Single Row Research Articles

Film hole layout optimization for multi-row film cooling plate in continuous parameter space under non-uniform inlet temperature distribution

Film cooling is an advanced external cooling technology for protecting gas turbine blades from excessive temperatures. To counteract non-uniform heat loads caused by hot streak and swirl effects at the combustion chamber outlet, fine design of film hole positions is necessary. However, the complexity due to the numerous film holes and their positional parameters presents challenges in the independent optimization of film hole positions in a continuous parameter space. This study proposed an optimization method grounded in the divide and conquer approach to address optimization for film hole layout. The film hole layout was decomposed into multiple single rows and optimized systematically by iteratively refining the single-row film hole layout along the streamwise direction using the expectation maximization algorithm. Optimized layouts for five different inlet temperature distributions were obtained using the proposed method and adiabatic wall temperature distributions were compared and analyzed for optimized and staggered layouts. Additionally, the cooling performance of the optimized layout was evaluated against the staggered layout under conjugate heat transfer conditions and the robustness of the optimized layout under various blowing ratios and peak temperature positions was tested. The results demonstrated that the proposed method can optimize the positions of 52 film holes within 0.3h, and it was generalized to various inlet temperature distributions. By enhancing lateral interactions among downstream film jets, the lifting effect of kidney vortex in the optimized layout was weakened, bringing the film jets closer to the wall and significantly increasing coolant coverage during streamwise development. Comparative analysis reveals the superior cooling performance of the optimized layout at the blowing ratio of 1.0, evidenced by a 15.1% reduction in total input heat transfer rate and a 12.3% enhancement in overall cooling efficiency relative to the staggered layout. Under conditions with blowing ratios ranging from 0.5 to 1.5 and peak temperature position deviations, the average wall temperature of the optimized layout consistently remained lower than the staggered layout, indicating the robustness of the optimized layout to variations in blowing ratio and hot streak position.

How Cropping System Influences Robusta Coffee Leaf Gas Exchange Efficiency via Stomatal Regulation

Background: Robusta coffee leaves regulate gas exchange in response to climatic factors like full sun and shaded conditions. To fully understand the reasons behind the variations in photosynthetic rates and water-use efficiency, exploring the underlying mechanisms of stomatal regulation in the maximum photosynthetic efficiency of Robusta coffee trees, especially in a shade condition is necessary. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate how stomatal regulation in Robusta coffee leaves affects gas exchange under different cropping systems. The Robusta coffee trees were grown in four different cropping systems: monoculture (full-sun condition) (S1), intercropped (single row) with rubber trees (S2), intercropped (double spacing) with rubber trees (S3), and intercropped in a mixed orchard (S4). Result: The results revealed that Robusta coffee trees grown between rubber tree rows with closer spacing (S2) exhibited the largest stomata sizes. These stomata sizes had a statistically significant increase in width, length, and area (ranging from 12.04 to 14.74 µm, 19.22 to 25.55 µm, and 202.37 to 296.05 µm², respectively) compared to Robusta coffee grown in S1, S3, and S4 systems. On the other hand, Robusta coffee grown in S1 system displayed the highest stomatal density, ranging from 310 to 540 stomata/mm². Interestingly, coffee trees grown between rubber rows (S3) and in the mixed orchard (S4) exhibited both high rates of photosynthesis (9.18 and 9.35 µmol/m²/s) and photosynthetic water-use efficiency (3.78 and 5.15 mmol/mol). Notably, these values were statistically different from those observed in other planting conditions. Additionally, Robusta coffee grown in S1 system exhibited the highest canopy temperature (ranging from 30.8 to 47.4°C). It also had the lowest Fv/Fm value (ranging from 0.706 to 0.759) compared to other planting conditions. This study indicates that Robusta coffee leaves exhibited varying stomatal responses to changes in light and temperature depending on the cropping system. By understanding how these leaf traits influence adaptation, we could potentially optimize Robusta coffee trees to thrive in full sun and shaded conditions, particularly within intercropping systems.

