Single Tracking System Research Articles

Measures: The New Face of Criminal Punishment in the New Indonesian Criminal Code

The criminal punishment system in the WvS Criminal Code has shifted from only imposing punishments (single track system) to punishment and/or measures (double track system) in the National Criminal Code. This study aims to determine the conditions under which measures can be imposed and the form and application of measures in the new Criminal Code. The method used in this study is the doctrinal research method. The conditions for criminal law subjects to be subject to measures are as follows: if the criminal law subject is an individual, including people with mental and intellectual disabilities, children under 14 (fourteen) years of age, and corporations. The imposition of Measures must be based on the objectives and guidelines for punishment as in Articles 51 to 54 of the New Criminal Code.

A Multi-Objective Optimization of Clustered Train Delay Propagation Model

Introduction This research investigates train delay propagation, focusing on identifying influencing factors, optimizing parameters to minimize delays, and proposing cost-effective mitigation measures using the southern intercity railway route of Thailand as a case study. Methods The study employs cluster analysis and multiple linear regression to formulate delay propagation models, followed by multi-objective optimization to achieve optimal variable sets. In addition, by analyzing passenger patterns across different train types, the representative models are developed to inform policy adjustments and optimize service delivery. The research focuses on aligning commercial viability with passenger needs and preferences. Results Findings from this study will provide valuable insights for future planning and potential application to other rail routes. Key findings suggest that for double-track systems, effective policies include increasing train acceleration rates, adjusting the number of stops, and enhancing junction systems. For single-track systems, similar policies apply, with additional emphasis on converting to double tracks to minimize delays in train shunting. Conclusion Implementing these measures is expected to mitigate cumulative delays and enhance rail service efficiency.

The History of the National College Entrance Examination Reform and its Impact on Social Mobility

The National College Entrance Examination is an indispensable part of Chinas education system. There is also a lot of discussion about the college entrance examination. However, the summary of the reform process of the college entrance examination and the analysis of the impact of policies on social mobility in different periods often ignore the first 17 years and the stage of the Cultural Revolution. Therefore, this paper makes a complete policy summary of the college entrance examination, and analyzes the different attributes of social mobility under different policies. These analyses are based on a detailed dissection of the policy and relevant data as supporting material. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn. The dual-track system of education and district-based college entrance examinations from 1949 to 1967 contributed to low social mobility during this time period. During the Cultural Revolution, more rural students went to the cities. However, they often return to their hometowns after finishing their university studies, forming a special phenomenon of mobility. The subsequent single-track system, university enrollment expansion, and the new college entrance examination reform all took equity as the reform goal. However, these reforms often have the opposite effect due to the huge disparity between urban and rural areas. It is worth noting that these deficiencies have been noticed and relevant measures have been implemented.

Theoretical Evaluation for Soil Thrust of Single-Track System over Clay Slope via Upper Bound Analysis

This study aimed to theoretically evaluate soil thrust on a clay slope as a reaction force associated with the motion of an off-road tracked vehicle. The existing concept of the potential failure modes of a clay block on flat ground has extended to determine the soil thrust of sloped clay ground. Based on the upper-bound limit analysis, the soil thrust under the most critical failure was derived for three potential failure modes: block, triangular-wedge, and trapezoidal-wedge failures. Specifically, the influence of the slope angle, the shear strength of clay, the weight of a vehicle, and the geometry of a track system on the soil thrust was investigated. Only the block and triangular wedge failure modes were able to occur, and the geometry of a single-track system could lead to different failure modes. Under the block failure mode, the soil thrust decreased as the slope became stiff, and the vehicle weight increased. On the other hand, the soil thrust decreased as the slope angle decreased under the triangular-wedge failure mode.

Techno Emotive Pedagogy: A Strategic Enabler for Catalyzing Sustainable Learning and Living in the Post-Pandemic Educational Landscape

