Single Sheet Research Articles

Integrated Papertronic Techniques: Highly Customizable Resistor, Supercapacitor, and Transistor Circuitry on a Single Sheet of Paper.

Humanity's excessive production of material waste poses a critical environmental threat, and the problem is only escalating, especially in the past few decades with the rapid development of powerful electronic tools and persistent consumer desire to upgrade to the newest available technology. The poor disposability of electronics is especially an issue for the newly arising field of single-use devices and sensors, which are often used to evaluate human health and monitor environmental conditions, and for other novel applications. Though impressive in terms of function and convenience, usage of conventional electronic components in these applications would inflict an immense surge in waste and result in higher costs. This work's primary objective is to develop a cost-effective, eco-friendly, all-paper, device for single-use applications that can be easily and safely disposed of through incineration or biodegradation. All electronic components are paper-based and integrated on paper-based printed circuit boards (PCBs), innovatively providing a realistic and practical solution for green electronic platforms. In particular, a methodology is discussed for simultaneously achieving very tunable resistors (20 Ω to 285 kΩ), supercapacitors (∼3.29 mF), and electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors on and within the thickness of a single sheet of paper. Each electronic component is completely integrated into functionalized paper regions and exhibits favorable electrical activity, adjustability, flexibility, and disposability. A simple amplifier circuit is successfully demonstrated within a small area and within the thickness of a single sheet of paper, displaying component versatility and the capability for their fabrication processes to be performed in parallel for efficient and rapid development.

Non‐Thermal Plasma Assisted Fabrication of Ultrathin NiCoOx Nanosheets for High‐Performance Supercapacitor

AbstractTransition metal based layered double hydroxides (TMLDHs) are potential candidates for supercapacitors; however, their structural staking often limits their energy density, one of the major pending obstacles in the sector. Simple, fast, and safe modification strategies such as exfoliation of jammed layers into single sheets can be a viable option to overcome those challenges. This work reports fabrication of an ultrathin nanosheets from bulk TMLDHs using superficial non‐thermal Ar‐plasma exfoliation strategy. Electrochemical characterizations have confirmed that capacitive performance of pristine NiCoOx nanosheets has improved because of Ar‐plasma induced exfoliation. A remarkable of 5.7 F cm−2 areal capacitance was achieved at a current density of 5 mA cm−2 for ultrathin Ar‐NiCoOx nanosheets. The material also exhibited excellent cyclic stability with over 88 % capacitance retention after 5000 cycles. The electrode material assembled into symmetric supercapacitor device delivering an energy density of 85.9 μWh cm−2 at a power density of 500 μW cm−2 .The higher supercapacitive performance is attributed to increased electrochemical surface area and improved capability of electron and ion transport induced by Ar‐plasma exfoliation, demonstrating an opportunity for further use of TMLDHs in the energy conversion and storage sector.

Imaging Orientation of a Single Molecular Hierarchical Self-Assembled Sheet: The Combined Power of a Vibrational Sum Frequency Generation Microscopy and Neural Network.

In this work, we determined the tilt angles of molecular units in hierarchical self-assembled materials on a single-sheet level, which were not available previously. This was achieved by developing a fast line-scanning vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG) hyperspectral imaging technique in combination with neural network analysis. Rapid VSFG imaging enabled polarization resolved images on a single sheet level to be measured quickly, circumventing technical challenges due to long-term optical instability. The polarization resolved hyperspectral images were then used to extract the supramolecular tilt angle of a self-assembly through a set of spectra-tilt angle relationships which were solved through neural network analysis. This unique combination of both novel techniques offers a new pathway to resolve molecular level structural information on self-assembled materials. Understanding these properties can further drive self-assembly design from a bottom-up approach for applications in biomimetic and drug delivery research.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheet Centrifuge-Assisted Layering Augments Pro-Regenerative Cytokine Production.

