Single String Research Articles

Predicting Potent Compounds Using a Conditional Variational Autoencoder Based upon a New Structure-Potency Fingerprint.

Prediction of the potency of bioactive compounds generally relies on linear or nonlinear quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models. Nonlinear models are generated using machine learning methods. We introduce a novel approach for potency prediction that depends on a newly designed molecular fingerprint (FP) representation. This structure-potency fingerprint (SPFP) combines different modules accounting for the structural features of active compounds and their potency values in a single bit string, hence unifying structure and potency representation. This encoding enables the derivation of a conditional variational autoencoder (CVAE) using SPFPs of training compounds and apply the model to predict the SPFP potency module of test compounds using only their structure module as input. The SPFP-CVAE approach correctly predicts the potency values of compounds belonging to different activity classes with an accuracy comparable to support vector regression (SVR), representing the state-of-the-art in the field. In addition, highly potent compounds are predicted with very similar accuracy as SVR and deep neural networks.

Modelling of piano string vibration using coupled mobilities and a state-space approach

In musical acoustics a double decay can occur if there are two decay slopes in the sound envelope with the second part of the time history having a less pronounced slope than the first. In piano strings the double decay can be caused by the differences between the decays of vibration in the two transverse directions of a single string: normal and parallel to the soundboard. Herein we aim to reproduce this phenomenon by coupling a stiff string model and the soundboard, in both frequency and time domain, using mobility coupling and state-space model approaches. The dynamics of a stiff string tensioned between the two end pins but disconnected from the soundboard bridge is first studied. The two transverse directions of vibration are assumed to be uncoupled due to symmetry. On the contrary, the soundboard mobilities at the point of connection with the string can be represented by a multidimensional (2x2 in this work) and fully populated matrix implying coupling between different directions. The string and the soundboard will be connected by means of frequency and time domain models to show the importance of the cross-mobility terms on the vibration response and double decay of the string.

Responsibility in Universal Healthcare

Responsibility in Universal Healthcare

Responsibility in Universal Healthcare

Responsibility in Universal Healthcare

Single and twin string cavitation swirling flows in multi-hole mini-sac diesel injector and sprays

Single and twin string cavitation swirling flows in multi-hole mini-sac diesel injector and sprays

ORIFICE WALL CAVITATION AND SINGLE STRING CAVITATION IN FUEL INJECTORS

It has been pointed out that cavitation inside a fuel injector plays an important role in the fuel spray characteristics, which affects the thermal efficiency and exhaust gas emissions. Recently, it was pointed out that when needle lift is low, not only orifice wall cavitation but also single string cav-itation may occur in the mini-sac and valve-covered orifice (VCO) nozzles, which increases largely the spray cone angle. However, the mechanism and condition of the appearance of single string cav-itation have not been clarified yet. In this study we carry out high-speed visualization of orifice wall cavitation and single string cavitation in various transparent injectors with a single orifice and a simple rectangular sac, whose gap <i>Z</i>, sac width <i>W</i>, orifice diameter <i>D</i>, liquid kinematic viscosity ν, and mean liquid velocity <i>V</i> in the orifice are varied, to investigate the governing dimensionless parameters and to examine whether we can quantitatively predict the formation criteria of single string cavitation or not. Moreover, particle image velocimetry (PIV) analysis is conducted to measure the velocity distribution, to clarify the flow structure, and to quantify the circulation in the sac. As a result, we conclude that regardless of the shape and size of the fuel injectors, the length of cavitation in an orifice can be predicted by using the modified cavitation number σ<sub>c</sub>. The appearance of single string cavitation and circulation in the sac are possible to be predicted quantitatively by using a dimensionless Re<sub>1</sub> proposed in this study, which is the ratio among the inertial and viscous forces.

