Single-use Plastic Research Articles

Pengaruh Limbah Mikroplastik Terhadap Organisme dan Upaya Penanganannya

In the midst of rapid industrial progress and global economic growth, the use of plastic has increased dramatically, causing serious environmental problems due to the accumulation of plastic waste. One of the most worrying aspects of this problem is the presence of microplastics, namely plastic particles less than five millimeters in size. The more accumulation of plastic waste found in the waters will cause damage to the surrounding water and sea environment, plastic waste that is not collected will be exposed to sunlight and exposure to air, the longer it will decompose into small particles called microplastics. In this research, the author researched using the library research method, namely by collecting and studying existing literature from various sources such as: journals, articles, books and others related to this research. Microplastics have spread widely in the environment, from oceans to land, and have had a serious impact on organisms and ecosystems throughout the world. The process by which microplastics are formed, their distribution in the environment, their impact on aquatic and terrestrial organisms, and their potential impact on human health are the main focus research and public attention. To overcome the microplastic problem, a holistic approach is needed that involves collaboration across sectors and scientific disciplines. Handling and mitigation efforts must cover various aspects, starting from regulating the use of single-use plastics, more effective management of plastic waste, developing technology for detecting and eliminating microplastics, to educating the public about the dangers of microplastics and the importance of environmentally friendly behavior. Concrete steps such as banning the use of single-use plastics, promoting recycling, innovation in product design, and cross-border cooperation in managing plastic waste are key in efforts to reduce the negative impact of microplastics. Only by taking these steps together can we create a cleaner, healthier and more sustainable environment for future generations.

A Paradigm Shift towards Environmental Responsibility in Sustainable Green Tourism and Hospitality

The demand for various cultural experiences and easier access to travel has driven the exponential rise of the global tourism and hospitality industries in recent decades. However, the increased tourism has sparked worries about how it would affect the environment which led to a paradigm change in favour of sustainable methods. The phrase "green tourism" describes a collection of behaviors designed to reduce the adverse effects of tourism-related activities on the environment, society, and culture. This entails implementing eco-friendly programs, encouraging conservation, and cultivating community involvement. Similarly, green hospitality emphasizes eco-friendly procedures in lodging establishments, promoting waste minimization, energy efficiency, and ethical sourcing. The carbon footprint of travel is one of the main issues that green tourism and hospitality attempt to address. With the assistance of carbon offset programs and the promotion of environmentally friendly transportation options, like electric vehicles, the sector is coming to understand the significance of lowering greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, the implementation of sustainable building designs, energy-efficient technologies, and renewable energy sources in hospitality facilities helps to reduce their overall environmental effect. An additional crucial component of green tourism is water conservation. Water-saving methods, like low-flow fixtures and effective irrigation systems, are being implemented by accommodations to reduce water usage and safeguard nearby ecosystems. Waste management is essential to reaching sustainability targets in the tourism and hospitality industries. There is a growing movement to reduce the use of single-use plastics, encourage recycling, and establish composting techniques. Establishments promote the circular economy and lessen environmental deterioration by encouraging guests to dispose of waste responsibly. The effectiveness of projects aimed at promoting green tourism depends on community involvement. Forming alliances with nearby communities guarantees equitable distribution of economic gains and promotes a sense of collective accountability for environmental preservation. Moreover, maintaining the uniqueness of sites is aided by fostering cultural sensitivity and respect for local knowledge. To sum up, green tourism and hospitality mark a significant turn in the direction of a more responsible and sustainable sector. The tourist and hospitality industry may make a substantial contribution to environmental preservation by implementing eco-friendly practices, reducing carbon footprints, preserving water resources, handling waste responsibly, and interacting with local people.

Breaking the plastic habit: Drivers of single-use plastic reduction among Thai university students.

