Single Temperature Research Articles

Evolution of austenite microstructure and microalloy precipitation state during double-twist torsion testing on Nb-Ti-bearing steels

Double-twist torsion testing was applied to two Nb-Ti-bearing microalloyed steels to develop the relationship between the mechanical response and the resulting microstructure. The double-twist torsion test applies pairs of isothermal deformation passes to a single specimen at progressively lower temperatures. The test captures the effect of multiple deformation and recrystallization events and allows changes in recrystallization behavior to be assessed with fractional softening calculations. Conventional methods for determining fractional softening were applied to the torsional data to infer changes in recrystallization behavior and estimate the temperature regime where partial recrystallization occurs. The non-recrystallization temperature (Tnr) was determined with multi-step hot torsion testing and compared to the partial softening regime from the double-twist torsion test. The traditional concept of Tnr as a single temperature was thereby assessed with respect to the fractional softening calculations and corresponding microstructural changes at the micro- and nano- scales. Tnr was within the partial softening regime assessed with double-twist torsion testing, suggesting partial recrystallization near Tnr. Measurements of grain aspect ratio matched the trends observed in the fractional softening data and confirmed that strain accumulation occurred throughout the partial softening regime. Higher Nb contents corresponded to greater strain accumulation at lower temperatures within the partial softening regime. The precipitation of Nb(C,N) occurred at high temperatures in the form of caps precipitating on pre-existing Ti-rich cores, while fine-scale precipitation occurred at lower temperatures. Increasing the Nb-content increased both the extent of cap formation and the extent of fine-scale precipitation.

Microcalorimetry electrothermal impedance spectroscopy (ETIS) informs entropy evolution at individual electrodes of PNb9O25 or TiNb2O7 battery cells

This study proposes a novel and fast microcalorimetry electrothermal impedance spectroscopy (ETIS) method based on heat generation rate measurements at each electrode of a lithium-ion battery cell. This new method is capable of retrieving the open-circuit voltage, the entropic potential, and the partial entropy changes at each electrode from measurements at a single temperature. It also shortens the measurement duration to a few hours compared to several days using the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT). The method consists of imposing a sinusoidal current on the cell assembled in an operando isothermal calorimeter. The induced sinusoidal potential response is used to calculate the open-circuit voltage of the cell as a function of the state of charge. The measured heat generation rates are analyzed by fast Fourier transform to determine not only the entropic potential of the cell but also the partial entropy changes at each electrode. This novel microcalorimetry ETIS method was first validated with numerical simulations. Then, it was experimentally demonstrated on battery cells consisting of PNb9O25 or TiNb2O7 working electrodes and metallic lithium counter electrodes in 1 M LiPF6 in EC:DMC 1:1 v/v electrolyte. The results of the open-circuit voltage and the normalized entropic potential matched those previously determined by potentiometric entropy measurements based on GITT measurements at different temperatures. Furthermore, while the normalized partial entropy changes exhibited notable features at the PNb9O25 or TiNb2O7 working electrodes, they varied little at the metallic lithium counter electrodes.

A low-dimensional energy model to distinguish strength and stability in a jammed column

A low-dimensional “phase space” energy model is presented that outlines contributions to relative strength and stability of two jammed granular+fluid columns: one of small, fine, nearly monodisperse grains and one of larger, coarse, more polydisperse grains. Both granular (dry) structure and pore-fluid (wet) structure contributions to the strength and stability are determined by experimental parameters obtained for bulk measurements from previously published studies. Physical quantities that are controlled by granular-dominant parameters or controlled by fluid-dominant parameters can be fit to sigmoid functions that produce a phase space envelope of strength and stability for a particular column. The novel model presented here replicates this phase space envelope by defining a single granular temperature based on the sigmoid fits. The model demonstrates the overall role that granular temperature plays in both the relative strength and stability of the system in a manner that allows the two characteristics to be distinguished.

