Single Shot Multibox Detector Research Articles

Research on traffic sign detection algorithm based on improved SSD in complex environments

Abstract In complex traffic sign environments, detection challenges include uneven size distribution, insufficient valid information, and difficulties in identifying targets under resource constraints, leading to missed and false detections. This study proposes an enhanced lightweight traffic sign detection algorithm based on SSD (Single Shot MultiBox Detector). By replacing the original backbone network with MobileNetV2, the model is streamlined to have fewer parameters, which improves generalization in complex environments. This modification significantly boosts the recall rate, achieving a better balance between precision and recall. By introducing the FPN(Feature Pyramid Network) combined with the CBAM(Convolutional Block Attention Module) attention mechanism, the detailed and semantic information between deep and shallow layers is fully integrated, reducing the loss of feature information, thus enhancing the strengthening of key information of traffic signs and the adaptability to different scales of traffic signs. Finally, by integrating the cross-attention mechanism, the algorithm's anti-interference ability in complex environments is improved, and the positioning accuracy of traffic signs is enhanced by capturing the dependency between different positions. Through ablation experiments and comparative experiments on a public traffic sign dataset, our improved SSD algorithm achieved an mAP of 89.97%. Compared with the original algorithm, the mAP increased by 12.41%, the recall rate increased by 18.38%, and the sum of precision and recall F1 increased by 14.6%. These improvements significantly enhance the performance of traffic sign detection in complex environments, thereby meeting the performance requirements of traffic sign detection.

Brain tumor detection using a MobileNetV2-SSD model with modified feature pyramid network levels

Brain tumors, a subset of these malignancies, demand accurate and efficient diagnosis. Traditional methods use non-invasive medical imaging like magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT). Although necessary for diagnosis, manual brain MRI picture segmentation is tedious and time-consuming. Using deep learning is a promising solution. This study proposes an innovative approach for brain tumor detection, focusing on meningioma tumors. Utilizing threshold-based segmentation, the MobileNetV2 architecture, a modified feature pyramid network (FPN), and single shot MultiBox detector (SSD), our model achieves precise localization and object detection. Pre-processing techniques such as grayscale conversion, histogram equalization, and Gaussian filtering enhance the MRI image quality. Morphological operations and thresholding facilitate tumor segmentation. Data augmentation and a meticulous dataset division aid in model generalization. The architecture combines MobileNetV2 as a feature extractor, SSD for object detection, and FPN for detecting small objects. Modifications, including lowering the minimum FPN level, enhance small object detection accuracy. The proposed model achieved a recall value of around 98% and a precision value of around 89%. Additionally, the proposed model achieved approximately 93% on both the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) value and the index of similarity. Based on the promising results, our research holds significant advancements for the field of medical imaging and tumor detection.

Innovative healthcare solutions: robust hand gesture recognition of daily life routines using 1D CNN.

Hand gestures are an effective communication tool that may convey a wealth of information in a variety of sectors, including medical and education. E-learning has grown significantly in the last several years and is now an essential resource for many businesses. Still, there has not been much research conducted on the use of hand gestures in e-learning. Similar to this, gestures are frequently used by medical professionals to help with diagnosis and treatment. We aim to improve the way instructors, students, and medical professionals receive information by introducing a dynamic method for hand gesture monitoring and recognition. Six modules make up our approach: video-to-frame conversion, preprocessing for quality enhancement, hand skeleton mapping with single shot multibox detector (SSMD) tracking, hand detection using background modeling and convolutional neural network (CNN) bounding box technique, feature extraction using point-based and full-hand coverage techniques, and optimization using a population-based incremental learning algorithm. Next, a 1D CNN classifier is used to identify hand motions. After a lot of trial and error, we were able to obtain a hand tracking accuracy of 83.71% and 85.71% over the Indian Sign Language and WLASL datasets, respectively. Our findings show how well our method works to recognize hand motions. Teachers, students, and medical professionals can all efficiently transmit and comprehend information by utilizing our suggested system. The obtained accuracy rates highlight how our method might improve communication and make information exchange easier in various domains.