This study investigated the decision-making dynamics for pro-environmental behavior among Thai university students, focusing on reducing the consumption of single-use plastics (SUP). By adopting a dynamic approach to the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), the research examined the influence of psychosocial factors, including attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms, on SUP reduction intention at different phases of behavior change. Using structural equation modelling, we analyzed quantitative data (n = 317) from the selected universities. The results revealed that attitudes predicted behavioral intentions only among individuals in the contemplation phase of reducing SUP. Attitudes had a small but limited influence on the behavioral intentions of students who had not yet acted. Perceived behavioral control, on the other hand, significantly impacted behavioral intentions across all phases of behavior change, highlighting its importance in SUP reduction. The study also confirmed subjective norms' positive influence on students' behavioral intentions in the pre-contemplation phase. Practical implications suggested segmenting residents based on their behavior change phase so that public policymakers can allocate resources more efficiently and effectively by tailoring campaigns to specific behavior change phases, ultimately promoting sustainable behavior among university students.

Noni (Morinda citrifolia) leaf extract incorporated methylcellulose active films: A sustainable strategy for browning inhibition in apple slice packaging

Methylcellulose, a prominent polysaccharide prevalent in the food sector, was considered to fabricate the active films with glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker and Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Leaf Extract (NLE) as an active agent. FTIR analysis confirms the intermolecular -OH bonding, and SEM micrograms demonstrate methylcellulose active films' homogeneous, dense morphologic appearance. Due to the crosslinking effect of glutaraldehyde and noni leaf extract, tensile strength (41.83 ± 0.134 MPa) and crystallinity (62.91 %) of methylcellulose films were improved. Methylcellulose active films suppress water and moisture uptake at various relative humidities. The inhibition capability against foodborne pathogens and the excellent antioxidant activity [DPPH (93.191 ± 1.384 %) and ABTS (90.523 ± 1.412 %)] of NLE incorporation suggested that food packed in methylcellulose active films were effective against pathogenic and oxidative attacks. During preservation, to ensure the apple slices' nutritional values, they are covered with physiochemically enhanced methylcellulose active films for up to 120 h. The minimum reduction in vitamin C, reducing sugar content, percentage weight loss, pH, and total phenolic content of apple slices preserved in MGN active films at room temperature suggests it is an affordable and efficient replacement to traditional single-use plastic packaging in the cut fruit industry.

Kampanye Semarang Wegah Nyampah dan Engagement Publik

This research discusses the "Semarang Wegah Nyampah" campaign conducted by the Communication Division of the Regional Secretariat of Semarang City. The campaign aims to promote an environmentally friendly lifestyle and public awareness of the impact of waste, especially single-use plastic waste. However, the campaign has not been effective due to its limited reach and lack of high interaction on Instagram and TikTok social media platforms. The purpose of this research is to describe the process of forming public engagement in the Semarang Wegah Nyampah campaign, using concepts such as Persuasive Communication, Types of Campaigns, Public Policy, Social Psychology, and the Pyramid Model of PR Research. The research methodology employed is qualitative-descriptive, involving direct observation, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. The findings of this research indicate that the Semarang Wegah Nyampah campaign has had a positive impact on waste management in Semarang City. Despite facing challenges, the campaign has successfully increased awareness and changed behaviors related to waste management. However, the campaign's message has not been effectively disseminated, and public participation needs improvement. To achieve larger goals and create a greater impact on the public, further efforts are required to widely disseminate the campaign's message, enhance public knowledge, and integrate public policies. Therefore, the Semarang Wegah Nyampah campaign can continue to play a significant role in creating a clean and sustainable environment in Semarang City.

Integrated occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern, including microplastics, in urban and agricultural watersheds in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), including microplastics, have been the focus of many studies due to their environmental impact, affecting biota and human health. The diverse land uses and occupation of watersheds are important parameters driving the occurrence of these contaminants. CECs such as pesticides, drugs, hormones, and industrial-origin substances were analyzed in urban/industrial (Atibaia) and agricultural (Preto/Turvo) watersheds located in São Paulo state, Brazil. A total of 24 CECs were investigated, and, as a result, only 5 (caffeine, carbendazim, atrazine, ametrine and 2-hydroxytrazine) were responsible for 81.73 % of the statistical difference between watersheds contamination profile. The Atibaia watershed presented considerable concentrations of caffeine (ranging from 75 to 2025 ng L−1), while carbendazim (44 to 1144 ng L−1) and atrazine (3 to 266 ng L−1) presented highest levels in Preto/Turvo watershed. In all sampling points, the cumulative potential aquatic life risk assessed by the NORMAN database indicates some level of environmental concern associated to pesticides and caffeine (risk quotient >1). Microplastics had been analyzed in both watersheds, being the white/transparent fragments in size between 100 and 250 μm the most detected in this study. The estimated abundance in the Atibaia watershed ranged from 349 to 2898 items m−3 presenting some influence of pluviosity, while in Rio Preto/Turvo ranged from 169 to 6370 items m−3, being more abundant in the dam area without a clear influence of pluviosity. In both basins, polyethylene and polypropylene were the most detected polymers, probably due to the intense use of single-use plastics in urban areas. Possibly, due to the distinct physic-chemical properties of microplastics and organic CECs, no correlations were observed between their occurrence, which makes us conclude that they have different transport mechanism, behavior, and fate in the environment.

