was able to output 41.19 mV under an infrared lamp, and the synergistic photothermoelectric and hydrovoltaic effects of the photothermoelectric panel were tested outdoors on human body, and we found that the voltage was able to reach approximately 0.16 V under sunlight. Therefore, the voltage values obtained from the photothermoelectric yarns in this study are competitive and provide a new research idea for the study of photothermoelectric yarns.

Nanodiamond-treated flax: improving properties of natural fibers

Synthetic fibers are used extensively as reinforcement in composite materials, but many of them face environmental concerns such as high energy consumption during production and complicated decommissioning. Natural fibers have been considered as an attractive solution for making composites more sustainable. However, they are generally not as strong as synthetic fibers. It is therefore of interest to investigate ways to improve the properties of natural fibers without compromising environmental issues. Here, we present a study of the moisture absorption and mechanical properties of flax that has been exposed to hydrogenated nanodiamonds through an ultrasonic dispersion treatment. Nanodiamonds are known to be non-toxic, unlike many other carbon-based nanomaterials. We show that nanodiamond-treated flax fabric has a lower moisture content (~ −18%), lower moisture absorption rate and better abrasion resistance (~ +30%). Single yarns, extracted from the fabric, show higher tensile strength (~ +24%) compared to untreated flax. Furthermore, we present a theoretical model for the nanodiamond fiber interaction, based on the Derjgauin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory of colloid interactions. The simulations indicate that the mechanical properties improve due to an enhancement of the electrolytic force, dispersion force and hydrogen bonding of nanodiamond-treated fibers, which strengthens the cohesion between the fibers. We also apply the model to nanodiamond-treated cotton. The lower zeta potential of cotton increases the electrolytic force. Comparing the results to experimental data of nanodiamond-treated flax and nanodiamond-treated cotton suggests that the fiber’s zeta potential is critical for the improvements of their mechanical properties.Graphical abstract

Electromechanical Properties of Silver-Plated Yarns and Their Relation to Yarn Construction Parameters.

For signal transmission and sensing in stretchable structures for human motion monitoring or proprioception of soft robots, textiles with electronically conductive yarns are a promising option. Many recent publications employ silver-plated yarns in knits, braids, wovens for strain or pressure sensing purposes as well as heating fabrics or twisted string actuators. Silver-plated yarns are available in a wide range of base materials, yarn counts and twists. These structural properties significantly influence the electrical and electromechanical behavior of such yarns. However, until now little research has been carried out on the yarns themselves. To close this research gap, several variations of a single yarn type are electromechanically characterized. Additionally, tensile tests with synchronous resistance measurements are performed. From these measurements, sensor metrics are derived and calculated to compare the different variants quantitatively.

Experimental Investigation on Tensile Strength of Twisted Ramie Fiber Yarns

Natural fibers as reinforcement can be an alternative material with an environmentally friendly profile. The aim of this work is to determine the potential of Indonesian Ramie fiber, as a reinforcing material in cement mortar, by exploring new twisting ideas for natural fibers and the impact of twisting techniques on tensile strength. Long fibers are arranged in four cross-sectional areas and also in different numbers of constituent layers, as 2 ply and 3 ply. The spinning process contributes to the final yarn result which the process is carried out in the same direction for each ply, but to unite each ply it is necessary to rotate the direction of rotation and the direction of the single fiber yarn (opposite way). Twisted Ramie fiber yarns were tested for tensile strength using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). It showed that comparing at the same weight of 24 gr twisted yarn, 3 ply twisted yarn shows the highest tensile strength value as much as 110,32 MPa than 2 ply as much as 96,56 MPa that indicates that the number of ply affects the tensile strength of the yarn.

Experimental Investigation of Beams Reinforced with Carbon 2D-Netzgitterträger Reinforcement

The increasing popularity of carbon-reinforced concrete (CRC) is attributed to its exceptional tensile properties, low density, no corrosion phenomenon, and remarkable flexibility, allowing it to be easily shaped into various forms. However, there is a pressing need to explore this innovative and sustainable alternative to traditional steel reinforcement. This motivates research and investigation of the feasibility of using a special 2D Netzgitterträger (NetzGT) reinforcement system, featuring a net-shaped fabricated textile made of multiple diagonally offset rovings with overlapping edge strands, as a viable alternative to traditional steel reinforcement in concrete beams. This 2D NetzGT reinforcement system has also been transformed into a 3D configuration for the development of a hollow core slab system. It is manufactured from carbon rovings with three different diagonal angles of 50°, 60°, and 70°. Laboratory experiments were conducted to assess the mechanical behavior of beams reinforced with the 2D NetzGT reinforcement. Tensile tests on strands were also performed with an increasing number of overlapped rovings to analyze their tensile strength. Additionally, single yarn pull-out tests were also conducted to examine the influence of the roving angle on the bond strength between the carbon textile roving and the concrete matrix.