Management of biomass of selected grape leaves varieties in the process of methane fermentation

Biogas plants are one of the most stable sources of renewable energy. Currently, there is a noticeable increase in the amount of post-production residues from agricultural production and agri-food processing (fruit and vegetable processing, fermentation, beet pulp, or lignocellulosic waste), which, can be used for biogas production after appropriate pretreatment. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of using the biomass produced during the cultivation of grapes on a selected farm as a substrate for a biogas plant, taking into account the production process. The research was carried out in 2018–2020 in a vineyard located in the Sandomierz Upland in the south-eastern part of Poland. Own rooted vines were grown as a single continuous string with a trunk height of 40 cm and a length of one fixed arm approx. 0.9 m, on which six pivots were left every year after applying a short cut, from which 12–16 fruit shoots were derived, the so-called grapevines. Leaves were collected at random from three locations on the fruiting shoot, a total of 30 leaves in each replicate. Each sample consisted of 1/3 of the leaves collected at the bottom, 1/3 in the middle, and 1/3 at the top of the canopy. Leaf area was estimated with a model 3100 area meter on a sample of 30 leaves from each replicate. Both the quantity and quality of the obtained material as a substrate for methane fermentation were evaluated. Biogas yield tests in optimal conditions for mesophilic bacteria were conducted on three substrate samples referred to as ‘Regent’, ‘Seyval Blanc’, and ‘Solaris’. The yields of the tested material ranged from 51.0 to 59.0 Nm 3 biogas per Mg of biomass.

Solvable time-like cosets and holography beyond AdS

We build a novel time-like coset sigma-model describing type-II superstring theory in a charged rotating black-brane background that interpolates between a local AdS3 in the IR and a linear-dilaton geometry in the UV. This allows one to peform a systematic study of holography in non-AdS backgrounds which are smoothly connected to AdS3. We construct massless closed string states vertex operators in the NS-NS sector, calculate the corresponding two-point correlation functions, and discuss holographic interpretation of our results from 4+1 dimensional boundary field theory point of view. Compactifying the theory on \U0001d54b4, we show that the spectrum of a single long string with unit winding agrees with the spectrum of a CFT2 deformed by Toverline{T} . We also calculate correlation functions of operators of the dual 1+1 dimensional non-conformal boundary field theory using worldsheet techniques.

Effect of inharmonicity on pitch perception and subjective tuning of piano tones

The consensus in piano tuning philosophy explains the stretched tuning scale by the inharmonicity of piano strings. This study aimed to examine how variable inharmonicity influences the result of the piano tuning process, compare the tuning curves of aurally tuned pianos with the curves derived from subjective octave enlargement experiments, and evaluate whether the pitches of inharmonic or harmonic versions of the same tone are perceived differently. In addition, the influence of strings of other piano keys on the measured inharmonicity of a single piano string was investigated. The inharmonicity of all individual strings was measured on a Steinway D grand piano. Variable inharmonicity was implemented by additive synthesis with frequency-adjusted sinusoidal partials. Fifteen piano tuners and 18 orchestra musicians participated in the experiments. The results indicate that the inharmonic piano tones produced a keyboard tuning curve similar to the Railsback curve and differed significantly from the harmonic counterpart. The inharmonic tuning curve was reminiscent of the subjective octave enlargement curve. Inharmonic tone pitches were perceived to be higher than harmonic tones up to C ♯ 7. The covibrating strings of the other keys did not exhibit any meaningful effect on the measured inharmonicity of a single string of the played key.

A comprehensive search string informed by an operational definition of complementary, alternative, and integrative medicine for systematic bibliographic database search strategies

BackgroundDetermining which therapies fall under the umbrella of complementary, alternative, and/or integrative medicine (CAIM) is difficult for several reasons. An operational definition is dynamic, and changes depending on both historical time period and geographical location, with many countries integrating or considering their traditional system(s) of medicine as conventional care. We have previously reported the first operational definition of CAIM informed by a systematic search. In the present study, we have developed a comprehensive search string informed by an operational definition of CAIM for systematic bibliographic database search strategies.MethodsWe developed a single search string for the most common bibliographic databases, including those searchable on the OVID platform (e.g., MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, AMED), the EBSCO platform (e.g., ERIC, CINAHL), Scopus, and Web of Science, using the finalised operational definition of CAIM’s 604 therapies. We searched the Therapeutic Research Center’s “Natural Medicines” database for all 604 therapies, and each item’s scientific name and/or synonym was included as a keyword or phrase in the search string.ResultsThis developed search string provides a standardised list of CAIM terms (i.e., keywords and phrases) that may be searched on bibliographic databases including those found on the OVID platform (e.g., MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, AMED), the EBSCO platform (e.g., ERIC, CINAHL), Scopus, and Web of Science.ConclusionResearchers can select relevant terms for their CAIM study and insert the keywords/phrases into these databases to receive all accessible data. This search technique can simply be copied and pasted into the search bar of each database to identify research by keywords, which is the most inclusive, or by words in the article title, which is more selective. Given its versatility across multiple commonly used academic platforms/databases, it is expected that this search string will be of great value to those conducting research on CAIM topics involving systematic search strategies.