In this era of digitalization, the imbibition of technology in all walks of life is immensely felt. In a fast-pacing world, a desirable demand for an easy life makes it necessary for the burgeoning of technological prospects. Moreover, technology would have acclimatized the education sector one day or the other, like Scandinavian countries, for sure: but this anticipation was met rapidly during the pandemic period. As a consequence, most educationists felt the necessity for an alternative to leverage the learning loss across the globe. Technology performed the role of a Godmother to forge our country as ‘Vishwa Guru’ and save pedagogical principles from the clutches of the devastating pandemic. Educational resources began flooding from various technological tools like water flowing from the reservoir while lifting the shutters of a dam. A serious concern that knocks this scenario is ‘will this amalgamation of technology and education remain harmonious, or this synchronization will be able to resolve all the ethical or ontological questions of Homo sapiens in the post-pandemic period’? At this juncture, there is the relevance of a shift from techno-pedagogy to techno-emotive pedagogy. Techno-emotive pedagogy is potentially sound to function as a sustainable approach in the field of education by embracing life skills to adapt to the fast-changing modern society. Undoubtedly, technology would be enthroned as the ultimate dependent variable of education, but without neglecting the emotional canvas. It relies on the strong footing that humans are essentially more emotional than intellectual. A single-track system of techno dependence neglecting the organismic emotional contour of individual and social tenets of humans will result in chaos. This paper intends to present techno-emotive pedagogy as a pedagogical experimentation and innovation in the teaching and learning process by utilizing an exploratory approach to the various emotional handicap that intruded on the learning and living system due to the single strategic path adopted during the covid period by analyzing the empirics from the education stakeholders. An attempt is also made to design and develop an instructional strategy that is synchronized with this paradigm. The findings showed that techno-emotive pedagogy plays as a strategic enabler in catalyzing sustainable learning and also the derivatives of this attempt are expected to contribute to a sustained strategic system for learning and living.

POLITIK KRIMINAL PENANGGULANGAN TINDAK PIDANA KEKERASAN PSIKIS TERHADAP ANAK DALAM RUMAH TANGGA

This study aims to find the prime causes of psychological violence against children in the household and to formulate policies to overcome psychological violence against children in the household. This normative research uses a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results of the study indicate that there are several prime causes of psychological violence in the household, such as the perpetrator’s lack of knowledge about the forms of domestic violence, the closure of children as victims, less harmonious relationships among family members, wrong way of parenting, psychological factors of the perpetrator, economic factors and the Covid-19 Pandemic. Overcoming psychological violence against children in the household can be done with a single-track system (penal) in the form of conditional sentence which is applied as shock therapy in order to prevent the perpetrator from repeating his actions. The double track system is in the form of action against the perpetrator, namely consultation with a psychologist. Meanwhile, non-penal efforts are in the form of pre-marital debriefing to the bride and groom about the forms of domestic violence, children’s rights and good parenting.

Efektivitas Double Track System atau Single Track System Bagi Pelaku Tindak Pidana Korupsi di Indonesia

The efforts to eradicate corruption in Indonesia are shown by the position of Indonesia as the most corrupt country in Asia, by the International Transparency Institute. The contributing factor is that the corruption eradication policy in Indonesia focuses more on the strategy of prosecution through penal means, so that the number of corruption cases that can be handled is far less than the number of potential criminal acts committed. This type of research is normative legal research which is commonly called normative juridical research using secondary data, namely data obtained from judge decisions, official document, related books, and related laws and regulations. This research uses a conceptual approach, a case approach, and a statute approach. Furthermore, the data is processed using descriptive analytical data analysis method. The result of research is the penal facilities that use the Criminal Procedure Code and Law Number 31 of 1999 as amended and supplemented by Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 1999 concerning Eradication of Corruption Crimes, have not been able to fully prosecute the perpetrators an increasingly sophisticated modus operandi of corruption. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the effectiveness level of implementing the double track system and single-track system.

Design and Development of a Single-Axis Solar Tracking System

With solar tracking, it will become possible to generate more energy since the solar panel can maintain a perpendicular profile to the rays of the sun. Even though the initial cost of setting up the tracking system is considerably high, there are cheaper options that have been proposed over time. This research discuss the design and construction of a prototype for a solar tracking system that has a single axis of freedom. Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) are used for sunlight detection. The control circuit is based on an ATMega328P microcontroller. It was programmed to detect sunlight via the LDRs before actuating the servo to position the solar panel. The solar panel is positioned where it is able to receive maximum light. As compared to other motors, the servo motors are able to maintain their torque at high speed. They are also more efficient with efficiencies in the range of 80-90%. Servos can supply roughly twice their rated torque for short periods. Through tracking, there will be increased exposure of the panel to the sun, making it have increased power output. The trackers can either be dual or single axis trackers. As a single tracking system is cheaper, less complex, and still achieves the required efficiency, so it was used.