Selectivity of Herbicides in Controlling Weeds in Corn (Zea mays L) With A Tegel and Jajar Legowo Planting Pattern in West Aceh Regency

Maize (Zea mays L.) has a strategic role in meeting global food needs. How is the selectivity of herbicides in cultivation patterns 1 (single rows) and 2 (double rows) in Maize plants (Zea Mays L), how is the combination of herbs and plant pattern suitable for the management of weeds in corn crops (Zea mays L), how are the interactions of selectivities of herbicides and cultivation of maize (Zea mays L). This study uses Random Group Design (RGD) factorial patterns where factor 1 (herbicide) and factor 2 (planting pattern). The herbicide is composed of 4 types: H0 (control), H1 (Atrazine 180g/l + Mesotrione 40g/ l + Nicosulfuron 20 g/l, H2 (Atazine 500g/L, Mesotrione 50 g/L) and H3 (Topramezone 10 g/ L + Atrazine 300 g/ l). While the planting pattern consists of 2 types: P1: single row (70 x 20 cm) and P2: double rows (100x20x40 cm). Some conclusions were obtained, among others: The use of the herbicide atrazine in several formulas within the tile and legowo planting patterns does not cause poisoning in corn plants. The combination of herbicides (Topramezon 10 g/l and Atrazine 300 g/l / Tile) is most suitable for corn plants. There is an interaction between the herbicide and the planting pattern on the parameters of ear weight without husk and ear length without husk, which shows significant differences

Influence of Different Planting Methods and High-Density Planting on Yield and Economic Parameters in Banana cv. Williams

High density planting is one of novel concepts and it’s effectively increase productivity of per unit area without affecting the fruit quality. Gross yield of banana per hectare mainly depends on yield of per plant and number of plants per hectare. The study was carried out at ICAR- All India Coordinated Research Project on Fruits, Kittur Rani Channamma College of Horticulture, Arabhavi in Belgavi district, Karnataka to study influence of different planting density on both yield and economic parameters of banana cv. Williams during 2021-22. It was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and eight treatments. The results revealed that, the highest values for bunch parameters like bunch length (97.77 cm), bunch width (93.57 cm), number of hands per bunch (11.93), number of fingers in third hand (21.53) and weight of third hand (2.97 kg) was recorded in wider spacing treatment T4 (Single row - 2.4×1.8 m). Regarding to yield parameters like highest bunch weight per hill (36.09 kg) was recorded in T6 (3 plants per hill- 2.7×1.8×0.3 m). While, highest yield per hectare (108.75 t/ha) was found in treatment T8 (Paired row with zig-zag - 2.1×1.2×1.2 m). With respect to the highest gross returns (10,33, 125.00 Rs/ha), net returns (5, 53,725.00 Rs/ha) and highest benefit cost ratio (2.15) was observed in T8 (paired row system of with zig-zag planting).

Investigation of the Discharge Coefficient for Laidback Fan-Shaped Holes on Turbine Blades Under Internal Crossflow Condition

Abstract The discharge coefficient of laidback fan-shaped holes on turbine blades under internal crossflow conditions is investigated using experimental and numerical simulation methods. The study is conducted on a linear cascade, with single rows of film holes set on both the pressure and suction surfaces of the test blade, coolant supplied by an internal crossflow channel. The internal crossflow Reynolds number ranged from 39,100 to 78,200, and the pressure ratio ranged from 1 to 1.5. This research considered the effects of internal crossflow Reynolds numbers and hole length-to-diameter ratio on the discharge coefficient of laidback fan-shaped holes. The findings are as follows: internal crossflow increases the inlet loss of film holes and flow separation within the holes, leading to a significant reduction in the discharge coefficient of film holes. Meanwhile, film holes on the pressure surface of the blade exhibit greater sensitivity to crossflow. Under different hole length-to-diameter ratio conditions, the length of the cylindrical section is the primary factor affecting the discharge coefficient, and the magnitude of the discharge coefficient depends on the extent of flow separation within the cylindrical section. The sensitivity of the discharge coefficient to variations in the cylindrical section length decreases once the cylindrical section length exceeds 2.8D for the pressure surface and 2.0D for the suction surface, where the inlet separation region reattaches to the wall. Under plenum conditions, there are significant differences in the discharge coefficients of film holes between the suction surface and pressure surface, especially at pressure ratios below 1.05.

