Single Stage Transesterification Research Articles

Experimental analysis of CI engine running with mango seed biodiesel at optimum fuel injection pressure

The demand for energy the rapid consumption of fuels worldwide is making us search for alternative sources of energy. Further, there is a rapid decrease in fossil fuel supplies, which makes the search more intense. The most readily available natural energy source is mango seeds, which are available all over the country. So in this research work, A single-stage transesterification technique was used to make waste mango seed biodiesel from mango seed oil. The most widely used engines are diesel engines, which are found in public transportation, buildings, agricultural energy production, and marine engines. Besides, with the development in electronics technology, diesel engines are being extensively used in automobiles. The current study examines the effects of changing two distinct fuel injection pressures (200 & 300 bar) in a CI engine running with 10% of mango seed biodiesel (B10) and 20% of mango seed biodiesel (B20). At variable loads, In a CI engine, the experiment was performed at 1500 rpm with advanced injection timing (25° BTDC). BTE and The usage of brake-specific fuel was found to be higher in B10 and B20 blends, while combustion pollutants such as carbon monoxide, smoke emission, and hydrocarbons were reduced at full charge. But, NOx was discovered that emissions were greater in both the blends.

Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil: Characterization, Modeling and Optimization

In this study, waste and discarded cooking oils (WCO) of palm, sunflower, rice bran and groundnut oils are collected from local restaurants. The high viscous WCO was converted into waste cooking oil biodiesel (WCOBD) by a single-stage transesterification process. During the transesterification process, the important parameters which show a significant change in biodiesel yield are studied using the optimization tool of response surface methodology (RSM). Results reported that 91.30% biodiesel yield was achieved within L18 experiments and NaOH catalyst was identified as the most influential parameter on WCOBD yield. Artificial Intelligence (AI) based modeling was also carried out to predict biodiesel yield. From AI modeling, a predicted yield of 92.88% was achieved, which is 1.70% higher than the RSM method. These results reveal the prediction capabilities and accuracy of the chosen modeling and optimization methods. In addition, the significant fuel properties are measured and observed within the scope of ASTM standards (ASTMD6751) and fatty acid profiles from chromatography reveal the presence of high unsaturated fatty acids in WCOBD. Therefore, utilizing the waste cooking oils for biodiesel production can mitigate the global challenges of environmental and energy paucity.

Optimization of physiochemical property of cottonseed biodiesel

Over the year’s world has seen a noteworthy rise in pollution and diminution in fossil fuels as a consequence biodiesel was thought of an auxiliary fuel which could turn down the usage of conventional fossil fuels. The value of FFA in Gossypium (cotton) seed oil to be 1.8% retrieved from titration result. Therefore, single stage transesterification phenomena were used for biodiesel production. Cottonseed crude oil (800 ml) was heated beforehand to 131°F, methanol (molar ratio 9:1) and KOH pellets (4% wt.) were mixed to form potassium methoxide which is a strong caustic. Biodiesel formed was washed once for the removal of any impurities of glycerin. The yield of the result was found to be 93%.Even after considerable edge over the conventional fuel, biodiesel is facing an adverse response because of its poor stability and tendency to get oxidized with the time. Fire point is an important indicator which indicates the tendency of a fuel to support combustion. In this work, efforts have been taken to study the impact of additives like antioxidants and metal adulterants on the fire point of cottonseed biofuel.

Taguchi-Grey method optimization of VCR engine performance and heat losses by using Shorea robusta biodiesel fuel