Real-Time Personal Protective Equipment Non-Compliance Recognition on AI Edge Cameras

Despite advancements in technology, safety equipment, and training within the construction industry over recent decades, the prevalence of fatal and nonfatal injuries and accidents remains a significant concern among construction workers. Hard hats and safety vests are crucial safety gear known to mitigate severe head trauma and other injuries. However, adherence to safety protocols, including the use of such gear, is often inadequate, posing potential risks to workers. Moreover, current manual safety monitoring systems are laborious and time-consuming. To address these challenges and enhance workplace safety, there is a pressing need to automate safety monitoring processes economically, with reduced processing times. This research proposes a deep learning-based pipeline for real-time identification of non-compliance with wearing hard hats and safety vests, enabling safety officers to preempt hazards and mitigate risks at construction sites. We evaluate various neural networks for edge deployment and find that the Single Shot Multibox Detector (SSD) MobileNet V2 model excels in computational efficiency, making it particularly suitable for this application-oriented task. The experiments and comparative analyses demonstrate the pipeline’s effectiveness in accurately identifying instances of non-compliance across different scenarios, underscoring its potential for improving safety outcomes.

Recognition of Brazilian vertical traffic signs and lights from a car using Single Shot Multi box Detector

Recognition of Brazilian vertical traffic signs and lights from a car using Single Shot Multi box Detector

EDGE AI BASED OBJECT DETECTION SYSTEM USING TFLITE

Edge computing has gained prominence in recent years due to its ability to process data closer to the source, reducing latency and bandwidth requirements. In this paper, we propose an Edge AI Based Object Detection System using TensorFlow Lite (TFLite), designed to perform real-time object detection on resource-constrained edge devices. The system leverages the efficiency and portability of TFLite, a lightweight framework for deploying machine learning models on edge devices, to enable efficient inference without relying on cloud connectivity. Our proposed system integrates state-of-the-art object detection models, such as SSD (Single Shot Multibox Detector) and YOLO (You Only Look Once), into the TFLite runtime environment. Through optimization techniques such as model quantization, pruning, and architecture modifications, we tailor these models to meet the computational and memory constraints of edge devices while maintaining high detection accuracy. Furthermore, we explore hardware acceleration options, including GPU and DSP (Digital Signal Processor), to further enhance inference speed and energy efficiency. We evaluate the performance of the Edge AI Based Object Detection System on various edge devices, including smartphones, IoT (Internet of Things) devices, and embedded systems. Real-world deployment scenarios are considered, encompassing applications such as smart surveillance, industrial automation, and autonomous vehicles. The results demonstrate the system's ability to achieve real-time object detection with low latency and minimal resource consumption, making it well-suited for edge computing environments where real-time responsiveness and privacy are paramount concerns. Keywords: object Detection, Machine Learning, Tensor Flow lite, deep learning.

Detection of pulmonary nodules in chest radiographs: novel cost function for effective network training with purely synthesized datasets.

Many large radiographic datasets of lung nodules are available, but the small and hard-to-detect nodules are rarely validated by computed tomography. Such difficult nodules are crucial for training nodule detection methods. This lack of difficult nodules for training can be addressed by artificial nodule synthesis algorithms, which can create artificially embedded nodules. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a novel cost function for training networks to detect such lesions. Embedding artificial lesions in healthy medical images is effective when positive cases are insufficient for network training. Although this approach provides both positive (lesion-embedded) images and the corresponding negative (lesion-free) images, no known methods effectively use these pairs for training. This paper presents a novel cost function for segmentation-based detection networks when positive-negative pairs are available. Based on the classic U-Net, new terms were added to the original Dice loss for reducing false positives and the contrastive learning of diseased regions in the image pairs. The experimental network was trained and evaluated, respectively, on 131,072 fully synthesized pairs of images simulating lung cancer and real chest X-ray images from the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology dataset. The proposed method outperformed RetinaNet and a single-shot multibox detector. The sensitivities were 0.688 and 0.507 when the number of false positives per image was 0.2, respectively, with and without fine-tuning under the leave-one-case-out setting. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which a method for detecting pulmonary nodules in chest X-ray images was evaluated on a real clinical dataset after being trained on fully synthesized images. The synthesized dataset is available at https://zenodo.org/records/10648433 .

