Single Subsidiary Cell Research Articles

New insights into the morphology and taxonomy of the Cretaceous conifer Frenelopsis based on a new species from the Albian of San Just, Teruel, Spain

Frenelopsis justae sp. nov. is reported from the middle – lower upper Albian Escucha Formation of San Just, Teruel province, Spain. It shows micro-morphological features hitherto undescribed in the genus Frenelopsis including: (1) individual stomatal apparatus comprised of only three subsidiary cells; (2) clusters of 2–3 stomatal apparatus sharing a single subsidiary cell; (3) stomatal rows that bifurcate; and (4) an internal, cylindrical, cell layer preserved between the adaxial and abaxial cuticles. The morphology in the genus is reinterpreted, the long leaf sheath consisting of the proximal abaxial surface of 2–3 fused leaves lacking visible sutures with short distal free parts. Therefore, the generic diagnosis is emended, and new microscopic features added. We show that the appearance, morphology and structure of the leaf surfaces, free leaf tips, and stomatal apparatus are highly variable and regard them as innovation hot-spots in Frenelopsis species. We emphasize the need to perform thorough quantitative analysis of Frenelopsis morphology, including description of metrics variance, to improve our knowledge of its taxonomy, phenotypical plasticity and evolutionary trends.

Structure and ontogeny of stomata in vegetative and floral organs of some Apocynaceae

AbstractThe organs investigated are either hypo‐, amphi‐ or astomatic. The epidermal cells are polygonal, isodiametric or elongated with thick straight, arched, sinuous or articulated anticlinal walls. The epidermal cells are septate in the stem of Catharanthus pusillus. Cuticle is papillate or striated. Epidermal cells of the ovary of Thevetia peruviana have minimum length and breadth. Stomata are mostly distributed in between the veins either close to each other or widely separated from each other. The orientation of stomata may either in any direction or parallel to and in the direction of long axes of the organs. The mature stomata are paracytic, anomocytic, anisocytic or with a single subsidiary cell. In the foliar organs great majority of the stomata are paracytic while in the other organs, the percentage of anomocytic stomata is greater. The special features noticed are: arrested development, cytoplasmic connection between near‐ by stomata and contiguous stomata. The ontogeny of anomocytic stomata is haplocheilic or perigeneous, that of paracytic and with a single subsidiary cell syndetochelic or mesogenous while that of anisocytic haplo‐syndetocheilic or mesoperigenous.

Observation on the developmental studies of stomatal differentiation in the epidermis of Solanaceae

SummaryEpidermal morphology and development of stomata in 15 species of the family Solanacene are described. Hemimesogenous ontogeny with single subsidiary cell is described for anomocytic, diacytic, anisocytie and paracytic stomata. Ontogeny of anisocytic stomata with two mesogene subsidiary cells is traced in Lycopersicon esculentum and Nicotiana tabacum. Contiguous stomata and cytoplasmic connections between adjacent guard cells are observed in Capsicum annuum and Lycopersicon esculentum. Definite relationship exists between sinousity of epidermal cells and growth habit.

Taxonomic bearing of stomatal structure and development in some Polemoniales

AbstractThe structure and development of stomata in 27 genera and 53 species belonging to the families of the order Polemoniales are described. Nine stomatal types noticed are: anomocytic, anisocytic, actinocytic, staurocytic, diacytic, paracytic, tetracytic, transitional between paracytic and diacytic and stomata with a single subsidiary cell. Three modes of stomatal development observed are: mesogenous, perigenous and mesoperigenous. Stomatal abnormalities seen are: stomata with a single guard cell, arrested development and variously oriented contiguous stomata. The stomata varies in form, number, orientation and arrangement of the subsidiary and also the surrounding cells in different organs of a plant. On the basis of stomatal studies, the splitting of Polemoniales into Polemoniales Boraginales and Solanales is justified. The separation of Ehretiaceae from Boraginaceae is not justifiable.

Structure and development of normal and abnormal stomata in the seedlings of some Cruciferae

The structure and ontogeny of normal and abnormal stomata in the seedlings of 16 species of the Cruciferae have been presented. The mature stomata are anomocytic, paracytic, anisocytic, helicocytic and with a single subsidiary cell. The ontogeny of the anisocytic, paracytic, helicocytic and stoma with a single subsidiary cell conforms to the syndetocheilic or mesogenous, while that of anomocytic to haplocheilic or perigenous type. Several types of aberrant stomatal formations such as: single guard cell; contiguoas single-guard cells; contiguous stomatal; degeneration of guard cell/s; persistert stomatal cell; amitotic division of guard mother cell nucleus followed by pore formation; stoma with double pores; binucleate guard cell; division of guard cell; incomplete stoma with unequal guard cells; cytoplasmic connection; ring-shaped division of guard mother cell and uncommon wall thickening have been noticed. Aberrant stomatal developments are naturally occurring and not induced.