Synthesis of Novel Polymers with Biodegradability by Main-Chain Editing of Chiral Polyketones.

Although the use of biodegradable plastics is suitable for unrecoverable, single-use plastic, their high production cost and much lower variety compared to commodity plastics limit their application. In this study, we developed a new polymer with potential biodegradability, poly(ketone/ester), synthesized from propylene and carbon monoxide. Propylene and carbon monoxide are easily available at low costs from fossil resources, and they can also be derived from biomass. Using an atom insertion reaction to the main chain of the polymer, the main-chain editing of the polymer molecule proceeded with up to 89% selectivity for atom insertion over main-chain cleavage.

Preparation and evaluation of novel biodegradable Kombucha cellulose-based multi-layered composite tableware

A huge volume of single-use plastics is used for food packaging and cutlery which is associated with significant negative environmental impacts. In this study, the facile fabrication of multilayered composites using kombucha cellulose (KC) intercalated with tannery waste-gelatin as bio-adhesive using layer-by-layer assembly followed by hydraulic heat compression technique is reported. The prolonged fermentation of Kombucha tea resulted in KC pellicle with productivity of 385.5 ± 71.4 g/L and thickness of 2 ± 0.7 cm. The purification process improved the crystallinity index of the KC layer from 41.17% to 86.2%. Gelatin prepared using tannery trimming waste along with glucose at varying concentrations was used as interlayer coating between cellulose layers crosslinked by Maillard reactions resulting in the formation of biologically benevolent ‘melanoidins’. Heat crosslinked composite (S8–20 H) with 8 layers of KC held with gelatin-glucose-myrobalan tertiary complex exhibited a high tensile strength of 47.7 MPa and a flexural strength of 117.27 MPa indicating high mechanical stiffness with the least density value of 0.71 g/cm3. The hardness values of the composites were between 54 and 76.6 Shore D hardness. The moisture susceptibility and thermal stability of the composites were found to be optimum for its use as cutlery. The composites were shaped into spoon-like tableware, ergonomically designed to appease, with baked food-like color, texture, and fragrance. The aqueous tolerance and surface oil resistance exhibited by the tableware were superior to traditional wood-based cutlery. By mechanical disintegration, the tableware is fully recyclable as a value-added bio-fertilizer for effective plant growth. This work presents a sustainable waste-to-wealth approach towards the preparation of food-safe, environment–friendly and biodegradable substitutes for plastics intended for tableware applications.

Marine degradation and ecotoxicity of conventional, recycled and compostable plastic bags

Plastic bags are currently a major component of marine litter, causing aesthetical nuisance, and undesirable effects on marine fauna that ingest them or are entangled. Plastic litter also rises concern on the ecotoxicological effects due to the potential toxicity of the chemical additives leached in aquatic environments. Conventional plastic bags are made of polyethylene, either from first use or recycled, but regulations restricting single-use plastics and limiting lightweight carrier bags (<50 μm thickness) have fostered the replacement of thin PE bags by compostable materials advertised as safer for the environment. In this study, we assess the degradation of commercially available plastic bags in marine conditions at two scales: aquariums (60 days) and outdoors flow-through mesocosm (120 days). Strength at break point and other tensile strength parameters were used as ecologically relevant endpoints to track mechanical degradation. Ecotoxicity has been assessed along the incubation period using the sensitive Paracentrotus lividus embryo test. Whereas PE bags did not substantially lose their mechanical properties within the 60 d aquarium exposures, compostable bags showed remarkable weight loss and tensile strength decay, some of them fragmenting in the aquarium after 3–4 weeks. Sediment pore water inoculum promoted a more rapid degradation of compostable bags, while nutrient addition pattern did not affect the degradation rate. Longer-term mesocosms exposures supported these findings, as well as pointed out the influence of the microbial processes on the degradation efficiency of compostable/bioplastic bags. Compostable materials, in contrast toPE, showed moderate toxicity on sea-urchin larvae, partially associated to degradation of these materials, but the environmental implications of these findings remain to be assessed. These methods proved to be useful to classify plastic materials, according to their degradability in marine conditions, in a remarkably shorter time than current standard tests and promote new materials safer for the marine fauna.