Comparative Evaluation of Convolutional Neural Network Object Detection Algorithms for Vehicle Detection.

The domain of object detection was revolutionized with the introduction of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in the field of computer vision. This article aims to explore the architectural intricacies, methodological differences, and performance characteristics of three CNN-based object detection algorithms, namely Faster Region-Based Convolutional Network (R-CNN), You Only Look Once v3 (YOLO), and Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) in the specific domain application of vehicle detection. The findings of this study indicate that the SSD object detection algorithm outperforms the other approaches in terms of both performance and processing speeds. The Faster R-CNN approach detected objects in images with an average speed of 5.1 s, achieving a mean average precision of 0.76 and an average loss of 0.467. YOLO v3 detected objects with an average speed of 1.16 s, achieving a mean average precision of 0.81 with an average loss of 1.183. In contrast, SSD detected objects with an average speed of 0.5 s, exhibiting the highest mean average precision of 0.92 despite having a higher average loss of 2.625. Notably, all three object detectors achieved an accuracy exceeding 99%.

AlertTrap: A Study on Object Detection in Remote Insect Trap Monitoring System Using on the Edge Deep Learning Platform

Fruit flies are one of the most harmful insect species to fruit yields. In AlertTrap, implementation of Single-Shot Multibox Detector (SSD) architecture with different state-of-the-art backbone feature extractors such as MobileNetV1 and MobileNetV2 appears to be potential solutions for the real-time detection problem. SSD-MobileNetV1 and SSD-MobileNetV2 perform well and result in AP at 0.5 of 0.957 and 1.0, respectively. You Only Look Once (YOLO) v4-tiny outperforms the SSD family with 1.0 in AP at 0.5; however, its throughput velocity is considerably slower, which shows SSD models are better candidates for real-time implementation. We also tested the models with synthetic test sets simulating expected environmental disturbances. The YOLOv4-tiny had better tolerance to these disturbances than the SSD models. The Raspberry Pi system successfully gathered environmental data and pest counts, sending them via email over 4 G. However, running the full YOLO version in real time on Raspberry Pi is not feasible, indicating the need for a lighter object detection algorithm for future research. Among model candidates, YOLOv4-tiny generally performs best, with SSD MobileNetV2 also comparable and sometimes better, especially in scenarios with synthetic disturbances. SSD models excel in processing time, enabling real-time, high-accuracy detection. TFLITE versions of SSD models also process faster than their inference graph on TPU hardware, suggesting real-time implementation on edge devices like the Google Coral Dev Board. The results demonstrate the feasibility of real-time implementation of the fruit fly detection models on edge devices with high performance. In addition, YOLOv4-tiny is shown to be the most probable candidate because YOLOv4-tiny demonstrates a robust testing performance toward citrus fruit fly detection. Nevertheless, SSD-MobileNetV2 will be the better model, considering the inference time.

3D residual attention hierarchical fusion for real-time detection of the prostate capsule

BackgroundFor prostate electrosurgery, where real-time surveillance screens are relied upon for operations, manual identification of the prostate capsule remains the primary method. With the need for rapid and accurate detection becoming increasingly urgent, we set out to develop a deep learning approach for detecting the prostate capsule using endoscopic optical images.MethodsOur method involves utilizing the Simple, Parameter-Free Attention Module(SimAM) residual attention fusion module to enhance the extraction of texture and detail information, enabling better feature extraction capabilities. This enhanced detail information is then hierarchically transferred from lower to higher levels to aid in the extraction of semantic information. By employing a forward feature-by-feature hierarchical fusion network based on the 3D residual attention mechanism, we have proposed an improved single-shot multibox detector model.ResultsOur proposed model achieves a detection precision of 83.12% and a speed of 0.014 ms on NVIDIA RTX 2060, demonstrating its effectiveness in rapid detection. Furthermore, when compared to various existing methods including Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (Faster R-CNN), Single Shot Multibox Detector (SSD), EfficientDet and others, our method Attention based Feature Fusion Single Shot Multibox Detector (AFFSSD) stands out with the highest mean Average Precision (mAP) and faster speed, ranking only below You Only Look Once version 7 (YOLOv7).ConclusionsThis network excels in extracting regional features from images while retaining the spatial structure, facilitating the rapid detection of medical images.