Increasing the efficiency of solar panel by solar tracking system

Solar energy is a promising sustainable power source asset. If the solar panels have an opposite profile to the beams of the sun it will create more vitality. The objective of the work is to track the sun, so that the rays of sun will always be in perpendicular with panel. As the cost of manufacturing the solar tracking setup is high, there are alternative less expensive choices that have been proposed. This works aims to design and develop a model of solar tracking system. ATMega328P micro controller is utilized for the manufacture of control circuit. Light Dependent Resistors (LDR) is utilized to recognize daylight which impels the servo motor to turn the solar panel. The solar panel is kept in a region of most extreme exposure to daylight. Greatest torque and speed are achieved by a servo motor. Servo motor is most efficient with the scope of 80-90%. Servo motors are free from vibration issues. Execution and attributes of solar panel are examined tentatively. solar cells made of Silicon produced an maximum efficiency of 20%. Most of the solar panels still operate at level less than 40%. Because of their reduced performance. The initial cost increases due to the purchase of large sized panels, else the number of panels has to be increased. The efficiency and cost of the panel is inversely proportional to each other solar tracking finds a better way of improving the performance without increasing the rate of the panel. The area of exposure to sunlight is increased. Classification is based on the number of trackers single axis trackers are less efficient than Dual trackers A single tracking system is used. It is cheaper, less complex to install and still achieves the required efficiency. The increase in the initial setup cost is negligible when compared to the increase of power output. Maintenance costs are not high.

Economic Impact Assessment of the Dual-track Electricity Price System in China

With the continuing advance of electricity market reforms, China is currently in the transition stage from a dual-track electricity price system to a market-based single-track system. The new electricity price system, which is based on market transaction electricity prices and transmission and distribution prices; and the original electricity price system, which is based on the feed-in tariffs price and catalog electricity prices, are dual-track operation. Based on the evolution path of China’s macro development, this paper clarifies the connotation and settlement mechanism of China’s dual-track electricity price system and discusses the differences and connections between the dual-track system settlement, planned settlement, and market-based settlement. Then, by adopting an adjusted Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model, this paper quantitatively evaluates the economic and social benefits of the dual-track electricity price system. Based on these results, this paper further analyses the subsequent challenges and countermeasures of the transition from the dual-track electricity price system to the market-oriented price system.

Investigation of the soil thrust interference effect for tracked unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs) using model track tests

The traction force of a tracked unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) depends on the soil thrust generated by the shearing action on the soil-track interface. In the development of soil thrust, because the continuous-track system consists of a number of single-track systems connected to each other, interference occurs between the adjacent single-track systems through the surrounding soil. Thus, the total soil thrust of the continuous-track system is not equal to the sum of the soil thrust of each single-track system, and the interference effect needs to be carefully considered. In this study, model track tests were conducted on model single-, double-, and triple-track systems according to relative density of soil and shape ratio (i.e., the length of the track plate to grouser depth). The test results indicated that the interference effect reduced soil thrust due to the overlapping shear zones between adjoining single-track systems. The loss of soil thrust increased as the relative density of the soil increased and the shape ratio decreased. Based on these findings, a soil thrust multiplier that can be utilized to assess the soil thrust of a continuous-track system was developed.

Implementasi Model Double Track System: Sanksi Pidana dan Tindakan sebagai Sistem Pemidanaan terhadap Pelaku Tindak Pidana Penyalahgunaan Narkotika di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Kelas II A Kabupaten Langkat

Narcotics abuse is a danger that can destroy the next generation and hinder the development of the Indonesian nation in carrying out development in every sector of life. The narcotics problem is very much a concern of the people of Indonesia and especially the Province of North Sumatra because this province is ranked second after the Special Capital Region of Jakarta in the number of narcotics users. This research is very important in order to help the government program in order to avoid the youth of the nation's successors of narcotics users and provide a deterrent effect to the perpetrators of criminal acts of narcotics abuse. That the application of Law No. 35 of 2009 concerning narcotics has set about a double track system where narcotics addicts can be punished with actions in the form of rehabilitation. But in its application the judge always imposes criminal sanctions in the form of prison for drug addicts. So that more and more drug addicts in prison. The problems discussed in this study are the implementation of the double track system model, criminal sanctions and actions as a criminal system for the perpetrators of narcotics abuse crimes in Langkat Class II Penitentiary, whether this double track system can be implemented and whatever is an obstacle in the implementation of this double track system, by using the socio-legal research approach. Conclusions from the results of the study up to now the criminal system that was handed down in the Langkat District Court against narcotics criminals still used a single track system, so that all prisoners who served their sentences in Class II A Narcotics Lap Langkat were sentenced in the form of imprisonment.