A focal advantage of cell sheet technology has been as a scaffold-free three-dimensional (3D) cell delivery platform capable of sustained cell engraftment, survival, and reparative function. Recent evidence demonstrates that the intrinsic cell sheet 3D tissue-like microenvironment stimulates mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) paracrine factor production. In this capacity, cell sheets not only function as 3D cell delivery platforms, but also prime MSC therapeutic paracrine capacity. This study introduces a “cell sheet multilayering by centrifugation” strategy to non-invasively augment MSC paracrine factor production. Cell sheets fabricated by temperature-mediated harvest were first centrifuged as single layers using optimized conditions of rotational speed and time. Centrifugation enhanced cell physical and biochemical interactions related to intercellular communication and matrix interactions within the single cell sheet, upregulating MSC gene expression of connexin 43, integrin β1, and laminin α5. Single cell sheet centrifugation triggered MSC functional enhancement, secreting higher concentrations of pro-regenerative cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Subsequent cell sheet stacking, and centrifugation generated cohesive, bilayer MSC sheets within 2 h, which could not be accomplished within 24 h by conventional layering methods. Conventional layering led to H1F-1α upregulation and increased cell death, indicating a hypoxic thickness limitation to this approach. Comparing centrifuged single and bilayer cell sheets revealed that layering increased VEGF production 10-fold, attributed to intercellular interactions at the layered sheet interface. The “MSC sheet multilayering by centrifugation” strategy described herein generates a 3D MSC-delivery platform with boosted therapeutic factor production capacity.

Revealing the Heterogeneity of Large-Area MoS2 Layers in the Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

The electrocatalytic activity concerning the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) of micrometer‐sized MoS2 layers transferred on a glassy carbon surface was evaluated by scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) in a high‐throughput approach. Multiple areas on single or multiple MoS2 layers were assessed using a hopping mode nanocapillary positioning with a hopping distance of 500 nm and a nanopipette size of around 55 nm. The locally recorded linear sweep voltammograms revealed a high lateral heterogeneity over the MoS2 sheet regarding their HER activity, with currents between −40 and −60 pA recorded at −0.89 V vs. reversible hygrogen electrode over about 4400 different measured areas on the MoS2 sheet. Stacked MoS2 layers did not show different electrocatalytic activity than the single MoS2 sheet, suggesting that the interlayer resistance influences the electrocatalytic activity less than the resistances induced by possible polymer residues or water layers formed between the transferred MoS2 sheet and the glassy carbon electrode.

Analisis Ketercapaian Penerapan Kebijakan RPP Satu Lembar Dalam Proses Pembelajaran Di SMA Negeri 12 Buru

The purpose of this study in general is to find out how the application of one sheet lesson plan in SMA Negeri 12 Buru is, how is the suitability of the substance in the one sheet lesson plan to the achievement of the learning system, what factors support and hinder teachers in implementing the one sheet lesson plan policy, what are the solutions taken to overcome the problems that arise in the application of the one sheet lesson plan policy at SMA Negeri 12 Buru. Meanwhile, the specific objectives of this study are to describe the application of one sheet lesson plan at SMA Negeri 12 Buru, to analyze the suitability of the substance in the lesson plan one sheet to the achievement of the teaching system at SMA Negeri 12 Buru, to find out the factors that support and hinder the implementation of the single sheet lesson plan policy. at SMA Negeri 12 Buru and understand the solutions taken to overcome the problems that arise in implementing the one sheet lesson plan policy at SMA Negeri 12 Buru. Based on the results of research found by researchers in the field, it was found that the implementation of 1 sheet of lesson plans at SMA Negeri 12 Buru had been running effectively and efficiently. The achievement of the learning process during the pandemic period tends to decrease substantially, but with the application of one sheet lesson plan at SMA Negeri 12 Buru, it can help teachers to meet learning targets, through distance learning that is short, clear and concise so that learning materials are delivered properly where grades are good. students have passed the predetermined standard (KKM). In addition, teachers make various efforts to train their abilities in teaching and compiling and implementing one sheet lesson plans, both through trainings and webinars.

Generation of isolated and polarized γ-ray pulse by few-cycle laser irradiating a nanofoil

An isolated ultra-short γ-ray pulse is a unique tool for measuring ultrafast-physics processes, such as imaging intra-nuclear dynamics and inner-shell electron dynamics. Here, we propose an all-optical efficient scheme for generating isolated ultra-short γ-ray pulse from a laser-driven nanofoil. When a few-cycle circularly polarized laser pulse with an intensity of 1022 W cm−2 irradiates a nanofoil, the electrons in the nanofoil are pushed forwards collectively, forming a single relativistic electron sheet (RES) with a charge of nC. The electrons are substantially accelerated to high energies by the super-ponderomotive force of the laser. Then, a counter-propagating laser pulse with a peak intensity of 1021 W cm−2 collides with the RES, resulting in the generation of an isolated sub-femtosecond γ-ray pulse via nonlinear Compton scattering. The effect of laser polarization on the polarization degree of γ-rays is investigated by using a proof-of-principle calculation. It is shown that a highly polarized isolated γ-ray pulse with a cut-off energy of 100 MeV can eventually be generated in a head-on collision configuration when the scattering laser is linearly polarized. Such an isolated ultra-short polarized γ-ray source would provide critical applications in high-energy physics, laboratory astrophysics and nuclear physics.