Contraband detection of millimeter wave image for postal security checks using a spatial transformer-feature fusion network

The image resolution and contraband object detection accuracy are the two key factors for security checks based on millimeter wave imaging techniques. In this paper, a homemade real-time millimeter imaging system for small package security inspection is used to obtain about 400 raw images of envelopes containing multi-contraband objects like guns and knives. After pre-processing, spatial transformer-feature fusion (ST-FF) adapted single-shot multi-box detector (SSD) networks are used to detect the contraband objects of postal packages. The experiments reveal that the spatial-transformed-feature fusion deep learning networks demonstrate better mean average precision (mAP) performance than traditional single networks in detecting contraband objects of different scales, orientations, and distortions, and prove the great potential for security checks based on millimeter wave imaging.

Detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders using artificial intelligence-based image analysis.

We aimed to construct an artificial intelligence-based model for detecting oral cancer and dysplastic leukoplakia using oral cavity images captured with a single-lens reflex camera. We used 1043 images of lesions from 424 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), leukoplakia, and other oral mucosal diseases. An object detection model was constructed using a Single Shot Multibox Detector to detect oral diseases and their locations using images. The model was trained using 523 images of oral cancer, and its performance was evaluated using images of oral cancer (n = 66), leukoplakia (n = 49), and other oral diseases (n = 405). For the detection of only OSCC versus OSCC and leukoplakia, the model demonstrated a sensitivity of 93.9% versus 83.7%, a negative predictive value of 98.8% versus 94.5%, and a specificity of 81.2% versus 81.2%. Our proposed model is a potential diagnostic tool for oral diseases.

Dental caries detection using faster region-based convolutional neural network with residual network

Dental caries is the highest prevalent dental disease in the world by 2022. Caries can be stopped by early detection of patients through efficient screening. Previously, there have been several methods used to detect caries such as single shot multibox detector (SSD), faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster R-CNN) and you only look once (YOLO). This research aims to develop accurate dental caries detection using Faster R-CNN. Using a dataset collected from scraping on the internet, this research is started by creating an original dataset consisting of 81 base images which are then augmented to a total of 486 images and annotated by dental health experts from Jenderal Soedirman University. Transfer learning using pre-trained Faster R-CNN residual network (ResNet)-50 and ResNet-101 model is utilized to detect and localise dental caries. The Faster R-CNN ResNet-50 model trained using the Adam optimizer produces a mean average precision (mAP) of 0.213, and those using the momentum optimizer produce a mAP of 0.177. While the Faster R-CNN ResNet-101 model trained using the Adam optimizer produces a mAP of 0.192, and those using the momentum optimizer produce a mAP of 0.004. The model trained on the dataset showed satisfactory results in detecting dental caries, especially ResNet-50 with Adam optimizer.

TQU-HG dataset and comparative study for hand gesture recognition of RGB-based images using deep learning