A new species of Cunninghamia (Cupressaceae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of Hokkaido, Japan

Cunninghamia nakatonbetsuensis sp. nov. is described as a new fossil-species based on a seed cone from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Heitaro-zawa Formation of the Hakobuchi Group, exposed in Heitaro-zawa, Nakatonbetsu Town, Hokkaido, Japan. This newly discovered species has three seeds per the bract-scale complex, a single robust vascular bundle and a resin canal at the base of the bract-scale complex, and a single row of vascular bundles around the middle of the bract-scale complex. These features are shared with other Cunninghamia species. This new species shares many characters with extant C. lanceolata, such as the trilobed ovuliferous scale, which is fused to the bract except for lateral margins, and branching pattern of vascular bundles in the bract-scale complex. However, it is different from extant and fossil Cunninghamia species including C. lanceolata by possessing thicker bract-scale complex.

Cost analysis of dermal allograft patch utilization in rotator cuff repair

PurposeTo perform an analysis of intra-operative costs associated with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair acellular dermal allograft patch augmentation and interposition. MethodsThis was a matched cohort retrospective cost identification analysis. We identified patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with acellular dermal allograft patch augmentation or interposition between 2014 to 2023 at a single academic center. These were matched based on age and tear size to a cohort of patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair without a patch. Patients without preoperative MRI data were excluded. Via chart review, we collected demographics, medical comorbidities, tear characteristics, and intra-operative repair characteristics. Patch and control patients were compared with paired t tests. Differences in costs between patch and control patients were assessed using multivariable regression controlling for observable covariates. ResultsOne hundred and thirty-two (132) total patients were included: 66 patch patients and 66 control patients. The patch group demonstrated more tear retraction and utilized single row medial repair more frequently. Multivariable analysis revealed that there was a $4,930 total direct cost increase with the utilization of a patch (p<0.001) after controlling for age, BMI, ASA, CCI, gender, surgeon, tear width, number of anchors, occupation, biceps treatment, prior surgery, and repair construct. The multivariable analysis also revealed that a higher ASA was associated with a $1,440 increase in cost (p=0.012). Biceps tenotomy was associated with a $3,303 decrease in cost compared to tenodesis (p=0.001). Additionally, single row medial repair demonstrated a $1,745 decrease in total direct cost when compared to a double row repair construct (p=0.019). ConclusionThe addition of a patch increases the total direct cost by $4,930 when compared to arthroscopic RCR without a patch. Increased ASA, biceps tenodesis, and use of a double row repair construct were also associated with increased cost.

A deep-learning approach for 3D realization of mean wake flow of marine hydrokinetic turbine arrays

We present a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm to reconstruct turbulence statistics in the wake of marine hydrokinetic (MHK) turbine arrays installed in large meandering rivers. To train the CNN, we utilize large eddy simulation (LES) data depicting the wake flow from a single row of turbines. Once trained, the CNN is deployed to forecast the wake flow of MHK turbine arrays under different hydrodynamic conditions and for varying waterway plan-form geometry. Validation of the CNN predictions are conducted using independently performed LES. Our findings demonstrate the capacity of CNN to accurately predict the wake flow of MHK turbine arrays at significantly reduced computational cost compared to LES. Additionally, the comparison between CNN and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation exhibits a notable advantage of CNN in prediction efficiency and accuracy. This research highlights the potential of CNN to establish reduced-order models for facilitating control co-design and optimization of MHK turbine arrays within natural environments.

TendrilBot: Modular soft robot with versatile radial grasping and locomotion capabilities