The Effect of Free Senior High School Policy on the Lives of Parents and Wards in Ghana

The free senior high school policy is one of best social and economic intervention policies that openly affect both parents and their wards in senior high school. This realization is reached on the backdrop of the policy’s role in redeeming parents from their economic and financial burden. This study therefore looks at the effect of introducing the free senior high school policy on the economic and social lives of parents and students respectively. A correlational cross-sectional descriptive design was used. Questionnaires were administered on three hundred and thirty-six(336) parents of wards in three senior high schools in the North East and Upper East Regions of Ghana. The study confirms that the introduction of the free senior high school policy relieved the financial burden of parents, especially guardians from rural settlements. Besides, there was lack of adequate stakeholder consultation, hence saddled with implementation challenges. Delay in disbursement of funds for feeding and learning materials presented yet another problem. It is important that governments find sustainable sources of funding the educational system and also ensure the double-track system is regularized into a single-track system by expanding academic user facilities and increasing the numerical strength of both teaching and non-teaching staff in various senior high schools.

Upper-Bound Analysis for Soil Thrust of Single-Track System over Clay Ground

AbstractSoil thrust acts as a reaction force that enables an off-road tracked vehicle to overcome motion resistance and move the vehicle forward. Thus, the estimation of soil thrust for a track sys...

Organizational effects of experience from accidents. Learning in the aftermath of the Tretten and Åsta train accidents

This article explores possible signs on learning in organizations following two major railway accidents in Norway, the Tretten accident in 1975 and the Åsta accident in 2000. These are the most serious railway accidents to have occurred in the past decades and both involved collisions on a single track system. The two events have been analyzed and compared in order to investigate possible learning effects and possible differences in learning given the 25-year span between them. The study is based on the analysis of selected documents related to the accidents in general and the narrative components in the documentation related to learning in particular.Our findings indicate that learning from these events was not expressed as an explicit goal in the aftermath. Learning in these cases seems to be linked for a large part to a change in measures, technical, operational and organizational, but we have not observed any managed confirmation or comprehension processes. The Tretten accident report suggests that the possibility of human error should be mitigated through the implementation of technological barriers, while it omits all other elaborations and risk reducing measures. The Åsta accident report recommended that the work to introduce modern safety management principles that had already been initiated before the accident should be continued. Neither of the accidents yielded any new insights and the knowledge brought forward was merely perceived as confirmation of already-agreed changes.

가변형 단일 궤도를 이용한 장애물 극복방법에 관한 연구

In our paper, we propose an asymmetric single-tracked wheel system, and describe its structure and the method for maintaining the length of a transformable track system. And the method is reducing the gap of lengths. Therefore, we propose an efficient structure for transforming and explain motions with kinematics. Our transformable shape single-tracked mobile system has an advantage to overcome an obstacle or stairs by the variable arms in the single unity track system. But we will make the variable shape of tracked system get a drive that has a force to stand against a wall. In this case, we can consider this system to a rigid body and have a notice that this single tracked system is able to get vary shape with the variable arm angle. Considering forces balance along x-axis and y-axis, and moments balance around the center of the mass we have. If this rigid body is standing against a wall and doesn't put in motion, the force of flat ground and the rigid body sets an equal by a friction. In the same way, the force of a wall and the rigid sets an equal by a friction.

Design of satellite constellations with continuous coverage on elliptic orbits of Molniya type

New methods of choosing the structures of satellite constellations (SC) on elliptical orbits of the Molniya type are presented. The methods, using critical inclination and putting the orbit apogee in the Earth’s hemisphere with an area of continuous coverage, are based on geometrical analysis of two-dimensional representation of the coverage conditions and SC motion in the space of inertial longitude of the orbit ascending node and time. The coverage conditions are represented in the form of a certain region. Dynamics of all satellites in this space is represented by uniform motion along a straight line approximately parallel to the ordinate axis, while the satellite system forms a grid. The problem of choosing a minimal (as far as the number of satellites is concerned) SC configuration can be formulated as a search for the most sparse grid. The contemporary advanced methods of computational geometry serve as an algorithmic basis for the problem solution. Design of SC for continuous coverage of latitude belts with the use of kinematically regular systems is considered. A method of analyzing single-track systems for continuous coverage of arbitrary geographic regions is described, which makes a region at any time instant observable by at least one satellite of the system. As an example, SC on elliptical orbits are considered with periods of ∼4, 12, and 24 hours.