3D printed co-precipitated Ni-Al CO2 methanation catalysts by Binder Jetting: Fabrication, characterization and test in a single pellet string reactor

The Binder Jetting 3D printing technique was used to fabricate spherical Ni-Al CO2 methanation catalysts from co-precipitated catalyst precursor powder. Catalysts with different nickel loadings were prepared by varying the molar Ni/Al ratio (1/1, 2/1, 3/1, 5/1) during precipitation or the amount of admixed precursor powder (10, 20, 30 wt.%) for printing. XRD and TG analysis revealed phase composition and reducibility characteristics analogous to conventionally prepared Ni-Al catalysts. TEM displayed nickel particle sizes as small as 3.9 nm with a Ni dispersion of up to 13.4 % determined by H2 chemisorption. Moreover, meso- and macroporous catalyst pellets were generated with a specific surface area of up to 192 m2∕gcat. The catalysts NiAl11–20, NiAl21–20 and NiAl51–20 were exemplarily tested in a single pellet string reactor where CO2 conversions of up to 99 % and a high selectivity towards CH4 was observed at ptot = 9 bar upon reaching thermodynamic equilibrium.

RESOURCES COMPOSITION OF FISH RESULTS ABOUT TRACKING FISH IN WEST PAPUA MALAUMKARTA WATERS

Hand line is a fishing gear consisting of a single string and hook for fishing and is widely used by fishermen in Malaumkarta waters. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of fish resources caught in the waters of Malaumkarta with the Drift Fishing system for resource conservation. The research was conducted 6 (six) times in 3 locations from June to September 2021. The method used was fishing survey using Handline Metal Jig drift system at depths 50 meters and 50 meters. The analysis was carried out quantitatively and qualitatively. The results showed that there were 134 individuals and 20 types of fish caught with a total weight of 126,194 kg. The type of fish that was most often caught was Letrinus sp, while in quantity it was Eumegistus illustris. The catch at three fishing locations showed that at a depth of 50 meters, 17 species were caught, 62 individuals, 104.625 kg with an average weight of 1.69 kg, while at a depth of 50 meters, 11 species were caught, 73 individuals, 22,039 kg with a weight of fish average 301.91 gr. The result of the research is that fish resources are utilized at a depth of 50 meters using a drift fishing system, with a metal jig fishing line.

A novel cascaded transformer coupled multilevel inverter with reduced number of switches for high power applications

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to design a cascaded Multilevel inverter with reduce number of switches for high power applications. This paper came up with an innovative three-phase multilevel inverter (MLI) topology, which is a cascaded structure based on classical three-legged voltage source inverter (VSI) bridges as an individual module. The prominent advantage of this topology is that it requires only one direct current (DC) link system. The main characteristic of it is that a higher number of voltage levels can be achieved with considerably a smaller number of semiconductor switches, which improves the reliability, power quality, cost and size of the system significantly.Design/methodology/approachThe individual modules are cascaded through three-phase transformers to provide higher voltage at the output with the higher number of voltage levels. In this work, the phase-shifted pulse width modulation technique is implemented to verify the result.FindingsThe proposed topology is compared with three-phase cascaded H-bridge MLI (CHB-MLI) and a modified CHB-MLI topology and found better in many aspects. The proposed MLI can produce a higher number of voltage levels with fewer semiconductor switches and associated triggering circuitry. As the device count in the proposed MLI is less compared to other MLI discussed, it tends to have less switching and conduction loss which increases the efficiency and reliability. As the number of level increases, the voltage profile and the total harmonic distortion of the proposed MLI improves.Originality/valueThis is a transformer-based modular cascaded MLI, which is based on classical VSI bridges. Here in this topology, a single module provides all three phases. So, a single string of cascaded modules is enough for three-phase multilevel voltage generation.