In the current investigation, biodiesel was produced via a single-stage transesterification method, from Shorea robusta seed oil and using KOH as a catalyst. Diesel based Shorea robusta biodiesel blends of SRME10, SRME20, SRME30, and SRME 40 were prepared, and its effect on the performance characteristics, emission attributes, and heat losses for the VCR engine were investigated. Experiments were designed using the Taguchi method with L16 orthogonal array, and the compression ratio, load, and % blends of fuel with four levels of each were taken as control parameters. Also, Grey analysis has been performed to obtain the combination of control parameters to optimize the response characteristics, i.e., brake mean effective pressure (BMEP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), volumetric efficiency (ɳv), water heat loss (HJW), exhaust gas heat loss (HJGAS), NOx, HC and CO emissions. Experimental investigation and optimization analysis revealed that a compression ratio of 17, a load of 10 kg, and fuel blend of SRME30 were the optimum results for the performance and heat losses of the VCR engine. However, the comparative analysis, revealed that BTHE, BSFC, HGAS, and NOx emission enhances 9.4%, 10.71%, 14.16%, and 6.5% respectively, and HJW, HC and CO emission reduces 1.3%, 16.76%, and 21.2% respectively, for an optimum condition with respect to diesel fuel. The predicted GRG at an optimum setting (A3B4C3) and the experimental GRG value are 0.6896 and 0.7100, respectively, with an error of 0.0203. The experimental investigation confirmed that SRME30 could be used as an alternative to diesel fuel for the VCR engine.

Optimizing the process parameters to maximize palm stearin wax biodiesel yield using response surface methodology

ABSTRACT Transformation of vegetable waste into a value added biodiesel is the need of the hour with minimal utilization of available resources. The present work focused on understanding the simulation and optimization capabilities of response surface methodology in the transesterification process during the production of biodiesel from palm stearin wax, a waste by-product during palm oil refining process. Single stage transesterification process was used on the pretreated palm stearin wax with main considerations on the process parameters like reaction duration, methanol to oil molar ratio and catalyst concentration to convert the mono-alkyl triglycerides into fatty acid methyl esters. Response surface methodology predicted the yield of biodiesel using the central composite rotatable design involving the process parameters. The prediction process illustrated the optimum biodiesel yield as 97% at methanol to oil molar ratio of 0.28 v/v, catalyst concentration of 1.9201 g/g and reaction duration of 68.18 minutes and it was found to be comparable with the experimental biodiesel yield. The response surface methodology maximized the yield, and significantly reduced the time duration and energy consumption during the assessment of optimal biodiesel yield. The physiochemical properties of the palm stearin biodiesel were tested as per American Society of Testing and Materials standards and it was found to be within limits. Further, the energy assessment and economic viability for the production of palm stearin biodiesel was also carried out. The optimized process parameters could be implemented for bulk industrial batch production to maximize biodiesel yield from palm stearin wax, a waste by-product thereby maximizing the gain from palm oil.

Empirical studies upon the performance of the CI working with Stoechospermum marginatum, brown marine algae with nano fluid

Almost all algae-based biofuels have no carbon in their composition, their use as biodiesel could gradually replace the fast depleting fossil fuels. Stoechospermum marginatum macroalgae species were considered for this research due to their growth rate, oil yield, fatty acid composition, cell structure, and ecological location. There is, however, a lack of knowledge on the technology for mass production of biodiesel from macroalgae and the effect of this type of biodiesel on combustion in modern compression ignition engines. The bio-oil had been produced, making use of the soxhlet method through a lipid extraction of 24.4% single stage transesterification was applied because of low free fatty acid content the yield of biodiesel had been optimized through different parameters. Through a transesterification, bio-oils were extracted from macroalgae, and then biofuels were prepared by the mixing method, and biofuel blends of 20% in volume with standard diesel and Al2O3 nanofluids and physicochemical properties were tested.

Characteristics studies on Stoechospermum marginatum, brown marine algae with Al2O3 nanofluid

Almost all algae-based biofuels have no carbon in their composition, their use as biodiesel could gradually replace the fast depleting fossil fuels. Stoechospermum marginatum macroalgae species were considered for this research due to their growth rate, oil yield, fatty acid composition, cell structure, and ecological location. There is, however, a lack of knowledge on the technology for mass production of biodiesel from macroalgae and the effect of this type of biodiesel on combustion in modern compression ignition engines. The bio-oil had been produced, making use of the soxhlet method through a lipid extraction of 24.4% single stage transesterification was applied because of low free fatty acid content the yield of biodiesel had been optimized through different parameters. Through a transesterification, bio-oils were extracted from macroalgae, and then biofuels were prepared by the mixing method, and biofuel blends of 20% in volume with standard diesel and Al2O3 nanofluids and physicochemical properties were tested.

