Single Window System Research Articles

Transformation of Business Licensing through a Single Submission System on Public Service Efficiency: A Case Study of the Indonesia National Single Window Agency (LNSW)

The Indonesia National Single Window (LNSW) Agency developed a single submission system, namely the Indonesia National Single Window (SINSW) System, as a one-stop submission facility. Before the development of SINSW, the process of applying for business permits in Indonesia was complicated and time-consuming. This is because stakeholders have to process permits directly with various relevant ministries or institutions, causing data repetition and cost and time inefficiencies in the export, import and logistics processes. This research aims to analyze the transformation of LNSW into a one-stop business licensing and management agency through the implementation of SINSW and its impact on the efficiency of public services in exports, imports and logistics in Indonesia. This research also compares the implementation of the National Single Window (NSW) in Korea, Singapore, and Japan. The results of the research are recommendations for improving the efficiency of LNSW services in the future through the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) via chatbots to handle complaints of slow responses for service users.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Trade Facilitation through Single Window Systems

This paper explores the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing trade facilitation through its integration with Single Window Systems (SWS). It investigates how AI technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and predictive analytics can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of trade processes. Case studies of Singapore and Australia are analyzed to highlight successful AI applications and key lessons learned. The study discusses the benefits, including increased efficiency, reduced costs, enhanced accuracy, and improved user experience, alongside the challenges posed by technical complexities, legal and ethical considerations, and resistance to change. The paper also provides policy implications and recommendations for governments, international organizations, and private sector stakeholders. Future research directions emphasize emerging AI technologies like AI-driven blockchain and advanced NLP, and their potential long-term impacts on global trade dynamics.

Engineering Design and Implementation of AI-Driven Single Window Systems for International Trade

This research explores the design and implementation of an AI-driven Single Window system for international trade, aimed at enhancing data integration, risk assessment, and decision-making processes. The study focuses on developing a modular, scalable architecture that integrates various AI technologies, including machine learning and natural language processing (NLP), to address inefficiencies in existing systems. The proposed system demonstrates improvements in customs clearance efficiency, risk detection accuracy, and supply chain management. Through detailed case studies, the effectiveness of the AI-driven Single Window system is evaluated, highlighting its impact on port management, international logistics, and overall trade facilitation. The findings suggest that the integration of AI into Single Window systems can lead to significant advancements in trade efficiency, transparency, and stakeholder collaboration.

Leveraging Machine Learning for Predictive Analytics in Trade Facilitation Engineering

This research explores the design and implementation of an AI-driven Single Window system for international trade, aimed at enhancing data integration, risk assessment, and decision-making processes. The study focuses on developing a modular, scalable architecture that integrates various AI technologies, including machine learning and natural language processing (NLP), to address inefficiencies in existing systems. The proposed system demonstrates improvements in customs clearance efficiency, risk detection accuracy, and supply chain management. Through detailed case studies, the effectiveness of the AI-driven Single Window system is evaluated, highlighting its impact on port management, international logistics, and overall trade facilitation. The findings suggest that the integration of AI into Single Window systems can lead to significant advancements in trade efficiency, transparency, and stakeholder collaboration.