This paper introduces TendrilBot, a novel modular soft robot designed for versatile manipulation, stiffness modulation, and locomotion tasks. Built upon previously developed modular units, the TendrilBot consists of multiple actuators connected linearly in linear, cylindrical, or helix configurations. Cylindrical configurations (single row or stacked) enable the robot to wrap around objects for grasping and manipulation in a single row or stacked configuration when interconnected with the magnets on sides of the units. Additionally, such configurations further facilitate internal grasping within hollow tubes or objects holding them with its reconfigurable shape. Both wrapping and internal grasping are experimentally validated to demonstrate radial stiffness modulation and squeezing capabilities. By further rearranging these modular units, TendrilBot can transform into a robotic arm with four or more degrees of freedom, significantly enhancing its manipulative capabilities. In addition, two types of locomotion are demonstrated. When connected in a linear configuration, TendrilBot exhibits locomotion through a sinusoidal motion pattern, similar to sidewinding. When connected in a circular configuration, TendrilBot can achieve locomotion via rolling with steering capabilities, utilizing its cylindrical or helical shape, respectively. Presented are detailed design configurations and characterization of TendrilBot functionalities and capabilities. In addition, we developed a data-driven model that can accurately capture bending of the modular soft actuators, which was validated by the experimental results. Comparison with other similar modular soft robots is provided and discussed. Extensive experimental validations are performed to showcase TendrilBot's potential for diverse applications in the field of modular soft robotics.

An advance in the understanding the systematics of Echinochasmus Dietz, 1909 and Stephanoprora Odhner, 1902 (Digenea: Echinochasmidae), with the description of a new species of Echinochasmus from the Neotropical region of Mexico

Echinochasmids are a group of globally distributed digeneans, and the adults are found in the intestines of birds, mammals and reptiles. In the Neotropical region of Mexico, adult specimens were obtained from seven fish-eating bird species in six localities, whereas specimens of Stephanoprora aylacostoma were obtained experimentally in Argentina. Morphologically, the new specimens from the Neotropical region of Mexico were identified as Stephanoprora uruguayense and an undescribed species of Echinochasmus. Sequences for two nuclear (large subunit (28S) and internal transcribed spacer from DNA ribosomal (ITS1–5.8S–ITS2)) molecular markers were generated and analysed together with other sequences downloaded from GenBank. The phylogenies obtained with each molecular marker indicated that Echinochasmus is paraphyletic and agreed with previous phylogenetic studies. The first cluster included the type species (E. coaxatus, which has 24 head-collar spines) plus three congeneric species. The second cluster contained species of Echinochasmus plus Stephanoprora, including the species analysed herein, S. uruguayense, S. aylacostoma (with 22 head-collar spines) and Echinochasmus sp. (with 20 head-collar spines), which formed three independent subclades, allowing us to recognize a lineage that was described morphologically as a new species. Echinochasmus ostrowskiae n. sp. can be distinguished from its congeners by having a head collar with 20 spines in a single row, seven spines on each edge and three angle spines, and a pharynx with an irregular edge and by the body, egg and collar spine sizes. Additionally, new host and locality records for S. uruguayense are presented, expanding its geographical distribution range in the Americas.

Design and Implementation of a Land-Air Omnidirectional Mobile Robot

This paper proposes a new type of omnidirectional mobile robot for land and air, which has three motion modes, combines the motion characteristics of land motion and air flight, has the ability to climb walls, and can be actively deformed to adapt to the working conditions according to the current working environment. The robot incorporates an innovative “rotor blade–single row omnidirectional wheel” composite structure, which is mainly characterized by a single row of continuous switching wheels covering the outside of each rotor blade, and does not need to provide additional power when moving on the ground and walls, relying on the driving force generated by the rotor blades to drive the continuous switching wheels driven by the rotor blades. This structure can effectively combine the land movement mode, wall crawling mode, and air flight mode, which reduces the energy consumption of the robot without increasing the weight, and we design a deformation device that can realize the transformation of the three modes into each other. This paper mainly focuses on the design of the robot structure and the analysis of the movement method, and the land omnidirectional movement experiments, wall crawling experiments, and air flight experiments were, respectively, carried out, and the results show that the proposed land and air omnidirectional mobile robot has the ability to adapt to the movement of each scene, and improves the upper limit of the robot’s operation.