Structure and ontogeny of stomata in some Gentianaceae and Menyanthaceae complex

AbstractThe structure and development of stomata are described in the leaves of 8 genera and 12 species of the Gentianaceae Menyanthaceae complex. Out of the twelve species studied vegetative and floral organs are investigated in five. The epidermal cells are either squarish, rectangular or polygonal and isodiametric or elongated or irregular in outline. In Gentianaceae the mature stomata are anomocytic, actinocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic and stoma with a single subsidiary cell. While they are mostly anomocytic very rarely actinocytic and paracytic in Menyanthaceae. In Gentianaceae the ontogeny of anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic and stoma with a single subsidiary cell is mesogenous, while that of anomocytic and actinocytic perigenous. Anomocytic, actinocytic and paracytic stomata of Nymphoides indica conforms to the perigenous type of development. Abnormalities such as arrested development; cytoplasmic connection between adjacent stomata; single guard cell; contiguous stomata and division of one or both the guard cells of a stoma are noticed. Guard cells of Exacum pedunculatum contain needle like crystals of calcium oxalate. The present observations support the separation of the Gentianaceae and Menyanthaceae.

Structure and development of stomata in some Buddlejaceae

AbstractThe organs investigated may be hypo‐ or amphi‐stomatic. The epidermal cells are either polygonal, isodiametric or elongated and irregular with mostly straight, occasionally arched and rarely sinuous anticlinal walls. The epidermal cells may be arranged either uniformly or in vertical rows or without any definite pattern. The mature stomata are either anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, with a single subsidiary cell or transitional between paracytic and diacytic. Arrested development and cytoplasmic connections between adjacent stomata are also observed. The development of anomocytic type is haplocheilic or perigenous while that of the other types is syndetocheilic or mesogenous. Taxonomic significance is also discussed.

Epidermal studies in some Indian cultivars of Bougainvilleas

AbstractEpidermal studies in fifteen Indian cultivars of Bougainvilleas are described. The epidermal cells are polygonal isodiametric, or elongated with thick straight arched or slightly sinuous walls. Parallel culticular striations are radiating from guard cells. The mature stomata are anomocytic, paracytic and with a single subsidiary cell. The abnormal types noticed are: single guard cells with or without pores, arrested development, variously oriented contiguous stomata, cytoplasmic connections between nearby stomata and epidermal or subsidiary cells, and persistent stomatal cells. The development of anomocytic stomata is perigenous while that of the other types is mesogenous. Fifteen cultivars of Bougainvilleas are separated on the basis of bract colour, stomatal frequency and index per unit area.

Structure and Ontogeny of Stomata in Ranunculaceae and Paeoniaceae

The aspect of mature epidermis and stomatal structure and ontogeny are studied in 13 genera and 52 species of the Ranunculaceae and in 1 genus and 6 species of the Paeoniaceae. In the Ranunculaceae leaves are hypostomatic or amphistomatic and with anomocytic stomata and stoma with a single subsidiary cell. While in the Paeoniaceae they are hypostomatic with anomocytic stomata. The ontogeny of anomocytic stomata is perigenous and that of stoma with a single subsidiary cell mesogenous. Aberrant stomatal formations noticed are arrested development, persistent stomatal cell, degeneration of one or both the guard cells, contiguous stomata, sclerification of stomata, giant stomata and cytoplasmic connection between nearby stomata. The systematic position of the Paeoniaceae also is discussed.

Morphogenetic effects of various growth substances on the cotyledonary stomata of brinjal and tomato

The effect of different growth substances on the development of normal and abnormal stomata are presented. Anomocytic, paracytic, anisocytic and stoma with a single subsidiary cell are observed. Abnormal developments like persistent stomatal cells, degeneration of guard cells, unusual thickening, unequal guard cells, single guard cells and size and shape of the pore are noticed in various growth substances. The growth substances also affect the stomatal frequency, stomatal index, epidermal frequency and size of guard and epidermal cells in both the plants. The highest meristematic activity is found in MOR 100 ppm in brinjal and in GA 25 ppm in tomato. The largest size of stomata is found in COL 25 ppm in brinjal and in MH 50 ppm in tomato. The same growth substance responds differently in the two plants.

Structure, ontogeny and taxonomic significance of trichomes and stomata in some Capparidaceae

AbstractThe present work embodies epidermal structure, structure and ontogeny of stomata in five genera embracing sixteen species of the Capparidaceae namely Cleome (8 species) Capparis (5 species), Cadaba (1 species), Crataeva (1 species) and Maerua (1 species). The epidermal cells are polygonal, isodiametric or elongated arranged irregularly, with evenly or unevenly thickened, sinuous, straight or arched anticlinal walls. Two main types of trichomes: glandular (four types) and eglandular (five types) are noticed. The stomatal types include cyclocytic, triacytic, staurocytic, tetracytic, anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic and with a single subsidiary cell. The ontogeny of stomata with a single subsidiary cell is perigenous or mesoperigenous, of paracytic mesoperigenous or mesogenous, of anisocytic is mesoperigenous or mesogenous, while that of the other types is perigenous. Abnormalities observed are: single guard cell; aborted guard cells; complete or incomplete division of guard cells; contiguous stomata; giant stomata and cytoplasmic connections. The present observations do not support the separation of Cleomaceae from the Capparidaceae.