Emission analysis of the diesel engine using Stoechospermum marginatum, brown marine algae with Al2O3 nano fluid

Almost all algae-based biofuels have no carbon in their composition, their use as biodiesel could gradually replace the fast depleting fossil fuels. Stoechospermum marginatum macroalgae species were considered for this research due to their growth rate, oil yield, fatty acid composition, cell structure and ecological location. There is, however, a lack of knowledge on the technology for mass production of biodiesel from macroalgae and the effect of this type of biodiesel on combustion in modern compression ignition engines. The bio-oil had been produced making use of soxhlet method through a lipid extraction of 24.4% single stage transesterification was applied because of low free fatty acid content the yield of biodiesel had been optimised through different parameters. Through a transesterification, bio-oils were extracted from macroalgae and then biofuels were prepared by the mixing method and biofuel blends of 20% in volume with standard diesel and Al2O3 nanofluids were prepared and tested in a direct ignition engine for its emission characteristics below various load circumstances at a constant speed of 1500 rpm.

Evaluation of the Transesterification Process And Physio-Chemical Properties of Jojoba Biodiesel

In this investigation, Jojoba bio-oil was converted to biodiesel through a process of transesterification. In the present work methanol is used as an alcohol and potassium hydroxide is used as a catalyst. Single stage transesterification process was employed as the content of free fatty acids was 1.2%. Physiochemical properties of the biodiesel like density, specific gravity, calorific value, flash and fire point, ash content, kinematic viscosity and acid value were found out using different methods and these properties are compared with those of petroleum diesel.

An experimental analysis of performance and exhaust emissions of a CRDI diesel engine operating on mixtures containing mineral and renewable components

The manuscript presents a comparative analysis of the performance and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine equipped with a Common Rail injection system. The engine is fueled with diesel-biodiesel mixtures containing 25% and 50% share (by volume) of renewable components. Conventional diesel is used as a reference. Turkey lard and rapeseed oil are used as raw materials and subjected to the single-stage transesterification process to obtain methyl esters. The experiments are performed on a medium-duty, turbocharged, inter-cooled, Common Rail Direct Injection (CRDI) diesel engine. This study concentrates on one engine speed of 1500 rpm, typical for gen-set applications, and mid-load range from 100 Nm to 200 Nm. The scope of measurements covers the analysis of exhaust gasses concentration and engine efficiency parameters. In addition, the in-cylinder pressure measurements are performed in order to provide insight into the differences in combustion characteristics between examined fuel mixtures. The study reveals that the addition of the renewable component to fuel mixture positively affects a number of examined performance parameters as well as decreases the concentration of the examined toxic exhaust components, in the majority of cases.

Evaluating the Predicting Capability of Response Surface Methodology on Biodiesel Production from Grape Seed Bio-oil

ABSTRACT The present study is focussed to understand the importance and consequence of alternative possibilities of simulating, modeling, and optimizing methodologies and of the procedural enhancement in soft computing, particularly, in the process of transesterification to produce biodiesel. Here, grapeseed oil is extracted from its feedstock through a combination of cold pressing and soxhlet extraction process. Single-stage transesterification was employed with catalyst concentration, molar ratio, and reaction duration as the process parameters for the transformation of mono-alky triglycerides to fatty-acid methyl esters. The effectiveness and coherence of the response surface methodology (RSM) tool in predicting the biodiesel yield were measured in accordance with central composite designusing the interdependence ANOVA coefficients. Furthermore, the optimal process parameters of the transesterification process which produced maximum grapeseed biodiesel were compared with the outcome of RSM methodology to understand its efficacy. The RSM tool predicted the maximum yield of biodiesel as 97.62% from catalyst concentration of 1.045 g of NaOH, molar ratio of 0.2758 v/v, and reaction duration of 66.6 min, which was then validated experimentally with a yield of 97.7% grapeseed biodiesel. The grapeseed biodiesel thus produced was tested for its physiochemical properties and was found to be within ASTM standards.