DL-SMILES#: A Novel Encoding Scheme for Predicting Compound Protein Affinity Using Deep Learning.

Drug repositioning aims to screen drugs and therapeutic goals from approved drugs and abandoned compounds that have been identified as safe. This trend is changing the landscape of drug development and creating a model of drug repositioning for new drug development. In the recent decade, machine learning methods have been applied to predict the binding affinity of compound proteins, while deep learning is recently becoming prominent and achieving significant performances. Among the models, the way of representing the compounds is usually simple, which is the molecular fingerprints, i.e., a single SMILES string. In this study, we improve previous work by proposing a novel representing manner, named SMILES#, to recode the SMILES string. This approach takes into account the properties of compounds and achieves superior performance. After that, we propose a deep learning model that combines recurrent neural networks with a convolutional neural network with an attention mechanism, using unlabeled data and labeled data to jointly encode molecules and predict binding affinity. Experimental results show that SMILES# with compound properties can effectively improve the accuracy of the model and reduce the RMS error on most data sets. We used the method to verify the related and unrelated compounds with the same target, and the experimental results show the effectiveness of the method.

Impact Loads on Tension Composite Multi-Strings of Insulator After a Single String Breaks

The dynamic impact load after a single insulator of a tension composite multi-strings of insulator (MSI) set has failed is a key factor that should be considered in design. In this paper, an experimental method to obtain the dynamic tensile impact factor (DTIF) is established by considering a typical double-strings set, which is commonly used in practical engineering. A nonlinear numerical simulation method based on the finite element model, which is convenient for cases that are more complex than the double-strings set, is proposed to calculate the DTIF and demonstrated through the experimental results. The values of the DTIF on the unbroken insulator string obtained by the experimental models fall between 2.6 and 3.3, which should be a very valuable reference for the design of composite MSI sets. The size of connection fittings is a key factor that influences the DTIF, and the yoke height between the insulator strings and the conductors is the most sensitive parameter. The application of the proposed method to calculate the DTIF can improve the existing design approach to ensure the safety of the tension composite MSI sets, especially for high voltage transmission lines.

Research on Advanced Control Method of Multiple Photovoltaic Strings Input Type Recognition

In order to decrease the performance effect of a single string in part of a photovoltaic (PV) array and increase the adaptive PV power generation, independent multiple series-connected PV strings are usually adopted in PV system projects to implement the input configuration. Besides, the conversion circuits with multipath inputs are required to be designed for the corresponding inverters to carry out the control algorithms. Since independent and parallel-connected modes exist for the PV string input in actual engineering projects, it is of great significance to effectively identify different PV inputs automatically for inverter inputs. In order to solve the problems of high hardware circuit requirements and complicated control algorithms in most of the existing control methods, a multiple PV string input type recognition method is proposed. Through the proposed software control algorithm, to realize automatically, accurately and quickly identify the external input connection type of the different photovoltaic strings under the external condition changes. The proposed method is free from increasing the inverter hardware cost, and it enhances the capability of identification and judgment. Moreover, experiments and engineering applications are implemented to verify the proposed control method.

Visual noise effect on reading in three developmental disorders: ASD, ADHD, and DD.

Developmental disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and Developmental Dyslexia (DD) are reported to have more visual problems, oral language difficulties, and diminished reading skills in addition to their different diagnostic features. Moreover, these conditions also have increased internal noise and probably an impaired ability of external noise filtering. The aim of the present study was to compare the reading performance of these groups in the presence of external visual noise which disrupts the automatic reading processes through the degradation of letters. Sixty-four children and adolescents in four groups, ASD, ADHD, DD, and TD, participated in the study. Two types of stimuli were used - unrelated words and pseudowords. The noise was generated by exchanging a fixed number of pixels between the black symbols and the white background distorting the letters. The task of the participants was to read aloud the words or pseudowords. The reading time for a single letter string, word or pseudoword, was calculated, and the proportion of errors was assessed in order to describe the reading performance. The results obtained showed that the reading of unrelated words and pseudowords differs in the separate groups of participants and is affected differently by the added visual noise. In the no-noise condition, the group with TD had the shortest time for reading words and short pseudowords, followed by the group with ASD, while their reading of long pseudowords was slightly slower than that of the ASD group. The noise increase evoked variations in the reading of groups with ASD and ADHD, which differed from the no-noise condition and the control group with TD. The lowest proportion of errors was observed in readers with TD. The reading performance of the DD group was the worst at all noise levels, with the most prolonged reading time and the highest proportion of errors. At the highest noise level, the participants from all groups read the words and pseudowords with similar reading speed and accuracy. In reading words and pseudowords, the ASD, ADHD, and DD groups show difficulties specific for each disorder revealed in a prolonged reading time and a higher proportion of errors. The dissimilarity in reading abilities of the groups with different development is most evident when the accuracy and reading speed are linked together. The use of noise that degrades the letter structure in the present study allowed us to separate the groups with ASD, ADHD, and DD and disclose specifics in the reading process of each disorder. Error type analysis may provide a basis to improve the educational strategies by appropriately structuring the learning process of children with TD, ASD, ADHD, and DD.