Design optimization and analysis of a multi-temperature partition and multi-configuration integrated organic Rankine cycle for low temperature heat recovery

With the development of society and economy, more and more attention has been paid to energy saving where low temperature heat plays an important role. As an effective means to utilize low temperature heat, the organic Rankine cycle attracts great attention, where interval partition number, the optimization of interval temperature, system configuration optimization, working fluid selection and matching with heat source have significant influence on system performance. It is challenging to optimize organic Rankine cycle system considering these issues simultaneously. This study proposes a multi-temperature partition and multi-configuration integrated organic Rankine cycle system model to improve low temperature heat utilization and a comprehensive comparison with basic organic Rankine cycle, recuperative organic Rankine cycle and regenerative organic Rankine cycle is conducted to assess thermal and economic performance with ten working fluids. A numerical optimization analysis compared with other literature and the result of traversal, is performed to ensure the accuracy of mathematical models under the same settings. A series of thermal analysis for organic Rankine cycle systems with multiple system configurations, working fluids selection, condition of heat source and so on are implemented considering internal temperature optimization with evaporation temperature and regenerative ratio. A solution strategy framework is established for the proposed system models. In order to verify the practicability of the proposed model, a case study is built with refinery diesel as the heat source. The result shows that thermal efficiency of the proposed system model has an increase of 4.95–14.01 % compared with the basic organic Rankine cycle and the one with single interval temperature has better performance with 4.95 % higher thermal efficiency and 1.45 % higher total annual cost. Thus, the proposed system model and its corresponding solution strategy can be applied for low temperature heat recovery.

Improving Forging Outcomes of Cast Titanium Aluminide Alloy via Cyclic Induction Heat Treatment

The objective of this research was to improve the forging outcome of peritectic solidifying cast titanium aluminide (TiAl) 4822 alloy (Ti-48Al-2Nb-2Cr at.%) in hot isostatic pressed and homogenised (HH) condition using cyclic induction heat treatment (CHT). This study adds to research around CHT for TiAl alloys by applying industrially relevant induction heating to conduct five heating cycles at the single αphase temperatures (1370 °C) necessary for grain refinement. Two cooling rates were explored in each cycle, air cooling (ACCHT) and controlled furnace-like cooling (FCCHT), without returning to room temperature. Samples were assessed at each stage in terms of their morphologies, lamellar grain size and content, as well as phase and dynamic recrystallised fraction, and subsequent primary and secondary compression behaviour with uniaxial isothermal compression. The FCCHT process resulted in a homogeneously refined fully lamellar microstructure, and ACCHT, in a heterogeneous microstructure consisting of lamellar and feathery γ (γf) at differing fractions across the piece, depending on the cooling rate compared with HH. The results show that CHT improved forging outcomes for both compression stages investigated, resulting in uniform compression samples with higher volumes of dynamic recrystallised material compared with the instability seen with the compression of HH material.

Evaluation index for the low-temperature performance of asphalt mixture based on relaxation characteristics of thermal cracking mechanism

ABSTRACT The thermal cracking behaviour of asphalt pavement is complex and includes thermal contraction, low-temperature relaxation, and low-temperature damage. However, using relaxation characteristics alone instead of low-temperature properties leads to an incomplete evaluation. In this paper, the relationship between viscoelastic properties and relaxation characteristics was analyzed. Based on the time domain characteristics of relaxation, the relaxation rate and cumulative stress at per unit strain rate (CSSR) were proposed as evaluation indexes corresponding to the long-term/short-term characteristics of the relaxation. By combining the relationship among the low-temperature performance obtained by Thermal Stress Restrained Specimens Test (TSRST) and relaxation characteristics, evaluation indexes for the low-temperature performance of asphalt mixture were preferably selected. The results show that asphalt binders dominate the relaxation characteristics of asphalt mixtures, but do not directly replace the low- temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. The relaxation characteristics expressed by the traditional viscoelastic indexes were insufficient to fully evaluate the low- temperature performance of asphalt mixtures. Furthermore, the results of the relaxation characteristic index for evaluating the low-temperature performance were different under different temperature conditions, indicating that performance at a single temperature cannot replace the low-temperature performance at all temperatures.