Influence of Carbon Nano-tube on Combustion, Performance and Emission Parameters of DI CI Engine Fuelled with Blends of Lemongrass Biodiesel

In the present investigation, bio-oil is extracted from lemongrass through steam distillation process, Single stage trans esterification using methanol and potassium hydroxide at molar ration of 1:8 yielded lemongrass biodiesel. The biodiesel was characterized using Gas chromatography Mass spectrometry and Fourier transforms infrared spectrometry analysis and found to have Behenic and Stearic acid in prominent proportions. The cetane number and calorific value was enhanced by ultrasonicating carbon Nano-tubes at various proportions. Kirloskar TV1 compression ignition engine coupled with eddy current dynamometer was employed to analyse the combustion, performance and emission characteristics. Addition of carbon Nano-tubes significantly affected the ignition delay and combustion duration. D80LGB20CNT100 fuel blend exhibited higher in-cylinder pressure up to 65.144 bars along with enhanced rate of heat release upto 73.953 kJ/kg at full load condition. Higher brake thermal efficiency with notable reduction in unburned hydrocarbon and smoke was seen with elevated levels of carbon-monoxide and oxides of nitrogen.

Comparative analysis of combustion, performance and emission phenomenon of a CI engine fuelled with algal and cotton seed biodiesel

ABSTRACT The present study compares the effect of algal and cotton seed biodiesel in a single cylinder compression ignition engine. Bio-oil extraction was achieved through grinding operation and soxhlet lipid extraction from cotton seed and Stoechospermum marginatum marco-algae respectively which was followed by single stage transesterification process. Gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of linoleic acid in prominent proportion for algal biodiesel. The physio-chemical properties of cotton seed and algal biodiesel were comparative and found to be within ASTM D6751 standards. At rated load, neat algal biodiesel showed elevated in-cylinder pressure, rate of pressure rise and rate of heat release. Higher ignition delay with neat biodiesel resulted in prolonged combustion duration. Algal biodiesel produced higher brake thermal efficiency than cotton seed biodiesel along with 16.67% of lower BSFC at full load. Furthermore, lower unburned hydrocarbon, smoke and carbon monoxide was evidenced especially at full load with a significant increase in oxides of nitrogen.

Biodiesel production as a solution to waste cooking oil (WCO) disposal. Will any type of WCO do for a transesterification process? A quality assessment

Biodiesel production can be the solution to the problem of how to deal with waste cooking oils (WCO) and the associated problem of environmental contamination. Every year, tonnes of WCO are poured into toilets and drains, contaminating water supplies and creating serious problems in waste water treatment plants. WCO is a waste material that can be used to produce biodiesel. The main aim of this study is to determine how the type of WCO (and how much it has been used) affect the quality of the biodiesel obtained. Four types of WCO (sunflower, maize, olive and a blend of soybean, palm and sunflower) with two different levels of degradation were used to produce biodiesel. The WCO were subjected to a transesterification process, using NaOH and methanol as reagents, reaction temperatures of between 50 and 67.5 °C, a 60 min reaction time and magnetic stirring. The quality of the biodiesel that was obtained was measured on the basis of four parameters as set out in the UNE-EN 14214 standard: density at 15 °C, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, acid number and iodine value. This characterisation forms part of the second aim of this research, namely to determine which types of WCO can produce a quality biodiesel via a single stage transesterification process. The results show that the biodiesel quality is closely related to that of the WCO, and that the transesterification method can be recommended for WCO with densities (at 15 °C) of up to 930 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity (at 40 °C) of up to 38.46 mm2/s, and acid numbers of up to 4.19 mg KOH/g. The production method used is a simple, economic and effective way of adding value to a hazardous and difficult to manage waste material like WCO.

Effect of DEE Oxygenate on Diesel in Algal Biodiesel-Diesel Blends on the Combustion Phenomenon of DI Compression Ignition Engines

Biodiesel derived from Stoechospermum marginatum is analysed in a CI engine to understand its feasibility to be used as fuel. In this study, Soxhlet extraction method was applied to extract the bio oil from the brown sea weed (S. Marginatum) with n-hexane as solvent. Considering the low FFA content through titration, base single stage transesterification process with methanol and NaOH at molar ratio of 8:1 is used and it yielded 84.5% of bio diesel. The test fuel is prepared with processed algae bio diesel and Di-Ethyl Ether in different blend ratios namely D80AB20, D70AB20DEE10 and D60AB20DEE20. The variation in combustion aspects are evaluated with constant concentration of algal bio diesel at 20% with variation in diesel and oxygenate concentrations. Consequential variation is observed in the combustion behaviour of CI engine on fuelling with test fuels. Comparable in-cylinder pressure is observed in bio-diesel blends and oxygenated blends. D70AB20DEEE10 exhibits superior heat release rate and pressure rise at all loads. The peak in-cylinder pressure and variation in ignition delay are also analysed in this study.