N-cutting site of DNA splicing language for single string and palindromic rule

A new symbolization of Yusof-Goode (Y-G) splicing system was introduced by Yusof in 2012, is inspired by the framework of Formal Language Theory introduced by Head in 1987. Y-G splicing system is intended to present the biological process of DNA splicing in a translucent way. In this paper, starting with some relevant preliminaries, one theorem is proposed via Y-G approach using one initial string and one rule with different characteristics of the restriction enzyme. Additionally, the theorem showed the behavior of the splicing languages generated at single stage splicing. Two cases are considered in the theorem by conducting splicing using palindromic rule and palindromic recognition site with same left and right context for Case I and different left and right context for Case II. Furthermore, two molecular examples are discussed to validate two cases proposed in the theorem, which shows the real meaning of the theorem in biological aspect. From the proposed theorem, based on the splicing language generated, the type of splicing language can be determined. It is discovered that, the generated languages are in the form of limit and transient.

Topology, Analysis, and Modeling of Voltage Equalizers Based on Reutilization Technique for Supercapacitor Storage System

The voltage equalizers based on the switched capacitor are widely used in energy storage system because of its simple circuit structure and easy realization. However, the voltage stress and the number of bypass capacitors in traditional switched-capacitor equalizers are enormous due to the large number of energy storage cells, and they can only realize balance of a single string. Therefore, three improved switched-capacitor equalizers based on reutilization technique are proposed to solve the problems. The supercapacitors in the circuit can be used as energy storage cells and energy transfer cells through the reutilization of energy, thus avoiding the extensive use of bypass capacitors and achieving the balance between strings. Meanwhile, the design difficulty of equivalent equalization resistance and the switch number are greatly reduced. The circuit configuration, operation principle, and modeling are illustrated in detail. Finally, three experiment prototypes are established. The results verify the feasibility of the proposed topologies.

Effect of Annular Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow on Dynamic Characteristics of Drill String

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is a kind of new type green energy source with giant reserves which has been thought of highly by energy explorers in the world. However, NGH breaks down to produce some natural gas that enters the annulus and flows together with the drilling fluid. The gas-liquid two-phase flow can have an impact on the work of the drill string. Therefore, it is important to study gas-liquid two-phase flow in the annulus on the dynamic characteristics of the drill string. In this article, taking a single drill string as the research object, a fluid-structure coupled finite element mathematical model of two-phase flow in the annulus and drill string is established based on computational fluid dynamics and computational structural dynamics theory. The finite element numerical simulation method is used to analyze the influence of drilling fluid and natural gas in the annulus on the dynamic characteristics of the drill string. The simulation analysis shows the following: (1) The motion of drilling fluid or natural gas in the annulus will reduce the natural frequency of the drill string, and the drilling fluid has a greater impact on the natural frequency of the drill string. (2) When single-phase drilling fluid flows in the annulus, the displacement peak in different directions, maximum equivalent stress, and strain of the drill string increase with the increase of the drilling fluid flow velocity or pressure, and the drilling fluid pressure has a more significant effect. (3) When the gas-liquid two-phase fluid flows in the annulus, the displacement peak, maximum equivalent stress, velocity amplitude, and acceleration amplitude of the drill string all increase with the natural gas flow velocity and natural gas content increase, and the natural gas flow velocity has a more significant effect.