Sustainable Digital Evolution: Transforming the Ukrainian Customs Service

The evolving landscape of information technologies has spurred a profound digital revolution across cultural, societal, organizational, and governmental domains. This article examines the transformative impact of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and electronic systems within Ukrainian customs operations and their broader societal implications. At the core of this exploration lies the pivotal role of ICT integration in modernizing the Ukrainian Customs Service amidst global challenges, exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study assesses the benefits, challenges, and implications of “electronic customs” and IT-driven reforms, focusing on the three pillars of sustainability, customs operations, and digital culture. Objectives encompass an evaluation of ICT’s significance in enhancing border management efficiency, addressing challenges, and leveraging opportunities through technology-driven customs initiatives. Synthesizing academic publications and governmental reports, the article provides comprehensive insights into the transformative potential of technology in customs management. Notably, the implementation of anti-corruption measures, particularly through the Single Window system, emerges as a successful endeavor in curbing malpractices while streamlining customs procedures. However, challenges persist, including swift adoption, cyber fraud risks, and systemic issues within customs authorities, necessitating phased implementation and continuous improvement. Ethical reflections on technology integration into governance mechanisms, educational reforms, and inclusivity discussions underscore the broader societal and philosophical shifts catalyzed by electronic customs. This sustainable digital evolution emphasizes ongoing ethical considerations to navigate the evolving role of technology in shaping governance, societal integration, sustainable customs operations, and the inherent alignment of digital technologies with the key objectives of sustainable development.
 Keywords: customs operations, digital culture, sustainable development, Single Window, cybersecurity, Information and Communication Technology, societal impact, ethical framework, cultural shifts

Moving Towards Digital Trade Transformation in Bangladesh Prospects and Challenges for Implementing Digital Trade

Bangladesh is currently making preparations to transform its entire trade onto a digital platform. Bangladesh is prepared to initiate this transformation through the implementation of logistics, legal, technological, and knowledge-based support mechanisms. This study examines the ways by which the implementation of these supports can be compelled within the structure of international frameworks. To find that possible ways the article seeks to evaluate the evidence that supports including updated laws and regulation, customs house etc., the notion that digital trade is predominantly a tradeable and compatible platform, aligning with the established framework of traditional paper-based transactions. This study employs digital technology to investigate the transformative impact it has had on international trade procedures. This research also investigates the effects of digitization in trade transactions on the global competitiveness of Bangladesh. This research also identifies and analyze the challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of digital trade in comparison to traditional trade operations, which is associated with the implementation of the Bangladesh Single Window (BSW) system within the entire transformation of trade in ASYCODA (The Automated System for Customs Data) World Systems. The BSW & ASYCODA systems are designed to enhance the interchange of information and promote connectivity between public and commercial trade-related bodies in Bangladesh. To understand the perceptions of the stakeholders’ primary data has collected through a descriptive research where a survey questionnaire has used for this purpose, along with that secondary data sources are also used to achieve the desired outcome. This study finding will enhance our comprehension of the effects of digitization on global trade and offer vital insights that will assist stakeholders in attaining sustainable growth and fostering innovation. The digital trade transition represents a new and promising possibility in the context of Bangladesh in the area of trade transactions. This study identified how a nation undergoes a steady transition from traditional trade practices to digital transformation.

Estimation of Economic Welfare Gains from Trade Facilitation in the Andean Community

Border procedures around the globe can act as barriers hindering international trade. Another impact of these procedures relates to their economic resource costs. In this study, using a microeconomic framework of international trade, the potential economic gains are estimated for reductions in trade administration costs related to sea border trade in the Andean Community (CAN) as well as for the increase in import and export trades that are stimulated as a consequence of the reduction in trade administration costs. The potential cost reductions are estimated separately for import and export trade. The estimates are made with respect to the existing levels of trade flows. We measure the excess economic cost of the current trade administration procedures in CAN with respect to two benchmark levels of trade administration costs, namely those for Chile and Singapore. Our results suggest that improving the trade administration cost levels to match those of the reference countries will enable CAN countries to enjoy economic resource savings of between USD 1.25 billion and 1.5 billion annually, corresponding to 0.19% to 0.23% of their gross domestic product. Given the current trade environment of CAN nations, relevant policy and reform options are suggested. The key policy recommendation is to improve the electronic single window system for trade administration and in particular, the interconnectivity of information flows between the member countries of CAN. Maintaining the port infrastructure is also critical for the delivery of efficient services for the movement of goods.