Development of Composite Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials for Multi-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage

Phase change energy storage materials have been recognized as potential energy-saving materials for balancing cooling and heating demands in buildings. However, individual phase change materials (PCM) with single phase change temperature cannot be adapted to different temperature requirements. To this end, the concept of fabricating different kinds of microencapsulated PCM (MEPCM) and combing them to form a multiphase change material (MPCM) for multi-seasonal applications in buildings has been proposed. To prove the feasibility of this idea, three kinds of MEPCMs were fabricated and used for the development of three different composite MPCMs, classified as MPCM-1, MPCM-2, and MPCM-3. Analysis of the results shows that each MPCM sample was able to release latent heat at two different temperatures thus making them suitable for multi-temperature thermal energy storage applications. The phase change temperatures of the MPCMs were however found to be slightly reduced by 0.09–0.31 °C as compared with the MEPCMs samples. The measured energy storage capacities for the MPCMs were also reduced in the range of 6.3–11.4% as compared with the theoretical values but they displayed relatively good thermal stability behaviour of up to 197.8–218.8 °C. It was further identified that the phase change temperatures and latent heat of the MPCM was attributed to the weight percentages of individual components, as the theoretical values for the three MPCM samples were all in good accordance with the measured values. Therefore, optimizing the weight ratios of the MEPCM in MPCM samples and their corresponding thermophysical properties based on specific climatic conditions would be a necessary step to take in future investigations. Thermal performance enhancement of the MPCM is also being recommended as an essential part of further research.

Simultaneous Enhancement of Flame Resistance and Antimicrobial Activity in Epoxy Nanocomposites Containing Phosphorus and Silver-Based Additives.

The design and manufacture of innovative multifunctional materials possessing superior characteristics, quality and standards, rigorously required for future development of existing or emerging advanced technologies, is of great importance. These materials should have a very low degree of influence (or none) on the environmental and human health. Adjusting the properties of epoxy resins with organophosphorus compounds and silver-containing additives is key to the simultaneous improvement of the flame-resistant and antimicrobial properties of advanced epoxy-based materials. These environmentally friendly epoxy resin nanocomposites were manufactured using two additives, a reactive phosphorus-containing bisphenol derived from vanillin, namely, (4-(((4-hidroxyphenyl)amino)(6-oxido-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)methyl)-2-methoxyphenyl) phenylphosphonate (BPH), designed as both cross-linking agent and a flame-retardant additive for epoxy resin; and additional silver-loaded zeolite L nanoparticles (Ze-Ag NPs) used as a doping additive to impart antimicrobial activity. The effect of BPH and Ze-Ag NPs content on the structural, morphological, thermal, flame resistance and antimicrobial characteristics of thermosetting epoxy nanocomposites was investigated. The structure and morphology of epoxy nanocomposites were investigated via FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In general, the nanocomposites had a glassy and homogeneous morphology. The samples showed a single glass transition temperature in the range of 166-194 °C and an initiation decomposition temperature in the range of 332-399 °C. The introduction of Ze-Ag NPs in a concentration of 7-15 wt% provided antimicrobial activity to epoxy thermosets.

Pressure and temperature dependencies of air-perturbed O[formula omitted] B-band line shapes

The air-broadened lines from the oxygen B band were measured for the first time in controlled laboratory conditions with a high signal-to-noise ratio using frequency-stabilized cavity ring-down spectroscopy (FS-CRDS) referenced to the optical frequency comb. Spectra measured at various pressures and temperatures were analyzed with an advanced line-shape model, considering the speed-dependence of collisional broadening and shift, and the effect of velocity-changing collisions. The temperature dependence of collisional broadening and shift is determined, whereas no significant temperature dependence of speed-dependent parameters and Dicke narrowing was observed. In addition, we have demonstrated that reasonable estimation of temperature dependence for pressure broadening is possible even from measurements done in single temperature where the speed dependence of pressure broadening was determined. New spectroscopic data improve the accuracy of the air-broadened oxygen B-band spectra description by an order of magnitude.

Study and Investigation of Microbial Influenced Corrosion Effect for Performance Analysis of Vortex Tube on Stainless Steel with and without Coating