Poster 127: Repairs of Isolated Supraspinatus Tears: Single vs. Double Row Repairs Effect on Patient-Reported Outcomes Over a 2-Year Episode of Care

Objectives: Rotator cuff tears are the most common cause of shoulder disability, most commonly affecting the middle-aged population. Treatment for rotator cuff tears has changed dramatically over the past few decades, with overall volume of rotator cuff repairs (RCRs) increasing by approximately 1.6% each year. Simultaneously, there has been a shift from open, inpatient RCR to arthroscopic, outpatient procedures. Currently, well over 75% of patients undergo arthroscopic repair. The two most common techniques for rotator cuff fixation include single- or double-row fixation. Cadaveric and biomechanical studies demonstrate more complete reduction of the rotator cuff to its original footprint with double row repair, with a subsequent increase in anatomic restoration and biomechanical advantage. Many studies regarding clinical and functional outcomes, however, have not consistently demonstrated statistically significant differences between the two. The purpose of this study is to determine differences in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) after single- and double-row rotator cuff repairs at one and two years postoperatively. We hypothesize that single-row RCR will have noninferior clinical and patient-reported outcomes when compared to the double-row RCR cohort over the 2-year episode of care. Primary outcomes include baseline, 1-year and 2-year postoperative Single Assessment Numeric Evaluation (SANE) scores. Methods: All patients within a single health system that underwent primary rotator cuff repair between 2016 and 2022 were eligible for inclusion in this study. Exclusion criteria included incomplete baseline PROs, involvement of infraspinatus, subscapularis or teres minor tendons, revision surgeries, and concomitant fractures of the shoulder. Demographic information including age, sex, BMI, ASA score, injury characteristics and medical comorbidities were obtained through review of the patients’ electronic medical record. Surgical characteristics and technique were obtained from operative notes. PROs were collected prospectively and stored in a HIPAA-compliant electronic database until retrospective review for this study. Primary outcomes of interest include SANE score at baseline, 1-year and 2-years postoperatively. Secondary outcomes of interest included American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) global 10 health questionnaire scores, rates of symptomatic retear and reoperation. Statistical analysis included descriptive analyses, paired t-tests, chi-squared test of independence and one-way ANOVA as appropriate. Statistical significance was defined as an alpha value of p ≤ 0.05. Results: A total of 237 patients met criteria for inclusion in this study, the majority of which were female (122, 51.5%). The average BMI was 30.0 ± 5.6, and the average age of the study participants was 59.0 ± 9.4 years. The majority of patients underwent double-row RCR (134, 56.5%). There were no significant differences in age, BMI, ASA score, gender, or smoking status between the two groups (Table 1). There was a higher observed frequency of diabetes mellitus than expected in the double-row cohort, however this did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.066). There was no significant difference in symptomatic retear, revision RCR, and other reoperation rates between the two cohorts (Table 2). The cohort that received double-row repair had a higher observed frequency of full-thickness tears than expected (p &lt;0.001), however there was no significant difference in the observed frequencies of chronic and acute tears between the two cohorts. Baseline ASES scores did not differ significantly between the two cohorts (p = 0.505). Both cohorts saw statistically significant increase in ASES scores from baseline to 1-year (Figure 1). The difference between 1-year and 2-year ASES scores was less than a quarter of the improvement seen in the first year postoperatively, however, was still statistically significant in the double-row cohort and neared statistical significance in the single-row cohort (p = 0.048 and p = 0.075, respectively). While both cohorts saw significant improvement in ASES scores over the 2-year period, there was no significant difference in score change between the two cohorts. The baseline SANE scores were 40.7 ± 20.6 and 43.2 ± 21.4 for the double and single-row cohorts respectively. Each cohort saw statistically significant increases in SANE scores at 1 year postoperatively and continued to see significant increase between 1- and 2-years postoperatively (Figure 1). There was no statistically significant difference between the two cohorts regarding 1- and 2-year change in SANE scores. Conclusions: Over a 2-year period of care after RCR, patients saw significant improvement in SANE and ASES scores, with the majority occurring in the first year postoperatively. There were no statistically significant differences in patient-reported outcomes between patients that underwent double- and single-row repairs. Single- and double-row RCRs perform comparably over a 2-year episode of care, with excellent clinical and patient-reported outcomes. [Figure: see text]

SYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY AND ECONOMICS OF INTERCROPPING Maize WITH SUGARCANE