Variation in the structure and development of foliar stomata in the Euphorbiaceae

The structure and ontogeny of foliar stomata were studied in 50 species of 28 genera belonging to 17 tribes of the family Euphorbiaceae. The epidermal cells are either polygonal, trapezoidal, or variously elongated in different directions and diffusely arranged. The epidermal anticlinal walls are either straight, arched or sinuous. The architecture of cuticular striations varies with species. The mature stomata are paracytic (most common), anisocytic, anomocytic and diacytic. Occasionally a stoma may be tetracytic, cyclocytic or with a single subsidiary cell. The ontogeny of paracytic stomata is mesogenous dolabrate or trilabrate, mesoperigenous dolabrate; that of diacytic stomata is mesogenous dolabrate, whereas that of anisocytic stomata is mesogenous trilabrate; rarely an anisocytic stoma may be mesoperigenous. Hemiparacytic stomata are mesoperigenous unilabrate; tetracytic stomata are mesoperigenous dolabrate and anomocytic stomata perigenous. Abnormalities encountered include four types of contiguous stomata, stomata with a single or both guard cells aborted and persistent stomatal initials. Cytoplasmic connections between the guard cells of two adjacent stomata or the guard cell of a stoma and an adjacent epidermal/subsidiary cell, or both types occurring in a species, were noticed. The stomatal development, distribution, diversity and basic stomatal type with reference to systematics are discussed.

Effect of Growth Regulators on Stomatal Structure and Development in the Cotyledons of Lagenaria leucantha (Duch.) Rusby

In untreated cotyledons (controls) anomocytic stomata and stomata with a single subsidiary cell were observed. In cotyledons treated with growth regulators, anisocytic, paracytic, cyclocytic and several abnormal stomatal types were observed in addition to those found in the controls. Gibberellic acid, though a growth promoter, acted as an inhibitor at high concentration. Ascorbic acid at 25 p.p.m. increased the stomatal index and the size of guard cells, while the stomatal frequency decreased. Sucrose at 2000 p.p.m. increased the stomatal index and the length of guard cells. 2,3,5-Tri-iodobenzoic acid caused degeneration of guard cells and acted as a growth inhibitor at higher concentrations. As the concentration of kinetin increased, decreases in the stomatal frequency, index and size of guard cells were noted. Kinetin also induced the formation of contiguous stomata and the division of guard cells. Sulphanilamide could act either as an inhibitor or as a promoter as its concentration increased. Coumarin at 50 p.p.m. reduced the size of guard cells and the stomatal frequency, and commonly induced persistent stomatal initials, while at 100 p.p.m. only the radicle emerged and the cotyledons failed to emerge from the seed-coat. Increased concentrations of colchicine promoted more induction of persistent stomatal initials, and inhibited stomatal formation as was evidenced by a reduced stomatal frequency and index. Colchicine at 50 p.p.m. induced formation of double pores in a stoma, abnormally large pore sizes, and increases in the size of guard cells and their nuclei. With maleic hydrazide the sizes of guard and epidermal cells were reduced and persistent stomatal initials occasionally formed. Growth promoters could sometimes interact with inhibitors to overcome their inhibitory effect, depending on the substances used in combination and their concentrations.

Strucure and ontogeny of normal and abnormal stomata in vegetative and floral organs of Physalis minima L

Fourteen types of normal and abnormal stomatal structure and development in vegetative and floral organs of Physalis minima are presented. Those described include anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, and diacytic stomata, those transitional between paracytic and diacytic, and stomata with a single subsidiary cell. Anomalies observed are degeneration of the meristemoid, a persistent stomatal initial, single guard cells, twin stomata, single guard cells in relationship with a normal stoma, twin single guard cells, stomata with aborted guard cells, and arrested development. Development of the anomocytic type is haplocheilic or perigenous; that of the anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic, transitional, and with a single subsidiary cell is syndetocheilic or mesogenous. The persistent stomatal initials are variable in shape and occur solitary or in close relationship with the normal stoma. They may be notched and divide by centripetally extending furrows. Single guard cells develop directly from the meristemoid, or one of the guard cells degenerates before or after pore formation. Twin stomata, single guard cells in close relationship with normal stomata, and twin single guard cells develop from two adjacent meristemoids. Stomata with aborted guard cells are formed as a result of degeneration of guard cells. Arrested development results from early degeneration of nuclei and cytoplasm. The aberrent developments noticed here are partly due to extrinsic factors.