Mechanical properties of interply and intraply hybrid laminates based on jute-glass/epoxy composites

Currently, hybridization of natural-synthetic fibers within a polymeric matrix has received wide attention owing to its promising properties. This study investigated the mechanical properties of interply and intraply hybrid jute (J)-glass (G) fiber/epoxy composites. The mechanical properties (i.e., tensile, flexural, and impact) of the pure jute, pure glass, and their hybrid composites were evaluated. The prepared composite samples consisted of five plies of woven fabrics. Interply hybrid composites comprised three layering sequences: G3JG, GJGJG, and 2GJ2G. Intraply hybrid composites of similar co-woven plies were fabricated by either the alternative replacement of a single glass yarn with a single jute yarn (G1J1) or two jute yarns (G1J2). The results showed that increasing the glass fraction in the interply hybrid composites improved their tensile properties. The two intraply hybrid composites provided almost similar tensile moduli, while the tensile strength of the G1J1 samples was approximately 41% higher than that of the G1J2 counterparts. The maximum flexural properties were provided by 2GJ2G composites, followed by GJGJG, and they were interestingly higher than those of pure glass composites. The G1J1 intraply hybrid composites offered a higher flexural strength and a lower flexural modulus than those provided by the pure glass composites. Compared to the pure glass composites, the impact strengths of the 2GJ2G and GJGJG samples decreased by 4% and 16%, respectively. In summary, the GJGJG hybrid composites exhibited the highest specific tensile, flexural, and impact properties compared to the other hybrid composites.

Development of a highly various warp yarn manipulation system for the fabrication of 2D net-shape non-crimp-fabrics for highly material efficient concrete reinforcements

Textile reinforcements have revolutionized many industries, most of all aerospace, automotive and building. Due to its high performance and the significant increased lightweight potential, they have established themselves as an efficient and sustainable alternative to conventional materials. However, in view of the increasing demand of an ever growing population in contrast to a scarcity of resources and urge of material efficiency in the face of climate change, novel technologies for highly material efficient products in large-scale productions are required. In this regard, a major research field involves the multiaxial warp-knitting technique for the production of high performance textile preforms. In several steps, this technology has been further developed to enable the production of application-specific and bionic-inspired textile preforms, which are characterized by a force compliant and multi-material design. Yet the structural possibilities are still limited. This article presents a novel developed warp yarn manipulation system for multiaxial warp-knitting machines. The system enables the fabrication of 2D net-shape non-crimp-fabrics (NCF) made of up to 16 single warp yarns that specify by an alternating diagonally offset and overlapping edge-strand. This structure is suitable for the use as textile lattice girder for reinforcing concrete slab structures Hereby the developed warp yarn manipulation system allows highly various structural parameters of the 2D net-shape NCF for highest material efficiency and product variety. The technological development is discussed in means of the constructive and electronic control design as well as a specific application example for new net-shape reinforcement structures.

DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE WEAR FOR FIREWORK EMPLOYEES

The fireworks industry is well known for being a hazardous industry, from the initial manufacturing phase to the transportation and storage of fireworks. The industry is situated in Sivakasi, Tamilnadu where more than 800000 people are employed. Most of the accidents occur in the filling of chemicals and storage of raw materials due to improper handling, lack of awareness on safety measures and not using any protective clothing (wear). Hence an attempt is made in this research to develop a protective wear from PVC coated Cotton fabric. In the initial phase, cotton yarn is selected based on commercial availability. The yarn properties such as yarn count, lea strength, single yarn strength, elongation and TPI were evaluated as per standards. It is observed from the results that the cotton yarn has lea strength of 75.39 lbf, single yarn strength of 0.26kg/f and Rate of elongation is observed as 18.8 mm. In the second phase the yarn samples are coated with PVC and fabric samples are developed. The fabric samples are tested for flammability, LOI, abrasion resistance, air permeability and comfort properties. Key Words: protective wear, cotton, pvc, flame retardant, comfort.