“Frances Burney's Legacy Duty Account” (1840)

“Frances Burney's Legacy Duty Account” (1840)

Study on the Magnetic Properties of Metal Substrates at Low Temperature by Fabricated Compact SST

In recent years, a development of a high magnetic field magnet using a high temperature superconducting (HTS) wire has been advanced. On the other hand, we are planning to use the HTS wires for superconducting applications cooled by cryocooler. So, it is necessary to measure the temperature dependence of the magnetic properties of the metal substrates (Hastelloy, stainless steel and NiW) for HTS wire under conduction cooling conditions. We have been developing a single sheet tester (SST) that can evaluate the magnetic properties of electromagnetic steel sheets and other materials. However, since the size of an excitation coil in the conventional SST is large, it is difficult to install them in the conduction cooling system. In this study, we fabricated the compact SST and its measurement accuracy was compared with the conventional SST. The magnetic properties of metal substrates were measured at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). As a result, although the measurement accuracy of the compact SST was slightly reduced by decreasing the coil size, we found that the error of the magnetic field homogeneity of the compact SST was within 2&#x0025; at the center region of the 5 mm length. The magnetic properties of Hastelloy and stainless steel were almost unchanged at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature. However, the magnetic properties of the NiW substrate changed significantly at liquid nitrogen temperature. The <i>B</i>-<i>H</i> characteristics of the NiW substrate in the rolling and transverse directions were clearly different, and the iron loss increased significantly at liquid nitrogen temperature.

Aplikasi Mobile Learning pada Pelajaran Fiqih di MIN 1 Jombang

The purpose of this study, namely 1) to find out how the application of mobile learning learning in fiqh subjects. 2) to find out what factors hinder the application of mobile learning in fiqh subjects, and 3) to determine the supporting factors in the application of mobile learning in fiqh subjects. This research is a qualitative research with descriptive analysis method. Data analysis and research results obtained from observations, interviews, documentation are data reduction, data display, and conclusions / verification.The results of the study show that 1) The application of mobile learning for fiqh subjects initially utilized several supporting applications, which later developed using only watshaap, and e-learning. The use of single sheet lesson plans and various other letter sheets and subjects can be directly accessed on the internet directly without having to go to school. 2) The inhibiting factor of the application of mobile learning is only at the beginning of the transfer of offline files to online. 3) The supporting factors in the application of mobile learning for fiqh learning are, the school facilitates wifi for teachers in schools,and the distribution of free quota assistance to students at MIN 1 Jombang.

Electromagnetic-Interference-Shielding Effectiveness of Lyocell-Based Carbon Fabrics Carbonized at Various Temperatures.

Lyocell is a biodegradable filament yarn obtained by directly dissolving cellulose in a mixture of N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide and a non-toxic solvent. Therefore, herein, lyocell fabrics were employed as eco-friendly carbon-precursor substitutes for use as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. First, a lyocell fabric treated with polyacrylamide via electron beam irradiation reported in a previous study to increase carbon yields and tensile strengths was carbonized by heating to 900, 1100, and 1300 °C. The carbonization transformed the fabric into a graphitic crystalline structure, and its electrical conductivity and EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) were enhanced despite the absence of metals. For a single sheet, the electrical conductivities of the lyocell-based carbon fabric samples at the different carbonization temperatures were 3.57, 5.96, and 8.91 S m−1, leading to an EMI SE of approximately 18, 35, and 82 dB at 1.5–3.0 GHz, respectively. For three sheets of fabric carbonized at 1300 °C, the electrical conductivity was 10.80 S m−1, resulting in an excellent EMI SE of approximately 105 dB. Generally, EM radiation is reduced by 99.9999% in instances when the EMI SE was over 60 dB. The EMI SE of the three lyocell-based carbon fabric sheets obtained at 1100 °C and that of all the sheets of the sample obtained at 1300 °C exceeded approximately 60 dB.