To investigate the effects of intercropping of maize with sugarcane on cane development, outturn, and overall economic return, field experiments were carried out during the cropping year 2021–22 in two different locations: Bangladesh Sugarcrop Research Institute (BSRI), Ishwardi, Pabna and the Regional Sugarcrop Research Station (RSRS), Thakurgaon, Bangladesh. There were nine treatments namely T1 : Single row sugarcane only (SS), T2 : SS+ Maize (During sett placement), T3 : SS+ Maize (7 days after sett placement), T4 : SS+ Maize (14 days after sett placement), T5 : SS+ Maize (21 days after sett placement), T6 : SS+ Maize (28 days after sett placement), T7 : SS+ Maize (35 days after sett placement), T8 : SS+ Maize (42 days after sett placement), T9 : Maize (M) only. Sugarcane variety “Isd 39” and maize variety “Super 92” were used in this experiment as experimental materials. Results indicated that T7 treatment was superior in terms of germination (56.56% at BSRI and 57.33% at Thakurgaon). The treatments T1 (174.33×103 ha-1 and 184.00×103 ha-1) and T7 (162.67×103 ha-1 and 168.00×103 ha-1) consistently exhibited superior tiller production and millable cane yield at both the locations. However, T1 generally resulted in higher cane yield, while T7 demonstrated higher SEY (108.25 t ha-1 at BSRI and 114.79 t ha-1 at Thakurgaon), LER (1.56 at BSRI and 1.52 at Thakurgaon), ATER (1.20 at BSRI and 1.16 at Thakurgaon), gross monetary value (487133 BDT ha-1 at BSRI and 516533 BDTha-1at Thakurgaon), and monetary advantage index (175178 at BSRI and 177542 at Thakurgaon) compared to other treatments. Treatment T2 also showed competitive SEY (105.52 t ha-1 at BSRI and 108.69 t ha-1 at Thakurgaon), LER (1.64 at BSRI and 1.54 at Thakurgaon), ATER (1.13 at BSRI and 1.07 at Thakurgaon), gross monetary value (474867 BDT ha-1at BSRI and 489100 BDT ha-1at Thakurgaon), and monetary advantage index (184942 at BSRI and 173134 at Thakurgaon), indicating its effectiveness in enhancing sugarcane production. Therefore, it maize planted 35 days after sugarcane sett placement (T7 ) or during sugarcane sett placement (T2 ), profitable intercropping system.

Assessment of wheat genotypes for spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc.) resistance under artificial epiphytotic conditions in the inner terai of Nepal

Spot blotch, caused by (Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc.) is a significant fungal disease leading to economic losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum), especially in regions with low soil fertility and warm, humid climates, such as the inner Terai of Nepal. A field experiment was conducted at the National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, during winter of 2021/022 with an aim of identifying wheat genotypes with spot blotch resistance under artificial epiphytotic conditions. Each genotype was sown in a single 2-meter long row alongside susceptible check genotypes (Agra and Morocco) at every 20th row. Aqueous spore suspension of B. sorokiniana was applied twice in border rows during the booting stage at 15-day intervals. Disease severity was assessed four times at five-day intervals using a double-digit scale based on the percentage blighted area on the flag and penultimate leaf, and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. The results categorized 43 genotypes as resistant, 127 as moderately resistants, 135 as moderately susceptible, 66 as susceptible, and 7 as highly susceptible based on AUDPC. Cluster analysis identified cluster 3 comprising 17 genotypes as superior in terms of disease resistance as well as agronomic parameters. NRN-34 emerged as the top-ranked genotype within this cluster, followed by NAL-73, NAL-94, NAL-12, NRN-34, NAL-57, NAL-43, NAL-82, and NAL-35, exhibiting lower AUDPC values and higher yield-attributing character values. This study will aid breeders in developing spot blotch-resistant and high-yielding wheat varieties by incorporating the identified promising genotypes into further breeding programs.

Patient, imaging, and surgical factors associated with supraspinatus re-tear pattern after rotator cuff repair