Epidermal Structure and Ontogeny of Stomata in some Dioscoreaceae and Taccaceae

Epidermal structure and development of stomata are described in seven species and two varieties of Dioscoreaceae and one species of Taccaceae. Epidermal cells are polygonal, isodia-metric or elongated and irregular in outline with thick straight arched or sinuous anticlinal walls. The surface of the cuticle shows parallel striations radiating from guard cells or hair bases. Three types of eglandular and one type of glandular trichomes are noticed. The mature stomata are anomocytic, paracytic, diacytic, transitional between paracytic and diacytic, tetracytic, triacytic, staurocytic, cyclocytic and with a single subsidiary cell. Abnormalities observed are: variously oriented contiguous stomata, cytoplasmic connection between nearby stomata, connecting tube between two superimposed stomata, arrested development, aborted guard cells, single guard cell and division of guard cells. The ontogeny of stomata is haplocheilic or perigenous.

Epidermal Structure and Development of Stomata in Vegetative and Floral Organs of Fagonia cretica Linn.

Epidermal structure and development of stomata in vegetative and floral organs of Fagonia cretica are described. The mature stomata are anomocytic, paracytic and with a single subsidiary cell. Contiguous stomata and arrested development are noticed. The ontogeny of paracytic stomata is syndetocheilic or mesogenous and that of anomocytic is haplocheilic or perigenous. The ontogeny of stomata on different organs of this species follows a similar course. Simple unicellular and capitate glandular trichomes have been observed.

Epidermal Structure, Stomatal Ontogeny and Relationship of some Zygophyllaceae and Simarubaceae

The present paper deals with the epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata for four species of the Zygophyllaceae and Simarubaceae. The mature stomata are anomocytic, paracytic, perigenous and with a single subsidiary cell. Abnormalities noticed here are contiguous stomata and stomata with a single guard cell. The development of paracytic stomata and stomata with a single subsidiary cell is mesogenous type, while that of anomocytic stomata resembles perigenous type. Six types of glandular and eglandular trichomes have been observed. The structure and ontogeny of stomata is similar in the species investigated. Balanites is more closely related to the Zygophyllaceae than Simarubaceae.

Epidermal Structure and Stomatal Ontogeny in Vegetative and Floral Organs of Martynia annua L., Pedalium murex L. and Sesamum indicum L.

Abstract The epidermal structure, structure and ontogeny of stomata in vegetative and floral organs of Martynia annua, Pedalium murex and Sesamum indicum form the subject of the present paper. The epidermal cells are elongated, polygonal or tetragonal with sinuous, arched or straight thick anticlinal walls, arranged irregularly or in vertical rows. Glandular and eglandular trichomes, some 13 types have been observed on different organs. Filiform peltate glandular trichomes of Martynia annua secrete sugary fluid. Five types of mature stomatal apparatuses: anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic, diacytic and with a single subsidiary cell have been noticed in the species studied. The development of these five types of stomata on different organs of the same plant is haplocheilic or perigenous. Abnormal stomata with a single guard cell, aborted guard cells, unequal guard cells, arrested developments and contiguous stomata are common. Stomata with a single subsidiary cell arise as a result of degeneration of one of the guard cells before or after pore formation. Present studies support the separation of the family Martyniaceae from the Pedaliaceae.

The Stomatal Structure and Ontogeny in Azima and Salvadora

The ontogeny of stomata is described for threee species of the family Salvadoraceae. The mature stomata are anisocytic, paracytic, anomocytic, perigenous and with a single subsidiary cell. The development of anisocytic and paracytic types and those with a single subsidiary cell conforms to the syndetocheilic or mesogenous type. The ontogeny of anomocytic stomata is haplocheilic or perigenous. Sometimes in the anisocytic type, one of the subsidiary cells undergo tangential division and the mature stomata show 3—4 subsidiary cells. Abnormalities noticed here are (a) stomata with a single guard cell, (b) stomata with aborted guard cells and (c) stomata with unequal guard cells. Contiguously placed and group of stomata have been oberved.

Ontogeny of stomata in some oleaceae

The present investigation deals with the epidermal structure and development of stomata for seven species of Oleaceae. The epidermal cells are either polygonal isodiametric or elongated in various directions and irregularly arranged. The anticlinal walls are thick, mostly straight, rarely sinuous. The surface of the cuticle shows parallel or corrugated striations. The mature stomata are anomocytic, perigenous and paracytic. In some cases the stomata with a single subsidiary cell have also been observed. The development of the paracytic and the stomata with a single subsidiary cell is mesogenous. The retention ofNyctanthes arbortristis Linn. in the Oleaceae is also substantiated by the study of stomatal development.