Hand gesture recognition has great applications in human-computer interaction (HCI), human-robot interaction (HRI), and supporting the deaf and mute. To build a hand gesture recognition model using deep learning (DL) with high results then needs to be trained on many data and in many different conditions and contexts. In this paper, we publish the TQU-HG dataset of large RGB images with low resolution (640×480) pixels, low light conditions, and fast speed (16 fps). TQU-HG dataset includes 60,000 images collected from 20 people (10 male, 10 female) with 15 gestures of both left and right hands. A comparative study with two branches: i) based on Mediapipe TML and ii) Based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) (you only look once (YOLO); YOLOv5, YOLOv6, YOLOv7, YOLOv8, YOLO-Nas, single shot multiBox detector (SSD) VGG16, residual network (ResNet)18, ResNext50, ResNet152, ResNext50, MobileNet V3 small, and MobileNet V3 large), the architecture and operation of CNNs models are also introduced in detail. We especially fine-tune the model and evaluate it on TQU-HG and HaGRID datasets. The quantitative results of the training and testing are presented (F1-score of YOLOv8, YOLO-Nas, MobileNet V3 small, ResNet50 is 98.99%, 98.98%, 99.27%, 99.36%, respectively on the TQU-HG dataset and is 99.21%, 99.37%, 99.36%, 86.4%, 98.3%, respectively on the HaGRID dataset). The computation time of YOLOv8 is 6.19 fps on the CPU and 18.28 fps on the GPU.

Object Detection Model: An Enhanced SSD

Abstract: Object Detection plays a significant role in today’s era. Object detection plays a crucial role in various applications such as surveillance, medical images, and autonomous vehicles. The primary goal of object detection is to accurately detect the boundaries of objects of interest and classify those objects into predefined categories. In this research paper, we enhanced an object detection technique i.e. Single shot multibox detector (SSD) which is one of the top object detection technique in both aspect accuracy and speed. SSD is an object detection model that predicts object bounding boxes and class probabilities in a single forward pass. It uses multiple feature maps at different scales to cater to various object sizes and aspect ratios.The main contribution of this research is to enhance the accuracy, recall time, precision time and mean average time (mAP). The performance of this object detection technique is improved as the number of feature maps is increases, improved backbone, and enhanced activation functions, additional layers for enhanced detection and loss function modifications. An accuracy of 0.75 indicates that the model correctly predicts the class label for approximately 75% of all objects in the dataset. The enhanced model showed these results: a precision score of 0.75 implies that 75% of the objects identified by the model as positive (detected objects) are indeed true positives. A recall of 0.73 indicates that the model successfully identifies and detects 73% of all positive instances in the dataset. A mAP of 75.25 signifies the average precision across all classes, computed at different IOU thresholds (e.g., 0.5, 0.75).

Real-Time Object Detection and Recognition with Computer Vision

Abstract: Object detection, a fundamental aspect of computer vision, is essential for identifying and localizing objects within images or video frames, leveraging advancements in deep learning, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to enhance precision and speed. Its applications span diverse domains, from autonomous vehicles and surveillance systems to augmented reality and human-computer interaction. Our project focuses on engineering a real-time object detection system, integrating deep learning and computer vision methodologies. Anchored on the robust Single Shot Multibox Detector (SSD) architecture and reinforced by the efficiency and accuracy of the MobileNetV3 backbone, our system utilizes a pre-trained SSD MobileNetV3 model and comprehensive annotations from the COCO dataset to adeptly detect and recognize a wide array of objects within live video streams or archived footage. It seamlessly processes video frames from various sources, annotating detected objects in real-time to provide instant visual feedback. Offering customizable confidence thresholds and support for multiple video sources, our project showcases the transformative potential of deep learning and computer vision, advancing realtime object detection across domains like surveillance and interactive systems. By pushing the boundaries of object detection technology, our project aims to enhance safety, efficiency, and user experiences in various applications, promising to redefine the landscape of computer vision with innovation and advancement.

SIGNSense: Auditory -Optic Impairment Communication Bridge

Language experts have recognized sign languages as natural languages with the ability to convey human emotions and ideas. Translation from written language into sign videos or extraction of spoken language sentences from sign videos is the aim of sign language translation. Sign language is the principal means of communication for the deaf and hard of hearing community, which comprises 32 million children and 328 million adults worldwide who suffer from hearing impairment. However, the inability of current systems to accurately translate and transmit sign language motions in real-time prevents effective and spontaneous communication. This research provides a revolutionary technique that enables real-time recognition of ISL gestures by integrating natural language processing with cross-modal integration. The methodology uses cutting-edge methods like the Single Shot Multibox Detector (SSD) with MobileNetV2 architecture for data collection, preprocessing, model selection, and training. In real-time inference, the trained model attains an impressive 94% accuracy rate, showcasing strong performance and encouraging outcomes for enhancing communication accessibility for people with hearing impairments

ERegPose: An explicit regression based 6D pose estimation for snake-like wrist-type surgical instruments.