BackgroundThis study aimed to characterize patient, imaging, and surgical factors associated with re-tear patterns after rotator cuff repair, as well as to identify predictors of type 2 failure in a large patient cohort. MethodsA retrospective case-control study was performed at a single urban academic institution. All patients that underwent an arthroscopic rotator cuff repair by two fellowship trained shoulder and elbow surgeons between 2005 and 2022 and were subsequently found to have a symptomatic re-tear on MRI were included. Patients were characterized as either a type 1 (failure at bone-tendon interface) or type 2 (failure medial to the bone-tendon junction) re-tear based on the Cho classification. Chart review was performed to collect demographic, imaging, and intraoperative surgical factors. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine patient and imaging factors associated with type 2 failure. ResultsFifty-seven patients were included in the study. Overall, 33 (57.9%) patients were classified as a Cho 1 re-tear and 24 (42.1%) were classified as Cho 2 re-tear. No differences in preoperative tear characteristics (tear width, tear retraction, tendon length) or fatty infiltration were found between Cho 1 and Cho 2 re-tears. Bivariate analysis comparing Cho 1 vs Cho 2 found male sex was associated with a higher incidence of a Cho 2 re-tear (79.2% vs. 20.8%; p=0.033). No significant differences in repair construct (single row vs. double row) (p=0.816), biceps treatment (p=0.552), concomitant subscapularis repair (p=0.306), number of medial anchors (p=0.533), or number of lateral anchors (p=0.776) were noted between re-tear types. After controlling for potential confounding factors, multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that male sex was predictive of developing a Cho 2 re-tear (OR 3.8; 95% CI 1.1-13.3; p=0.039). Repair construct was not found to be predictive of re-tear pattern (p=0.580). ConclusionsRepair construct utilized during rotator cuff repair does not appear to influence re-tear pattern. Male sex was associated with a higher rate of type 2 failure.

Evaluating Water Stress Adaptation in Cotton: Multivariate Analysis in F6–F7 Generations for Yield, Fibre Quality and Variety Selection

AbstractThe impact of drought stress on productivity of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a well‐known challenge in agricultural production, and concurrently, the question of whether using the same or different selection criteria in well‐watered and water‐deficit conditions to select drought‐tolerant cotton varieties remains unclear. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the single plant progeny lines within the F6 and F7 generations for determine response to DS and select the tolerant lines within the F7 generation. Single plant progeny rows were established, with the deficit water condition comprising 108 and 136 single plants for the F6 and F7 generations, respectively, and the WW condition consisting of 120 and 156 single plants for the F6 and F7 generations, respectively, with four blocks in Augmented experimental design. These progeny rows have length of 12 m, incorporate five control varieties (Karizma, Gloria, Carla, Candia and Claudia) to facilitate a comprehensive comparison. The study findings showed that fibre length, boll number and lint percentage were identified as the most crucial selection criteria under both WW and deficit irrigation conditions through principal component analysis. These indicators are highly beneficial for evaluating cotton's drought tolerance and screening potential drought‐tolerant lines under both irrigation scenarios. According to the decision tree analysis, FL and BN have emerged as the most critical decision‐making parameter in both irrigation conditions. Furthermore, the analysis revealed that each selection criterion has different impact in the comprehensive selection process. Also, as a result of all statistical analysis results and breeder observations, a total of 10 cotton lines were selected in the F7 generation. These selected genotypes hold promise for future cotton breeding programmes, providing an avenue to enhance drought tolerance and elevate cotton yield and productivity.Clinical Trial Registration: This study does not involve a clinical trial, and therefore, clinical trial registration is not applicable.

Experimental and numerical characterization of column webs/faces loaded out-of-plane in steel joints

This paper presents a comprehensive investigation into the behavior of column webs/faces under out-of-plane loading within steel joints. The experimental component of the study involves testing five profiles, encompassing both open and closed sections with varying web slenderness and steel grade, subjected to direct out-of-plane tensile loads through bolted connections, utilizing both single and double rows of bolts. Concurrently, numerical simulations are conducted using finite element models, thoroughly calibrated with the experimental results. Drawing upon the calibrated numerical models, the paper systematically explores the influence of key parameters, including web slenderness, bolt arrangement, and analysis methods, through a parametric study involving 167 cases. A careful comparison of the observed behavior of the component from experimental tests, numerical models, and analytical models for initial stiffness is presented. Finally, the initial stiffness formulation derived from a recent model developed by the authors is improved to align with the observations from the experimental and numerical results.