An Empirical Study on Trade Facilitation by the Korean Government’s Single Window System

An Empirical Study on Trade Facilitation by the Korean Government’s Single Window System

Institutionalizing sectoral business strategy through National Single Window to improve SMEs’ export performance

The Indonesia National Single Window (INSW) system is carried out with data governance policies to support the delivery and processing of data, information, and decisions in a single way, as in the research of Sobar, Deni, Riswandi, Hamidi, and Permadi (2021), and Riswanto (2021) to deal with the competition process and granting customs permits by the President’s mandate in Presidential Regulation No. 76 of 2014. This study aims to analyse how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Central Java perform against the INSW in international trade. The research method used in this study is qualitative, namely, a research method that provides more analytical and subjective explanations. The results concluded that INSW uses an electronic portal to input documents. The use of electronic portals causes the import-export process to be faster and more efficient. However, the INSW system in its implementation is considered rudimentary because there are often problems in processes such as difficulty accessing the INSW portal or in other electronic service portals integrated with the INSW System. Therefore, intensive assistance and training are needed so that there is synergy in carrying out export activities to destination countries that have collaborated in Free Trade Asia with Indonesia.

The rise of emerging technologies: A quantitative-based research on “maritime single window” in Turkey

The maritime single window system (MSW) is a proliferation of integrated maritime reporting and information exchange network in lieu of traditional IT platforms in commercial shipping. It provides an efficient electronic reporting culture regarding to simplify clearance of ‘vessel, cargo, crew and passenger’ procedures in accordance with unified standard on ship arrival, stay and departure. The purposes of the system; simplification, standardization, harmonization and transparency of ship-clearance data originated in IMO FAL Convention, as a whole would facilitate burdening bureaucracy, delivering cargo secure, faster with less transaction cost and improving logistics activities fairer and more sustainable. This research draws up MSW environment of the ship clearance data submitted by the ship agents. In this research, the effects of MSW system on the implementation of marketing and logistics activities in Turkey have been researched. For this purpose, a survey was conducted (n = 232) with Turkey-based ship agencies. The results were analysed by SPSS. Through performing independent samples t-test, related sample t-test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation Analysis, this research shows that the assessment has a significant positive relation between satisfaction, perceived benefit, labour productivity, process tracking and productivity perception towards market performance but there is no significant relationship between financial efficiency.

Logistics And Trade Flows In Selected Ecowas Countries: An Empirical Verification

This study investigates the role of logistics and its six components on trade flows in selected Economic Community of West Africa States (ECOWAS) countries. The impact of other macro-economic variables on trade flows was also investigated. Ten countries were selected in eight years period. We decomposed trade flows into import and export trade. The World Bank Logistics performance index was used as a measure of logistics performance. The LPI has six components, and the impact of these components on trade flows were also examined. The fixed-effect model was used to explain the cross-country result that was obtained. The results showed that logistics has no significant impact on both Import and export, thus logistics play no role on trade flows among the selected ECOWAS countries. The components of logistics except Timeliness of shipments in reaching the final destination ( CRC ),have no impact on trade flows. Income was found to be positively related to imports. Exchange rate, consumption and money supply, reserve and tariff have no significant impact on imports. Relative import price has an inverse and significant relationship with imports. GDP has a positive and significant impact on export trade. The study also found FDI, savings, exchange rate and labour to have insignificant impact on exports. Finally, we found that logistics is not a driver of trade among the selected ECOWAS countries. The study recommended the introduction of the single window system and improvement in border management in order to reduce the cost associated with Logistics and thereby enhance trade.

The impact of single window system on customs administration at Victoria falls border post in Zambia

Zambia Revenue Authority Act Number 23 of 1994 mandates Customs to manage export and import formalities for international trade. In Zambia, there has been poor customs administration due to numerous pieces of legislations which conflict in their implementations. In the recent past the Zambian government has strived to improve Boader formalities through the introduction of the Single Window System (SWS) which cuts down on a number of formalities but integrates them into a single window with various components including information communication technology (ICT), trade regulation (TR) and trade facilitation (TF). In this study, the researcher used a deducted approach to test the relationship between Single Window System and Customs administration. Data was collected using a survey method and 350 respondents comprising various stakeholders at Victoria Boarder answered a questionnaire. The study showed overall that ICT, TR and TF sit statistically Significant to determining Customs Administration and therefore is a significant predictor of customs administration. However, the coefficient results show that ICT is not a predictor of customs administration and was marred with lots of poor internet connectivity and lack of electricity. The study recommends an improvement of internet facility and improved energy source since the single window system is anchored in ICT. Further, the study recommends that staff must be trained in various aspects of single window administration.