Alloy material testing for stable the properties of Vortex tube and corrosion resistance, this research for specially for fabrication of Vortex tube and also in future may supplier will ask the properties and testing evidence we are going to provide week wise testing schedule. Microbial Influenced Corrosion (MIC) is a type of corrosion that happened on a metal's surface under the seawater. MIC occurs due to the colonization of microorganism on the surface, these microorganisms may be fungus, bacteria or algae. In this paper the E. Coli bacteria are used to investigate the MIC on metal sample of vortex chamber. A metal sample of vortex tube which is stainless steel is coated with different coating such as alocit, rubber, epoxy, and graphene. The samples for vortex tube with different coating are tested to find out the best one which can resist MIC better than the others. There are different tests carried out; wet and dry test, atmospheric test. To find the corrosion progress the weight loss and corrosion rate is found in the sample material to apply vortex tube. The hardness of the coating is done to find the best one. The optical microscope is used to understand the corrosion progress in the metal surfaces and for the hardness test. The result analyzed shows that graphene is the best coating because of its excellent properties in resisting and preventing MIC corrosion of vortex tube is a non-conventional cooling device, having no moving parts which will produce cold air and hot air from the source of compressed air without effecting the environment when a high-pressure air is tangentially injected into the vortex chamber, a strong vortex flow will be created which will be split into two air streams. Beyond that, the improvement in energy separation is minor, and Vortex Tube performance begins to deteriorate as shock waves form outside the nozzle. Without any moving parts or chemical reactions, a vortex tube (VT) can generate hot and cold streams from a single pressurised room temperature fluid.

Copper(II) halide complexes of aminopyridines: Synthesis, structure, and magnetic behavior of neutral compounds of 5-IAP: (5-IAP)2CuCl2·H2O, [(5-IAP)2CuBr2]2, (5-IAP)2CuBr2 and (5-IAP)3CuCl2·nH2O (5IAP = 2-amino-5-iodopyridine)

Reaction of 2-amino-5-iodopyridine (5IAP) with copper(II) bromide or chloride in alcoholic solution led to four coordination complexes: [(5-IAP)2CuCl2](H2O) (1), (5-IAP)2CuBr2 (2), [(5-IAP)2CuBr2]2 (3) and [(5-IAP)3CuCl2](H2O)n (4). The compounds were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction and variable temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements. 1 crystallizes as monomeric units with the 5IAP ligands in the syn-conformation and one lattice water molecule. 2 also exhibits syn-conformation 5IAP ligands, but forms a common bromide bibridged dimer structure. 3 is a conformational polymorph of 2 with anti-oriented 5IAP ligands. Long Cu⋯Br contacts link the molecules into chains. 4 crystallizes with 1.67 lattice water molecules, disordered over three positions. All four compounds exhibit strong halogen bonding. Variable field and temperature magnetic data were obtained on 1–3. 1 is paramagnetic, with no indication of magnetic exchange down to 1.8 K. 2 is well modeled as an antiferromagnetic dimer (J/kB = −22 K) with significant antiferromagnetic interactions between the dimers. 3 is well modeled as a uniform antiferromagnetic chain (J/kB = −6 K) with weak interchain interactions.

CFD investigation of a fast-response humidifier for high-power PEMFC test stations

Unlike operating PEMFC systems with internal humidification from hydrogen recirculation, fuel cell stack test stations mainly rely on external humidification. Response time in the order of 10s and power over 100 kW are crucial requirements for test stations for vehicle fuel cell stacks. In the present study, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a swirl spray humidifier is developed to simulate the conjugated heat and mass transfer in such a humidifier. In the model, hot, dry air enters from the bottom portion of the humidifier tangentially and mixes with liquid droplets from a nozzle placed near the middle. A discrete phase model (DPM) is employed to model the atomized droplets. Time variations of the flow structure and humidity distribution are studied. A parametric study with the nozzle parameters on humidifier performance is carried out, showing that optimal humidifier performance can be obtained with a single nozzle and spray temperature at 300 K. The humidity response at the humidifier exit subject to a load change is investigated. The simulation results show that the humidifier's dynamic response time for the baseline case is about 32s, with a steady relative humidity of 95.25% and an evaporation rate of 98.4% at the exit. The present model can guide the future design of fast-response, high-power humidifiers for fuel cell stack test stations.