Computational Fluid Dynamics Investigation of the Spacing of the Aerodynamic Characteristics for Multiple Wingsails on Ships

Wind energy, as an inexhaustible energy source, has become a focal point in the development of new energy for ships. Sail-assisted technology, which leverages wind power, has been successfully applied to ship propulsion. The propulsion performance of sail-assisted ships is affected by the interference characteristics among multiple wingsails. To investigate interference characteristics, an arrangement scheme involving two-element wingsails and considering the relative wind direction angle was established. To obtain the inter-stage interference characteristics of wingsails, the Reynolds average N-S equation was used in the numerical simulation conducted under steady operating conditions. The results indicate that, at the relative wind angles of 30°, 90°, and 120°, the minimum horizontal spacing in a single row arrangement scheme is 1.5c. However, at relative wind angles of 90° and 120°, inter-stage interference may induce stall conditions in the wingsails. In a double-row arrangement scheme, the wake of the upstream wingsail interferes with the flow of the downstream sail at relative wind angles of 90°. An optimal propulsion performance is achieved with a horizontal spacing of 4c and a longitudinal spacing of 10c. Moreover, the interference performance of the two-element wingsails can be enhanced through a horizontal offset arrangement. This study provides a reference for the arrangement of wingsails on ships.

Determining Suitable Sampling Times for Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions Helps to Accurately Evaluate the Ability of Rubber-Based Agroforestry Systems to Cope with Climate Stress

Agroforestry is known to significantly improve long-term land productivity, potentially enhancing the ability to cope with climate stress. However, there is limited information regarding the accurate monitoring of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in rubber-based agroforestry systems. Before GHGs can be accurately estimated, the diurnal variations and suitable sampling times must be studied to reduce the uncertainty of the manual static chamber method. In this study, the soil GHGs emitted from conventional single-row (SR) and improved double-row (DR) rubber plantations were compared across the dry and wet seasons in Hainan, China. A total of 1728 GHG samples from a field trial were collected, analyzed, and related to environmental factors. The results demonstrated that the diurnal fluxes of CO2 in rubber plantations were likely to remain fluctuating, with the maximum typically occurring during the night-time and daytime hours of the dry and wet seasons, respectively. A clearer double-peak (around 2:00 and 14:00) during the dry season and a daytime peak (14:00) during the wet season of the N2O were recorded. In addition to the commonalities, different seasons and different types of GHGs and rubber plantations also differed in their detailed fluctuation times and ranges; therefore, the determination of suitable sampling times should not ignore these factors in certain cases. Based on this study, it was determined that the late afternoon (16:00–18:00) was the suitable sampling time of soil GHGs in rubber plantations, instead of the most common morning times (with an underestimation of 25% on average). In addition, the air humidity during the dry season and the soil temperature during the wet season were both positively correlated with GHGs (p &lt; 0.05). This study highlights the significance of accurately monitoring soil GHGs in rubber-based agroforestry systems, providing a basic reference for the development and management of climate-smart land use practices in rubber plantations.

Effect of Different Spacing Levels on Yield and Yield Contributing Characters in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

The experiment titled "Effect of different spacing levels on yield and yield contributing characters in cocoa" was conducted at the Coconut Farm of the Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Utilizing a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with eight treatments replicated three times, the study aimed to investigate the impact of spacing levels on cocoa yield traits. The treatments involved in the experiment included a double row of cocoa planted between two rows of coconut trees, with spacing configurations as follows: T1 (3m x 1.2m), T2 (3m x 2m), T3 (3m x 2.5m), and T4 (3m x 3m). Additionally, a single row of cocoa between two coconut rows was examined, with spacings represented by T5 (1.5m), T6 (2m), T7 (2.5m), and T8 (3m). Results revealed significant variations among spacing treatments, with cocoa at 3m spacing demonstrating the highest productivity, yielding 43.47 pods per tree and 1021.48 g of dry beans per tree. Noteworthy findings included T1 (3m x 1.2m) exhibiting the longest pods (16.64 cm), T6 (2m) the widest pod girth (21.67 cm), and T8 (3m) producing the heaviest pods (204.50 g). Additionally, T6 yielded the highest total beans per pod (37.34) and dry bean weight (25.44 g), T4 had the heaviest single fresh bean (1.63 g), and T2 demonstrated the highest single dry bean weight (0.70 g). These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing cocoa cultivation practices, emphasizing the importance of spacing configurations in maximizing yield and bean characteristics.