To Ascertain the Level of Knowledge of Beneficiaries Regarding Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) Providing Farm Services Adilabad District of Telangana

The present study would be carried out in the tribal dominant area of Integrated Tribal Development Agency (ITDA) Utnoor of Erstwhile Adilabad district in Telangana State. After reorganization of districts in Telangana State, ITDA, Utnoor spread over four districts namely Adilabad, Asifabad, Nirmal, and Mancherial. As per 2011 census in Telangana State total tribal population constitute 9.08%The population of Erstwhile Adilabad district is 27, 41,238 and among them 4, 95,794 people were tribes. There are 32 tribal communities in Telangana State where eight tribes dwelling in the Erstwhile Adilabad district, such as Gond-2,55,403, Lambada 1,43,554, Kolam/Mane- 52,772, Koya-26534, Pardhan-16,667, Andh-9922, Thoti-8998. Among them kolam and Thoti are Primitive Tribal Group (PTG)With the advent of ITDAs (Integrated Tribal Developmental Agencies), developmental efforts of various departments (Agriculture, Horticulture, Veterinary and Rural works departments) have been channelled through a single window system. Agriculture being the main thrust area, ITDAs is focusing on improving the productivity of the crops by provisioning inputs such as seeds of improved varieties, and chemicals to make the farmers economically better off. 120 respondents from utnoor mandal were randomly selected and data were collected and analysed by using appropriate statistical tool. (48.33%) of the respondents have Medium level of the knowledge about ITDA Farm services. Variables like age, caste, occupation, annual income, extension contacts and risk orientation has no significance relationship with the knowledge on ITDA Farm ,while variables like gender, land holding, education, mass media and extension contacts, innovativeness, risk orientation have positive correlation with the knowledge on ITDA Farm services.

Quantifying the Relative Contributions of Customs, Trade and Ports to Cargo Time Delays

Sub-Saharan African delays for cargo are much longer than global benchmarks, reducing the competitiveness of the affected economies. This paper quantifies the contributions of customs, traders, and the port terminal operator to cargo time delays through the parallel customs and ports processes, by categorising cargo based on customs regime and declaration plans. We find that customs processes are the primary contributor for import cargo delays, while terminal operator processes are the primary contributor for transit cargo delays. Traders, however, also contribute significantly to time delays based on their response times. This is aggravated by the fact that traders from neighbouring countries are not allowed direct access to the port’s electronic invoicing system. We recommend the implementation of electronic single window systems accessible by importers from all countries served by the port and the use of intelligent customs risk engines to reduce the need for physical inspections.

Analysis of Port Community System Introduction in Croatian Seaports - Case Study Split

The introduction of a Port Community System (PCS) is identified as one of the key elements facilitating seaport development. In this paper, the analysis of seaport stakeholders and Maritime Single Window systems in Croatia is performed, including NSW (National Single Window), MNSW (Maritime National Single Window: CIMIS - Croatian Integrated Maritime Information System), their interaction and development of the national model for a PCS, ongoing in the form of a pilot project in the Port of Rijeka. This development is selected as a precedent for creation of the nation-wide PCS to be used also in other cargo ports of national interest, including Split. Further building on this newly gained knowledge and taking into consideration the development of the national PCS model, we explain the inherent characteristics of the Port of Split in terms of traffic evaluation in various port basins. We also provide a comprehensive set of operative guidelines for adjustment of the functional PCS module architecture to be deployed in the Port of Split and serving specific business needs of all identified port cluster’s stakeholders after the initial development in the Port of Rijeka is completed.