Environmental taxation of plastic bags and substitutes: Balancing marine pollution and climate change

Several countries have imposed either a ban or a tax on single-use plastic packaging, motivated by their contribution to marine plastic pollution. This may lead consumers to opt for similar unregulated substitutes, potentially undermining or even counteracting the intended effect of the policy instrument. The purpose of this study is to theoretically and empirically compare the environmental and welfare effects of the first-best Pigouvian taxes on both plastic bags and a substitute (paper bags), with two alternative second-best policy instruments: a tax on plastic products alone, and a common uniform tax on all packaging materials. The empirical analysis accounts for two different types of environmental externalities from the use of both bag types: marine pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. It also compares results for two countries, Denmark and the USA, which differ in the demand for plastic and paper bags. The theoretical analysis shows that a unilateral tax on plastic bags should equal the marginal environmental damage of plastic bags minus a fraction of the marginal environmental cost of paper bags, hence being lower than the Pigouvian tax. The optimal common tax should equal a weighted average of the marginal environmental damage of the two bag types and would be lower than the Pigouvian tax on plastics if the marginal external cost of plastic bags exceeds that for paper bags. The empirical analysis shows that for default parameters, the variation in tax level across the studied scenarios is small. It also shows that if Pigouvian taxes cannot be implemented, a common uniform tax on both bag types would result in a higher welfare gain than a tax on plastic bags alone. Sensitivity analysis reveals that the level of the second-best taxes and their associated environmental and welfare impacts are sensitive to assumptions regarding the littering rate and decay rate of plastic bags in the marine environment.

Sustainable Challenges: Community Response to the Policy Restricting the Use of Plastic Shopping Bags in Jambi City

This research investigates the issue of plastic waste in Jambi City by exploring the cognitive (knowledge), affective (emotional support), and conative (attitudinal support) aspects of the community towards the policy of restricting the use of plastic shopping bags. Through a survey method involving 86 respondents from the community of Jambi City, the study evaluates the people's understanding of plastic waste and the level of emotional support for plastic reduction policies and attitudes towards reducing plastic waste. The research reveals a high level of knowledge (77.78%) and significant emotional support (71.05%) for the policy of limiting plastic use in Kota Jambi, while attitudinal support for reducing plastic waste is also high (74.96%). These findings underscore the importance of community awareness and support for measures to reduce single-use plastic consumption, along with significant implications for waste management and environmental conservation in Kota Jambi.

BEACH CLEAN-UP MOVEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS CAMPAIGN IN THE COASTAL AREA OF SAMBELIA, EAST LOMBOK, NTB

The Sambelia coastal area in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), is rich in marine biodiversity and has great tourism potential. However, the problem of waste, especially plastic waste, poses a serious threat to the sustainability of coastal and marine ecosystems in this region. The Beach Clean Up movement in the Sambelia coastal area aims to tackle the problem of beach waste while increasing environmental awareness among the local community. The methods used for the Beach Clean Up Movement include preliminary studies, activity planning, and coordination with stakeholders. The activity was attended by approximately 200 participants, consisting of 150 students, 10 lecturers, 30 local residents, and 5 tourists. The Beach Clean Up Movement succeeded in reducing the amount of rubbish on the beach, increasing the beauty and comfort of a tourist destination, and supporting the local economy. This activity also effectively increased participants' awareness and knowledge about the dangers of plastic waste and the importance of waste management. The education provided during the activity offered a better understanding of the importance of keeping beaches clean and reducing the use of single-use plastics, which is expected to bring long-term positive changes in waste management behavior.