Field calibration of 40Ar/39Ar K-feldspar multiple diffusion domain (MDD) thermal histories at the Grayback normal fault block, Arizona, USA

Abstract Numerous studies suggest that 40Ar/39Ar K-feldspar analyses record continuous thermal histories from ~300 °C to 150 °C due to the presence of multiple diffusion domains (MDDs). Such continuous thermal histories can provide significant advantages over thermochronometers that only record cooling through a single closure temperature. However, some studies have questioned the reliability of 40Ar/39Ar K-feldspar MDD models. This study tested whether MDD modeling produces accurate thermal histories that are calibrated to other thermochronometers. MDD models of samples from the Grayback fault block, Arizona, USA, which has a well-known thermal history and structure, and has accurately reproduced the expected thermal evolution, including the inception, rate, and magnitude of rapid cooling produced by tectonic exhumation. Absolute temperatures of the models also matched well with the known pre-extensional thermal structure of the block. These new data provide strong confirmation that MDD K-feldspar models can provide geologically meaningful and accurate continuous thermal histories.

Unraveling mechanisms behind reduced nitrate leaching with graphite nanomaterials addition with fertilizers in soil column experiments

Overuse or mistimed application of nitrogen fertilizer can cause nitrate contamination in groundwater and surrounding surface waters. Previous greenhouse studies have explored the use of graphene nanomaterials, including graphite nano additive (GNA), to reduce nitrate leaching in an agricultural soil while growing lettuce crops. To investigate the mechanism of GNA addition in suppressing nitrate leaching, we conducted soil column experiments using native agricultural soils under saturated or unsaturated flow conditions to simulate varied irrigation. We investigated the effects of temperature (4 °C compared with 20 °C) on microbial activity and dose effect of GNA was also explored (165 mg/kg soil and 1650 mg/kg soil) for biotic soil column experiments whereas a single temperature condition (20 °C) and GNA dose (165 mg/kg soil) was employed for abiotic (autoclaved) soil column experiments. Results showed GNA addition had minimal effects on nitrate leaching in saturated flow soil columns due to short hydraulic residence times (∼3.5 h). In comparison, longer residence times (∼3 d) in unsaturated soil columns reduced nitrate leaching by 25–31% relative to control soil columns without GNA addition. Furthermore, nitrate retention in the soil column was found to be suppressed at 4 °C compared with 20 °C, suggesting a bio-mediated mechanism for GNA addition to reduce nitrate leaching. In addition, the soil dissolved organic matter was found to be associated with nitrate leaching, where less nitrate leaching occurring when higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was measured in leachate water. Following studies of adding soil-derived organic carbon (SOC) resulted in greater nitrogen retention in the unsaturated soil columns only when GNA was present. Overall, the results suggest that GNA-amended soil reduces nitrate loss through increased N immobilization in the microbial biomass or loss of N in gaseous phase through enhanced nitrification and denitrification process.

Design and verification of a high bandwidth metamaterial based on daily ceramics and its thermal conductivity

Abstract High temperature resistant metamaterial absorbers with broadband and high performance is a promising research field. At present, many reported absorbing materials have the defects of single absorption mechanism, temperature sensitivity, and low temperature resistance. To expand the high-temperature performancs, a daily ceramics-based metamaterial absorber was proposed and verified. The absorption band was excited by the local surface plasma polarization (LSP) mode and the surface plasma polarization (SPP) mode resonance between disk arrays, and the dielectric loss mode resonance of the ceramic substrate. The effects of structural parameters, temperature, preparation process, and type of ceramic substrate on the absorption properties of the metamaterial were measured. The measurement results show that the metamaterial absorber is obvious temperature stability. The absorption band was strengthened by increasing the thickness of the ceramic substrate and the diameter of the disk array. The average value of absorption band was less affected by the preparation technology of daily ceramic substrate. The average absorption based on four preparation technologies (Chemical vapor deposition, Microwave induced synthesis, Sol-gel method, Carbothermal reduction method) are: 0.861, 0.882, 0.857, and 0.842, respectively. The average absorption based on four daily ceramics (SiC, ZrSiO 4 , TmFeO 3 , and ZrSnTiO) were: 0.861, 0.776, 0.908, and 0.857, respectively. In addition, the thermal conductivity and thermal resistance of daily ceramics were important parameters to measure the thermal resonance performance of the ceramic-based metamaterial absorber. The results confirmed the effect of ceramic on the thermal conductivities (thermal response current, thermal resistance and thermal conductivity). Therefore, the proposed daily ceramic-based metamaterial absorber has the following advantages: absorption is temperature-independent, and the high temperature metamaterial is capable of excellent heat conductivity.