Attitudes, Knowledge, and Practices of Customs Administrators on Trade Facilitation

Abstract In light of renewed interests to boost African trade through continental integration, the authors identified trade facilitation as an integral component of complimenting the integration processes. This is especially relevant in the southern region where the majority of borders are characterised by complex and duplicated processes due to the lack of ‘one-stop border posts’. This study explores the attitudes, knowledge and practices of customs administrators on trade facilitation in Zimbabwe. Based on questionnaires, face-to-face interviews, and secondary data collected from the Zimbabwe Revenue Authority (ZIMRA), the results indicated that ‘trade facilitation’ was not included in strategic policies of ZIMRA. In terms of risk factors, low staff remuneration was identified as the major issue. Many cross-border authorities at the border (overstaffed) and outdated infrastructure were major constraints in the flow of cargo and people. The study recommends that ZIMRA should provide training on the ‘single window system’ in order to improve on coordinated border management. Secondly, ZIMRA should review staff remuneration frequently and synchronise it with regional standards. Thirdly, there should be alignment and coordination of the trade-related issues within various government ministries. Fourthly, customs authorities should establish stand-alone trade facilitation units at ports of entry.

Enhancing E-Commerce through Blockchain (DLTs): The Regulatory Paradox for Digital Governance

Abstract Nowadays, the emergence of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) and the rapidly developing of the digital economy have the potential to transform the current international regulatory framework. Thus, the current developments of DLTs in e-commerce demand a closer analysis of the implications for global governance and international trade. While the Internet has enhanced the development of new platforms for international trade, DLTs may be instruments to unleash the potential of e-commerce. In this scenario, DLTs could drive, strength and promote e-commerce transactions by diminishing inefficiencies. For instance, it could significantly reduce intermediation costs, facilitating the use and interoperability of smart contracts and single window systems. Indeed, customs operations are very complex and involve different types of intermediaries across borders, creating unnecessary obstacles to trade that could be reduced by the application of DLTs. There is where the regulatory paradox enters into place. The operability of DLTs in e-commerce raises significant regulatory challenges posing new policy questions. For this reason, it is crucial to achieving common understandings among relevant stakeholders to identify a set of principles that guide a country’s regulatory frameworks to facilitate the interoperability of e-commerce. One of the main pieces of the puzzle of proposing a set of principles is how to deal with an appropriate level of intervention from regulators in order to promote trust in international transactions, transparency, efficiency, security and operability among regulatory frameworks. This paper will examine current developments, initiatives, and proposals from different approaches: It will start with an overview of the opportunities that DLTs will create to promote e-commerce. Then, it will explore the current international economic legal framework in light of the application of DLTs in e-commerce, taking into consideration policy recommendations from international institutions and initiatives in some specific jurisdictions. From those views, a set of principles will be identified.

SE Thinking and Application in Planning and Implementation of Single Window Systems

AbstractThis paper provides a Systems Engineering (SE) perspective on establishment of Single Window (SW) systems, highlighting the value of SE both on a Master Plan level for SW programmes and on an implementation level of the constituent systems. The author proposes that 1). in SW Master Plan stage, SE thinking could guide vision and capability alignment and project prioritization; 2). in implementation of the sub‐systems, SE technical processes should be promoted to ensure successful delivery of SW systems. The paper presents a study on Maritime Single Window (MSW) systems, with a review on the domain conventions and a case of an MSW initialization project. Further, the paper revisits the evolution of the Singapore MSW and the national SW Programme, and discusses agility and open‐source co‐development for future SW implementations. Additionally, the author recommends federation approach in SW implementations as preferable to integration approach as the current industry practice.

Analysis on Pilot Project of Maritime Single Window System in United Kingdom

Analysis on Pilot Project of Maritime Single Window System in United Kingdom

Life science database cross search: A single window system for dispersed biological databases.

A comprehensive search system for the bioscience databases is in progress. We constructed a search service, Life science database cross search system (https://biosciencedbc.jp/dbsearch/index. php?lang=en) by integrating numerous biomedical databases using database crawling algorithms. The described system integrates 600 databases containing over 90 million entries indexed for biomedical research and development.