Improvement of incremental sheet metal forming with the help of a pressurised fluid system

Abstract The single point incremental sheet forming process is a flexible manufacturing process to produce complex three-dimensional products. Unlike traditional forming processes, the single point incremental sheet forming process does not require unique tools or die. This method is constantly being improved to increase the uniform formability of the material. The fluid assisted single point incremental sheet metal forming process with a newly developed system was experimentally investigated in this research. A controlled pressure fluid was applied to the forming surface in the opposite direction during shaping. Shaping processes were carried out using different fluid pressure values. The effect of this pressurised system on the forming quality was investigated by considering material wall thickness changes, heat generation and surface roughness. The results were compared with the results obtained with the traditional single point incremental sheet forming method. It has been determined that our method increases the formability of the finished product and shows a homogeneous thickness distribution.

"Tear-Drop Appearance" Wrap: A Novel Implant Coverage Method for Creating Natural Contour in Prepectoral Prosthetic-Based Breast Reconstruction.

Various implant wrapping methods with acellular dermal matrix (ADM) have been introduced, but most focus on random trimming and suturing aimed to maximize implant coverage. Here we present our clinical experience using a “tear-drop appearance” wrapping method to achieve natural contours through upper pole volume replacement. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 56 consecutive cases of prepectoral prosthetic-based breast reconstruction (PPBR) using this wrapping method following nipple-sparing mastectomy between March 2020 and June 2021. The “tear-drop appearance” wrapping design creates an anatomical tear-drop–shaped pocket to encourage lower pole fullness and create a natural contour through upper pole volume replacement by ADM. Patients’ baseline characteristics, operative data, and complications were analyzed. Aesthetic outcomes were measured using the BREAST-Q and Aesthetic Item Scale (AIS). A successful reconstruction was achieved without major complications and using a single ADM sheet. Four types and three sizes of ADMs were used. The mean resected breast tissue weight was 274.3 g, while the mean implant volume was 230.0 cc. The average BREAST-Q and AIS scores were 4.6 ± 0.8 and 4.5 ± 0.7, respectively. Owing to its simplicity, reproducibility, and effectivity, this method is an excellent implant coverage option that achieves a natural contour in PPBR.

Modeling of Magnetic Anisotropy in Electrical Steel Sheet by Means of Cumulative Distribution Functions of Gaussians

This article proposes a methodology for modeling magnetic anisotropy in ferromagnetic materials. This approach was initially used to represent the isothermal remanent magnetization (IRM) acquired by natural mineral assemblages and based on the use of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of a probability density function (PDF). For the purpose of this work, the anisotropy of electrical steel sheets is modeled by means of CDFs of Gaussians. The methodology is validated by comparisons between numerical and experimental data obtained from an Epstein frame and a Rotational Single Sheet Tester. The outcomes of the study are twofold: first, the parameters defining the CDF follow a polynomial trendline, and second, they can easily be calculated from a limited amount of experimental data which is a key point from an engineering point of view.

Impact of Ultra-Short Pulsed Laser (USPL) Ablation Process on Separated Loss Coefficients of Grain Oriented Electrical Steels

The purpose of this article is to study the impact of surface laser treatments with ultra-short pulses (USPs) (femtosecond laser) on the magnetic properties of grain-oriented electrical steels (GOESs) using the two-temperature model for the ablation process and the magnetic loss separation model of Bertotti. We demonstrated that the hysteresis and excess loss coefficients behave differently depending on the type of laser treatment and its pulse duration [long pulse (LP), short pulses (SPs), and USP]. We also presented the adjusted models to estimate the impact of the USP on the sheet surface in terms of laser energetic quantities; more precisely, the groove depth, the plasma maximum temperature, and the peak surface wave pressure were estimated, relative to its nominal value. The latter physical impacts of laser pulses were then correlated with Bertotti’s loss coefficients: the static hysteresis loss coefficient and the excess loss coefficient. The laser process is not always able to reduce simultaneously both loss contributions. Thus, a compromise must be found to optimize the process. The variation of the flux density level as a function of the applied magnetic field was measured with a single sheet tester (SST) under a one-directional field parallel to the rolling direction. From these measurements, we deduced the whole power loss contributions. Results showed that an optimization of the laser’s parameters ensured an iron loss reduction at 50 Hz up to −30% for an induction below 0.5 T and a percentage close to −15% for an induction above 1.5 T.