How the allotropic transition temperature of solids can change with the heating rate

Though classical thermodynamics predict a single temperature for the allotropic phase transition, the phase transition temperature is often seen to change with the heating rate. Herein we propose a simple method to predict the change in the phase transition temperature as a function of the heating rate. The method is based on the comparison of entropy production between two paths, with or without a phase transition. This method was applied to the zircaloy α-β phase transition and the resulting experimental data were processed to determine the molar transformation rate as a function of temperature.

Shallow geothermal heat in Western Canada: climatic warming impact changes with time– depth

Gain of heat and temperature in the shallow subsurface over the last decades/century has been impacted by the industrial period climatic surface air temperature (SAT) increase. Detailed study of the available temperature-depth data based on 43 wells with single and repeated temperature logs done by the first author has been combined with data base information (Jessop et al 2005) to create temperature maps at depth. Based on these 43 logs it is shown that the heat flux increases with depth in most cases for the available depth data range from surface to some 200m. Model of heat flow versus depth based on the surface air temperature changes through the industrial epoque climatic warming explains the data. Spatial and depth distribution of available temperature and heat gain through the provinces of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin WCSB shows that drilling closer to surface is more economic than deeper to 50-100m.

A novel and lean data-based method to calculate the actual HVAC zone energy consumption and cooling load in sustainable smart cities using a single temperature sensor

Sustainability and energy savings are two intertwined research aims for humanity’s long-term survival, aligned with the Paris Agreement and the Egyptian vision of 2030. The purpose of this research is to minimize the cost needed to measure the HVAC energy consumption in educational and commercial buildings to save energy for energy efficiency strategies to serve the future smart and sustainable cities. These facilities are among the most energy-consuming loads, and this research proposes a technique to determine real HVAC energy consumption and cooling load using a single-sensor method. Calculating the as-built HVAC energy usage and real cooling load, especially in complex HVAC systems like VRV, which are some of the most challenging gaps, is achieved through a revolutionary and cost-effective approach. The proposed approach computes the actual HVAC energy consumption of each specific zone in the building using data from a single temperature sensor. Furthermore, the real and instantaneous cooling load of each zone was calculated, and the results show a promising agreement between the proposed techniques and the real measured consumption of the HVAC system. This approach can be integrated into the BMS building management system to determine the actual HVAC energy usage and cooling load for each zone individually in real time, enabling significant energy reduction decisions with optimal cost efficiency. Furthermore, it can be used by the BMS system as a real-time On-Board Diagnostic of the HVAC system.

Accelerated measurement of electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient for thin-layer thermoelectric materials

Compared to the diffusion couple and thin film material library, the thin-layer (also known as thick film) material library with discrete compositions is more suitable for the screening of high performance thermoelectric (TE) materials. However, there are few apparatuses for high throughput characterizing TE properties of thin-layer material library. In this work, a tool with high reliability for effectively and quickly measuring electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient has been successfully developed via using a combination of van der Pauw and quasi-steady state method. The relative measurement errors of the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient are less than 10%, comparable to commercial ZEM-3 equipment. The time to measure the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient at a single temperature point is 4 min, saving up to 61.8% of the time compared to ZEM-3. This will contribute to the screening of novel TE materials from the thin-layer TE material libraries in the future.

Observation of multiple protein temperature transitions dependent upon the chemical environment

Biological macromolecules initiate their biochemical activity near their glass transition temperature, which is likely controlled via their interaction with water molecules. Aligned with this theory, it has been shown experimentally that the presence of bioprotective compounds, such as sucrose and trehalose, can increase the transition temperature of a protein. Since the molecular mechanism for this observation is not well understood, we report here the use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the transition temperatures of lysozyme in three different chemical environments: solely water, a sucrose/water mixture, and a trehalose/water mixture. Simulating over a temperature range from 20 K to 370 K in 10 K increments, we introduce a new approach combining the measurement of protein hydrogen atom mean square displacement (MSD) with principal component analysis (PCA) to predict multiple temperature-dependent transitions. This reproduces trends in equivalent experimental data better than when using a single transition approach, indicating that water coupled transitions are induced at multiple temperatures rather than a single temperature. The findings of this study may be useful for selecting additives to maintain stability of biomolecules in the biotechnological, pharmaceutical, and food sectors.