Fighting plastic pollution with a circular economy roadmap and strategy: Addressed to the United Nations Environment Programme

Plastic pollution poses a significant challenge to the environment, biodiversity, and human health. Each year, the world produces 300 million tons of plastic waste, equivalent to the weight of the planet's entire human population. Only 9% of plastic products worldwide are recycled due to a pervasive throw-away culture and inefficient policies for managing single-use plastic. Over time, plastics fragment into smaller pieces, distributed across ecosystems by wind and rainfall. Marine and terrestrial wildlife accidentally ingest these smaller plastics, leading to a build-up of toxins in tissues. These toxins are transferred to other species, including humans, through the food chain. This document proposes two policy options to address this issue: (a) replacing conventional plastics with more environmentally friendly alternatives or (b) transitioning to a circular economy focused on reducing, reusing, repairing, and recycling. We urge the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to pursue the latter by leading the development and implementation of a comprehensive global policy agenda for the appropriate and effective management of plastics. This would include the development of financial, environmental, and social estimators to quantify, manage, and reduce plastic waste. A UNEP-led global plastic policy agenda has the potential to standardize and regulate plastic production, consumption, and waste management and ultimately reduce the negative impact of plastics on ecosystems and human health.

Goodbye Plastic Bags? Lessons from the Shopping Plastic Bag Ban in Chile

Bans on single-use plastic shopping bags (SUPBs) are a popular policy to tackle plastic pollution. However, their success has been evaluated solely based on reduced SUPBs consumption, ignoring the impacts of substitutes. This article addresses this gap by analyzing the Chilean plastic bag ban law. Results show a reduction of ~249 kilotons of SUPBs consumed and a change in the materiality of shopping bags (mainly toward paper), but also an increase of more than 50% of bin liners after the enactment of the ban. Despite some undesired effects, an improvement in the environmental performance of the bag market is obtained in fifteen of the eighteen categories studied. The environmental impacts are on average 38% lower than in the counterfactual scenario. This suggests that the law is being effective in protecting the environment. The strictness of the ban and its rapid enforcement were positive aspects of its design, but ignoring the end-of-life of the bags could be limiting its impact. To reduce the environmental impact of substitutes, it is recommended to create design guidelines for shopping bags and bin liners.

Global producer responsibility for plastic pollution.

Brand names can be used to hold plastic companies accountable for their items found polluting the environment. We used data from a 5-year (2018-2022) worldwide (84 countries) program to identify brands found on plastic items in the environment through 1576 audit events. We found that 50% of items were unbranded, calling for mandated producer reporting. The top five brands globally were The Coca-Cola Company (11%), PepsiCo (5%), Nestlé (3%), Danone (3%), and Altria (2%), accounting for 24% of the total branded count, and 56 companies accounted for more than 50%. There was a clear and strong log-log linear relationship production (%) = pollution (%) between companies' annual production of plastic and their branded plastic pollution, with food and beverage companies being disproportionately large polluters. Phasing out single-use and short-lived plastic products by the largest polluters would greatly reduce global plastic pollution.

Ecological packaging: Creating sustainable solutions with all-natural biodegradable cellulose materials

Plastics, accumulating globally as microplastics in living organisms, significantly contribute to environmental issues. Current materials like polylactic acid and commercial paper face limitations due to inadequate heat and water resistance, resulting in various practical inconveniences. This study reports a high-strength, water-resistant, recyclable, and naturally degradable pure cellulose food packaging material, which is crafted from bacterial cellulose (BC) and ethyl cellulose (EC) by a straightforward filtration and scratch coating process. The use of the EC ethanol solution eliminates the need for additional binders. Remarkably, the EC-BC pure cellulose material exhibits excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength of 195.3 ± 23.2 MPa), a stability in liquid environments (136.9 ± 24.2 MPa mechanical strength after 30 minutes of immersion in water), recyclability, natural degradability, cost-effectiveness, and non-toxicity. These attributes position binder-free hybrid designs, based on cellulose structures, as a promising solution to address environmental challenges arising from the extensive use of single-use plastics.