Accurately estimating the 6D pose of snake-like wrist-type surgical instruments is challenging due to their complex kinematics and flexible design. We propose ERegPose, a comprehensive strategy for precise 6D pose estimation. The strategy consists of two components: ERegPoseNet, an original deep neural network model designed for explicit regression of the instrument's 6D pose, and an annotated in-house dataset of simulated surgical operations. To capture rotational features, we employ an Single Shot multibox Detector (SSD)-like detector to generate bounding boxes of the instrument tip. ERegPoseNet achieves an error of 1.056mm in 3D translation, 0.073rad in 3D rotation, and an average distance (ADD) metric of 3.974mm, indicating an overall spatial transformation error. The necessity of the SSD-like detector and L1 loss is validated through experiments. ERegPose outperforms existing approaches, providing accurate 6D pose estimation for snake-like wrist-type surgical instruments. Its practical applications in various surgical tasks hold great promise.

An object detection method for catenary component images based on improved Faster R-CNN

Catenary components are an important part of electrified railways. Especially for catenary support devices, there are various types of components with significant differences in scale. According to statistical data, there is a high risk of failure for the catenary support device components during the operation of the catenary system. Therefore, in order to ensure the safe operation of the railways, it is critical to accurately locate and recognize the components in the catenary images. In this paper, we propose an improved method based on faster region-based convolutional neural networks (Faster R-CNN) framework to realize the detection and extraction of the components on the catenary support devices. Firstly, the anchor box parameters are reset using the K-means clustering method, which greatly improves the localization precision of the predicted box. Secondly, scaled exponential linear units activation function is introduced to improve the algorithm performance. Moreover, ResNet-34, the backbone of Faster R-CNN, is optimized. We design a transition structure for multi-scale filter combination convolution to avoid missing feature information and eliminate some redundant convolution structures. This modification substantially enhances the capability of the model to recognize a wide variety of component types. Finally, we conduct some control experiments comparing with single shot multibox detector and you only look once (YOLO) series (YOLOv3, YOLOv5 and YOLOv7) models. They are faster but less accurate, especially for small objects. The results show that the proposed method has better detection performance, achieving a mean average precision of 96.50% and running at 17.79 frames per second. In addition, our model has the highest average recall of 69.27%, which is 2.66% higher than the original model.

Autonomous navigation and collision prediction of port channel based on computer vision and lidar.

This study aims to enhance the safety and efficiency of port navigation by reducing ship collision accidents, minimizing environmental risks, and optimizing waterways to increase port throughput. Initially, a three-dimensional map of the port's waterway, including data on water depth, rocks, and obstacles, is generated through laser radar scanning. Visual perception technology is adopted to process and identify the data for environmental awareness. Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) is utilized to position ships and obstacles, while point cloud data create a comprehensive three-dimensional map. In order to improve the optimal navigation approach of the Rapidly-Exploring Random Tree (RRT), an artificial potential field method is employed. Additionally, the collision prediction model utilizes K-Means clustering to enhance the Faster R-CNN algorithm for predicting the paths of other ships and obstacles. The results indicate that the RRT enhanced by the artificial potential field method reduces the average path length (from 500 to 430m), average time consumption (from 30 to 22s), and maximum collision risk (from 15 to 8%). Moreover, the accuracy, recall rate, and F1 score of the K-Means + Faster R-CNN collision prediction model reach 92%, 88%, and 90%, respectively, outperforming other models. Overall, these findings underscore the substantial advantages of the proposed enhanced algorithm in autonomous navigation and collision prediction in port waterways.