Emission reduction using improved fuel properties of algal oil biodiesel and its blends

ABSTRACTIn this present study, a brown macro algae (Stoechospermum marginatum) from marine ecosystem was used to extract bio-oil. The extracted algal oil was subjected to single-stage transesterification using methanol and sodium hydroxide to derive biodiesel. The transesterified algal oil improved the physiochemical properties with reduced engine emission. Higher cetane number and increased availability of oxygen content in algal biodiesel (ABD) resulted in lowering the hydrocarbon, carbon mono-oxide, and smoke emissions. Due to better combustion, the levels of carbon dioxide and oxides of nitrogen emission increased significantly. The experimental investigation ascertained that the ABD is a sustainable alternative to mineral diesel for its usage in compression ignition engine.

Biodisel dari Mangrove Jenis Nyamplung (Callophylum inophyllum) sebagai Alternatif Pengganti Bahan Bakar Minyak Fosil

Resources of fossil fuel continue to decrease and cannot be renewed so that replacement alternative is needed. Biofuels (biodiesel) become one of the alternatives because it can be renewed and environmentally friendly. First-generation biodiesel from food sources and second generation of food waste can disrupt the availability of food. Those are inefficient because it requires extensive land for its provider. Seed of nyamplung (Callophylum inophyllum) is very potential as biodiesel raw material because of its oil content 40-70% is high compared to other types of plants, such as jatropha range of 40-60% and palm of 46-54%, raw materials saving and having twice of fuel as much as kerosene. The general purpose of this research is to produce third generation biodiesel from nyamplung as material to overcome fossil fuel crisis especially for fishermen and farmers in coastal area of Brebes Regency and surrounding areas. To be able to achieve the goal / general target is done by assessing oil content in nyamplung seed, biodiesel synthesis, intensive culture techniques and models of development of mass culture. The biodiesel yield produced from nyamplung seed oil in this study was 82.87%, in the range of biodiesel yields of previous researchers through a single stage transesterification of 79.03-91,00%. Cetana number and alkyl ester figures in the resulting biodiesel respectively 79.5 and 99.71% have met the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). The resulting density was 893.1 kg / m3, fog point was 20oC and total glycerol was 0.26%, was approaching the SNI by an insignificant difference, while the acid number generated was 1.86 mg KOH/gr of biodiesel and the biodiesel viscosity was 15.7 mm2 /s has not fulfilled the SNI significantly. To improve the number of acids and viscosity is still needed refinement biodiesel synthesis process through the diversification of the number of esterification stages, alternative types and catalytic levels or optimization of transesterification reaction temperature.

Spectrometric analysis of algal biodiesel as a fuel derived through base-catalysed transesterification

ABSTRACTThe present experimental investigation focuses on production of biodiesel from marine macro algae Stoechospermum marginatum, a brown seaweed. S. marginatum was collected from the intertidal zone of coastal Tamil Nadu. Processed macro algae were subjected to lipid extraction through maceration and soxhlet methods. A single-stage transesterification process with methanol and NaOH was employed to synthesise biodiesel from crude algal oil. Characterisation of algal biodiesel (ABD) was carried out through analysis of gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 14 different fatty acid methyl esters in ABD by their fragmentation patterns and retention time. The NMR and FTIR spectroscopy analysis confirmed the GC-MS data. The physiochemical properties of ABD were also determined through American Standards for Testing Materials methods and found to be within limits.Abbreviations ABD: algal biodiesel; AO: algal oil; ASTM: American Society for Testing and Material; CO: carbon monoxide; CO2: carbon di oxide; D: mineral diesel; FAME: fatty acid methyl ester; FFA: free fatty acids; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; GC-MS: gas chromatography mass spectroscopy; HC: hydrocarbon; JBD: jatropha biodiesel; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; NOx: oxides of nitrogen; PBD: palm oil biodiesel