Linking methodologies to assess climate impacts and circular economy strategies along supply chains

This paper introduces a generic hybrid methodology for assessing economic and environmental impacts along interconnected supply chain markets, considering both the material/product level and the market mechanisms that govern resource allocation. The methodology is illustrated by considering a competitive market and benevolent social planner variant of a supply chain equilibrium (SCE) model, applied to the specific case of single-use and reusable plastic bottles in Belgium. The benevolent social planner optimises a societal welfare function that includes all relevant revenues and costs along the plastic bottle supply chains – including external environmental damage costs. These costs comprise climate damage and are incorporated into the SCE model by combining life cycle assessment data with economic data. The main advantage of this model setup is that it better represents policy reality because it allows to study the effectiveness and efficiency of the simultaneous implementation of multiple circular strategies, their interactions, and possible rebound effects. The findings indicate that when all climate costs are internalised simultaneously, the competitive market solution approaches that of the benevolent social planner. Yet, when policymakers have fewer instruments at their disposal in relation to the number of environmental externalities, the welfare impact of competitive market solutions is limited or even negative. Moreover, key circular economy practices such as material intensity reduction and green design are particularly lagging behind compared to their welfare-optimising levels.

Climate Change Awareness and Pro-Environmental Intentions in Sports Fans: Applying the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model for Sustainable Spectating

(1) Background: This study explores the intricate relationship between sports and the environment, underscoring the influence of individual awareness of climate change consequences on fostering eco-friendly behavior among sports spectators. (2) Methods: The research introduces an extended theory of planned behavior model, incorporating climate change awareness. Analyzing data from 431 participants at US professional sports events, the study measured variables like climate change awareness and theory of planned behavior constructs. (3) Results: Sequential multiple mediation analysis validated the model, revealing that climate change awareness positively predicts the intention to reduce single-use plastics in the context of sport spectatorship. This relationship was partially mediated by theory of planned behavior variables, with subjective norms identified as a crucial explanatory factor. (4) Conclusions: The study’s originality lies in shedding light on pro-environmental intentions within sports spectatorship. Its insights provide foundational knowledge for researchers and organizations aiming to devise sustainability strategies in the realm of sports.

Synthesis of Water-Dispersible Poly(dimethylsiloxane) and Its Potential Application in the Paper Coating Industry as an Alternative for PFAS-Coated Paper and Single-Use Plastics.

Polyethylene-, polyvinylidene chloride-, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance-coated paper generate microplastics or fluorochemicals in the environment. Here, we report an approach for the development of oil-resistant papers using an environmentally friendly, fluorine-free, water-dispersible poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) coating on kraft paper. Carboxylic-functionalized PDMS (PDMS-COOH) was synthesized and subsequently neutralized with ammonium bicarbonate to obtain a waterborne emulsion, which was then coated onto kraft paper. The water resistance of the coated paper was determined via Cobb60 measurements. The Cobb60 value was reduced to 2.70 ± 0.14 g/m2 as compared to 87.6 ± 5.1 g/m2 for uncoated paper, suggesting a remarkable improvement in water resistance. Similarly, oil resistance was found to be 12/12 on the kit test scale versus 0/12 for uncoated paper. In addition, the coated paper retained 70-90% of its inherent mechanical properties, and more importantly, the coated paper was recycled via pulp recovery using a standard protocol with a 91.1% yield.

Machine Learning Methods Analysis of Preceding Factors Affecting Behavioral Intentions to Purchase Reduced Plastic Products

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in the use of personal protective equipment and single-use plastics, which has exacerbated plastic littering on land and in marine environments. Consumer behaviors with regards to eco-friendly products, their acceptance, and intentions to purchase need to be explored to help businesses achieve their sustainability goals. This paper establishes the Sustainability Theory of Planned Behavior (STPB), an integration of the TPB and sustainability domains, in order to analyze the said objectives. The study employed a machine learning ensemble method and used MATLAB to analyze the data. The results showed that support and attitude from perceived authorities were the main variables influencing customers’ intentions for purchasing reduced plastic products. Customers with a high level of environmental awareness were more likely to embrace reduced plastic items as a way to lessen their ecological footprint and support environmental conservation, making perceived environmental concern another important factor. This shows that authorities play a big role in the community in influencing people to choose reduced plastic products, making it the duty of governments and companies to promote environmental awareness. This study emphasizes the significance of the latent variables considered when developing marketing plans and activities meant to promote products with less plastic.