Loss Parameter Identification After Cutting for Different Non-Oriented Electrical Steel Grades

The magnetic properties of nonoriented (NO) electrical steel sheet are sensitive to industrial cutting processes. Decreased operation point efficiency and an increase in local iron loss in the magnetic circuit of an electrical machine are the consequences. During the design of electrical machines, the cut-edge effect and its consequences can only be considered and assessed, if the effect is locally modeled. In fact, the cut-edge effect is often neglected as standardized magnetic characterization is performed, where the sheet material is measured on an Epstein frame or single sheet tester (SST) and gentle sample preparation is specified. In order to parameterize a local material model, a large number of samples and their detailed magnetic characterization at various magnetizing frequencies are necessary. In this article, the loss parameters of nine different industrial NO electrical steels are identified and analyzed in order to study the course of the parameters and possible interrelation with material properties. The sheet thickness, alloying content of silicon and aluminum, and grain sizes are considered as they are the dominant influences on the iron loss from the material side. The presented results help to increase the understanding of the cut-edge effect and its consequences on the iron loss modeling. Furthermore, they help to identify possibilities to decrease the measurement effort significantly.

Microbial biofilms for electricity generation from water evaporation and power to wearables

Employing renewable materials for fabricating clean energy harvesting devices can further improve sustainability. Microorganisms can be mass produced with renewable feedstocks. Here, we demonstrate that it is possible to engineer microbial biofilms as a cohesive, flexible material for long-term continuous electricity production from evaporating water. Single biofilm sheet (~40 µm thick) serving as the functional component in an electronic device continuously produces power density (~1 μW/cm2) higher than that achieved with thicker engineered materials. The energy output is comparable to that achieved with similar sized biofilms catalyzing current production in microbial fuel cells, without the need for an organic feedstock or maintaining cell viability. The biofilm can be sandwiched between a pair of mesh electrodes for scalable device integration and current production. The devices maintain the energy production in ionic solutions and can be used as skin-patch devices to harvest electricity from sweat and moisture on skin to continuously power wearable devices. Biofilms made from different microbial species show generic current production from water evaporation. These results suggest that we can harness the ubiquity of biofilms in nature as additional sources of biomaterial for evaporation-based electricity generation in diverse aqueous environments.

Does an abnormal change in deferred tax assets interfere with analysts’ earnings forecasts?

In 2007, China adopted the single balance sheet liability method for tax accounting, but its shortcomings have emerged. I sample A-share listed companies from 2007 to 2018 to study whether an abnormal change in deferred tax assets interferes with analysts’ earnings forecasts and find that an abnormal change in deferred tax assets increases the error and divergence of these forecasts. Compared with a negative abnormal change in deferred tax assets, a positive abnormal change has a greater impact on earnings forecasts. Additionally, the level of corporate governance, audit quality and analysts’ professional ability have moderating effects on the correlation between an abnormal change in deferred tax assets and earnings forecasts. However, an abnormal change in deferred tax liabilities does not have a significant impact on that correlation.

Structuring Nanofibers of SMEC Sheets: A New Approach to Control Self‐Folded Shape by Uniaxial Stretching

AbstractShape‐memory elastomer composite (SMEC) sheets, made of a honeycomb structured electrospun poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) fiber mat embedded in a silicone (PDMS) elastomer, fold on themselves upon uniaxial traction. The self‐folding of the composite sheet originates from a bi‐layered structure obtained by a simple one‐step impregnation process. Indeed, the impregnation of a structured PCL fiber mat by oily PDMS in a flat Teflon mold leads, after curing, to an asymmetric composite sheet made of one PDMS flat thin layer on the mold side and one rough PDMS/PCL composite layer on the other side due to specific affinities between the three polymers involved. The self‐folded shape of such structured single sheet obtained upon uniaxial stretching and stress release is controlled by the honeycomb pattern orientation versus stretching direction, by the pattern size and by the applied uniaxial stretching stress. High shape recovery and robust shape memory cycling are also demonstrated by dynamic mechanical analysis. This innovative process based on the mat structuration allows a straightforward one‐step fabrication of shape memory sheets, with a wide scope of tunable self‐folded curvatures exhibiting efficient temperature shape recovery.

DIELECTRIC COMPARISONS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ARAMID INSULATION

This paper summarizes the results of a number of very different test programs designed to characterize the dielectric performance of three families of aramid paper products. The first part of the testing includes a range of papers that seem well suited to layer type liquid-immersed transformer winding applications. The rapid rise breakdown testing includes multiple thicknesses of the three aramid families that vary in density and surface texture. Wire wrap insulation is the focus of the second part of the testing examined. The results include several different types of test programs, ranging from single flat sheet to multiple flat sheets to actual wire wrapped with multiple thicknesses of the sample insulation. In this series, both rapid rise and impulse breakdown testing is reported. Where possible, statistical analysis was used to make comparisons.