Impact of oxygenated cottonseed biodiesel on combustion, performance and emission parameters in a direct injection CI engine

ABSTRACTIn the present study, biodiesel production from the crude cotton-seed oil (CSO) and its feasibility to be used as fuel in compression ignition engine was analysed. Single-stage transesterification at molar ratio of 8:1 on crude CSO yielded 94% of cottonseed biodiesel (CBD). Gas chromatogram/mass spectrometry analysis revealed the presence of 19.5% unsaturated and 80.5% saturated esters in cotton seed biodiesel. Taguchi approach identified the stable fuel blend with oxygenate concentration. Increased oxygen concentration up to 20% were also analysed to understand the variation. Higher peak in-cylinder pressure was observed in D80CBD20 fuel blend. Diesel–biodiesel blend with oxygenate significantly affected the ignition delay and also resulted in varied exhaust gas temperature. D80CBD20nB10 showed an increase in brake thermal efficiency, whereas D80CBD20 exhibited higher brake specific energy consumption at full load. Carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and smoke emission was found to be high in diesel with higher oxides of nitrogen in D80CBD20nB10. This experimental investigation finally revealed that, D80CBD20nB10 improved the combustion and performance characteristics with minimal emissions.Abbreviations ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials; BP: brake power; BSEC: brake specific energy consumption; BTE: brake thermal efficiency; CBD: cottonseed biodiesel; CI: compression ignition; CO: carbon monoxide; CO2: carbon dioxide; CSO: cottonseed oil; DEE: diethyl ether; DOE: design of experiments; EGT: exhaust gas temperature; FTIR: Fourier transform infrared spectrometry; GC/MS: gas chromatogram/mass spectrometry; HC: hydrocarbon; HRR: heat release rate; HSDI: high speed direct injection; IDI: indirect injection; KOH: potassium hydroxide; MFB: mass fraction burned; NaOH: sodium hydroxide; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; N2O: nitrous oxide; NO: nitric oxide; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; NOx: oxides of nitrogen; ROHR: rate of heat release; ROPR: rate of pressure rise; SOC: start of combustion; aTDC: after top dead centre; bTDC: before top dead centre

Production of Biodiesel Using Alkaline Based Catalysts From Waste Cooking Oil: A Case Study

Waste cooking oil (WCO) is typically cheaper than diesel and has much less impact on food-chain, so its use as biodiesel can reduce the cost of diesel run operations. Air-conditioned fast food restaurants (FFR) in Bangladesh generate lot of WCO, but due to frequent load shedding they also need to burn lot of diesel for captive power generation. Recycling part of the waste oils in the form of biodiesel can reduce the need of diesel fuel and increase profitability of the establishment. The techno-economic feasibility of such operation in case of a FFR in Dhaka has been investigated. CH3OH (methanol) and NaOH (sodium hydroxide) as base catalyst are mostly used in this process because of their lowest costs, higher reaction rates and higher yields. From the WCO generation of about 80 lites per week, yield for biodiesel production is considered in the range of 80-90%. Single-stage transesterification (SST) process is the cheapest and the easiest of the different methods. The cost of chemicals can be further minimized by recycling of CH3OH and NaOH in this SST process. The possible 35-40% CH3OH and 80-90% NaOH recoveries were considered for a alcohol to oil molar ratio of 5:1 of the reactants. It is found from the study that a small scale processing plant could be developed with reactant recovery units for producing biodiesel to supplement diesel fuel needed to run the generators. The monthly savings was equivalent to only 4% of the diesel cost for standby power, with a payback period of about one year. However this can increase up to 50% of the fuel cost and less than six months of payback period if the cost of dumping WCO in considered. The study reveals that even in the case of a FFR where WCO is available at almost no cost, the processing cost for biodiesel does not make it very feasible unless the cost associated with properly dumping the WCO is high enough.