Deliberation on adjusting Chinese criminal law structure

There are two problems with regard to the structure of Chinese criminal law. Firstly, the crimes that are defined in the Chinese criminal code are approximately equal to the felonies that are defined in the western criminal codes, while re-education through labor and penalty for administration of public security similar to the misdemeanors and violations in western countries respectively are not included in the Chinese criminal code, and meanwhile the security measures have not been systematized. Secondly, crimes and penalties, except in criminal law, can not be prescribed in administrative laws and economic laws, and such single track system of conviction and sentencing fails to satisfy the current social situation in which the number of mala prohibia has increased so much. The way to reform Chinese criminal law structure: Firstly, it is to establish a double track system, where mala prohibia should be prescribed in the related administrative laws or economic laws; secondly, a comprehensive criminal code should be reformulated in which felonies, misdemeanors, violations and security measures are all included.

Signal processing for multitrack digital data storage

Using a multitrack format in both optical and magnetic data storage applications yields important improvements in system performance, including higher data density and higher data transfer rates. However, the full advantage in data density can be achieved only through the use of joint equalization and joint detection. This paper addresses the complexity of implementing these functions and proposes a transform domain equalization architecture and a reduced-complexity detection method based on a breadth first search of a one-dimensional time-varying representation of a two-dimensional target response. With this method, the complexity of joint equalization and joint detection is not unreasonably greater than that of existing single-track systems and should be feasible for implementation with emerging integrated circuit technologies.

オープン・エンロールメントの実態

Many of the studies of school choice in America published in Japanese have been based on documents written by American researchers. This situation imposes a critical limitation on the examination of the implications inherent in the system of school choice for the educational change that Japan is facing. Bearing in mind the differences between Japanese and American systems regarding school choice, this paper sets out to discover the facts and mechanisms of the open enrollment program of a city district in California.Because there is no official registration system like the Japanese Jyumin-toroku or catchment areas rigidly delineated by city councils(chonai), American children are not assumed to be the prospective students of individual schools. For this reason parents are expected to enroll their children as students in the public school system just before they reach school age. Ordinarily, they are allotted places in their local schools according to where they live. Open enrollment is a system whereby parents are able to request enrollment at any school in the district regardless of where they live, although the availability of spaces, sibling preferences, and the ethnic balance of the school must all be taken into account.Through the open enrollment program that was introduced in the early 1990s, some schools are losing and others are gaining many students. In order to reveal the internal mechanisms of this program this paper focuses on two middle schools:the most popular and the least popular.These two middle schools are very different from each other in such aspects as academic achievement and personal safety. The least popular school is in a suburban area, but it has been notorious for its lack of safety and low level of academic achievement. By contrast, the most popular school is an inner-city middle school situated on the periphery of the downtown and close to a residential area. The neighborhood environment of the most popular school is far better than that of the least popular one. In addition, in the 1980s the most popular school established an academic program titled Gifted and Talented Education(GATE). The school channels students with special academic interests into this GATE program so as to adjust educational settings to student diversity.Through the open enrollment program, the most popular school has become a favorite among parents who live within the catchment areas of the least and the second least popular schools. The parents living within the catchment area of the least popular school refuse to send their children to that school, citing its unsafe environment as an unattractive feature, and seek places for them instead in the most popular school, to which they are mainly attracted by the GATE program.Interestingly, no competition among parents for specific middle schools is attributable to open enrollment. This is partly because the student numbers of the most popular school are falling. For that reason the school is able to offer a great number of places to open enrollment and attract academically gifted students from throughout the district. Moreover, many parents seem to be unaware of the existence of the program. This may also contribute to the lack of competition. Unless parents try to obtain information about open enrollment by themselves, they may never find out about the existence of the program. Access to successful open enrollment is limited to those who are actively seeking information about education and who can provide transportation for their children to and from school.By using the open enrollment program, parents are easily able to avoid local schools in unsafe areas and send their children to the most popular school that has the GATE program. The open enrollment program offers a district-wide multiple tracking system rather than a single-track system of schooling, mainly for the parents and the children seeking the elite track at the middle school level.