Single Referent Research Articles

Atrial pace mapping with automatic intracardiac pattern matching for non-pulmonary vein trigger ablation: accuracy and feasibility

Abstract Atrial pace mapping (APM) is an alternative method to localize non-pulmonary vein (non-PV) triggers of atrial fibrillation(AF) that are otherwise not eligible for activation mapping due to their instability. The technique applies pattern matching of p-waves and intracardiac signals of atrial trigger and pacing from the site of the suspected origin. A new automated algorithm for intracardiac (IC) pattern matching was recently introduced into the 3D mapping system using the unipolar signal of the reference catheter. The study aims to assess the accuracy and feasibility of APM using IC-pattern matching for localizing non-PV triggers. Methods We assessed the precision of APM using a single chamber and double chamber reference in 20 patients who underwent index pulmonary vein isolation. APM was performed at the anterior and posterior wall of the left atrium (LApost, Laant) and the posterior and lateral wall of the right atrium (Rapost, Ralat). The first pacing point was declared as the origin. The IC-pattern matching algorithm was applied to calculate the similarity of the IC-pattern of the origin to the paced IC-pattern across various distances. The distribution of IC-pattern similarities was analyzed in the Python environment. The feasibility of APM was tested in patients who underwent REDO ablation of AF if all PVs were isolated and no low-voltage substrate was detected. The induction protocol for non-PV triggers included programmed and burst atrial pacing, high-dose isoproterenol, and adenosine infusion. If the IC pattern of the trigger was reproducible, the IC pattern matching was conducted. Ablation was performed at the site of the best IC-pattern matching. Results Atrial PM with IC-pattern matching and a single referent catheter showed lower precision in the RA lateral region (the median[Q1; Q3 ]area of 5% best matching score 1.48 [0.76; 2.01], 0.62[0.15; 1.06], 0.6[0.38; 1.19] and 5.68[2.89; 11.1] cm2 for LApost, LAant, RApost, RAlat accordingly, p = 0.0316). IC-pattern matching with double referent catheter showed high precision at all four anatomical regions (the median [Q1; Q3] area of 5% best matching score 0.126 [0.0879; 0.356], 0.486 [0.205; 0.717], 0.269 [0.198; 0.719], and 0.257 [0.0740; 0.572] cm2 for LApost, LAant, RApost, RAlat accordingly, Fig. 1). Seven out of 37 patients referred to REDO ablation had all PV isolated and absence of low-voltage substrate. In 3 of them, sustained tachycardias (AVNRT, focal atrial tachycardia and typical atrial flutter) were induced, mapped, and ablated. Non-sustained FAT from the RA posterior wall and PAC in the RA septum were induced under the high-dose isoproterenol infusion in two patients. Atrial pace mapping with double chamber referent and successful ablation of these non-PV triggers were performed (Fig.2). Conclusion The atrial pace mapping of non-PV triggers employing the automatic intracardiac pace mapping algorithm is feasible with high accuracy if a double-chamber referent is used.Accuracy of atrial pace mappingNon-PV trigger pace mapping

Managing child abuse or suspected child abuse in primary care: Results from a qualitative study of general practitioners trained in detecting child abuse: Managing child abuse or suspected child abuse in primary care

IntroductionIdentifying and alerting suspected child abuse enables its investigation and management. In France, anyone can report the situation to child services when child abuse is suspected. However, the number of reports of concern received from physicians is low, and lack of knowledge is a frequent obstacle. This study aimed to explore the practices of trained general practitioners (GPs) regarding the identification and management of suspected child abuse. MethodWe led a qualitative study from February to November 2021 based on a grounded theory approach. We conducted semi-structured interviews with GPs working in the south of France who had received training in identifying child abuse. We performed an inductive analysis using NVivo software. ResultsWe interviewed 10 GPs (data saturation with seventh GP). Despite the training, obstacles seemed to persist, such as apprehension of the parents’ reaction, the technical difficulties of the process, and the lack of feedback after making a report. Being accompanied by a professional who can be directly contacted would facilitate the communication of worrying information. Without direct links to a single referent, doctors would prefer alternative ways of referring their patients to organizations they were familiar with. Discussion and conclusionGPs expressed a need for easy access to childcare professionals to support them in the decision to file a report of suspected child abuse. A multidisciplinary approach and a dedicated point of contact seemed to help the process. Nominating a child protection referent doctor per department and creating specific units in hospitals for children at risk would help GPs get effectual contacts for reporting worrying information and better care for children at risk of abuse.

Dynamics of Language Processes, Literary Language Norms and Phenomena Under Reconstruction Or Crises of Communication In Bulgarian Society

The article traces the dynamics of several linguistic processes related to: the use of diminutive forms in contemporary Bulgarian language as dynamics and as a challenge of mastering these forms in Bulgarian language as a native and as a foreign language; the development of the grammatical category of definitiveness of the names of institutions, placing the emphasis on the vacillations of the literary requirement by means of the article morpheme to clearly underscore that a single referent is what is meant and this singleness is grammaticaly unfolded by using article morphemes; the processes of derflexivization of verbs like ‚be afraid of‘, ‚be ashamed‘ of, ‚smile‘, among others.

Жизнь как поиск. Памяти Александра Леонидовича Никифорова (1940–2023)

The article provides an overview of the creative heritage of Alexander Leonidovich Nikiforov, an attempt is made to comprehend it in an integral way. The main purpose of the author of this article is the exposition of the philosopher’s views on key theoretical issues. Each section of the article is based on the reference material, which, in the author’s opinion, most successfully demonstrates the position of A.L. Nikiforov on indicated issues. In particular, his views on the nature of philosophical knowledge and the problem of the relationship between philosophy and science are presented. His criticism of the traditional semantic theory that defines the meaning of a word through a single referent in the physical world is analyzed, as well as his proposed concept of a proper name as a common sign carrying informative and communicative functions: the sign is a complex structure consisting of physical, cultural and personal layers. A.L. Nikiforov’s ideas about the historical development of science and, in general, about the future development of mankind are revealed. His political reflections are outlined as well – his critics of liberal ideology for the reduction of human needs and an abstract idea of the individual. Nikiforov pays special attention to the importance of preserving historical memory and the need to counter destructive trends in this area. Special attention is paid to his point of view on the methodology of the humanities, which by their very nature are characterized by an orientation towards secondary interpretation and subjectivity. His criticism of the L. Wittgenstein’s “Logical and Philosophical Treatise” and reflections on the problem of the meaning of life, which he sees in the creative self-realization of a person, are outlined as well.

Жизнь как поиск. Памяти Александра Леонидовича Никифорова (1940–2023)

The article provides an overview of the creative heritage of Alexander Leonidovich Nikiforov, an attempt is made to comprehend it in an integral way. The main purpose of the author of this article is the exposition of the philosopher’s views on key theoretical issues. Each section of the article is based on the reference material, which, in the author’s opinion, most successfully demonstrates the position of A.L. Nikiforov on indicated issues. In particular, his views on the nature of philosophical knowledge and the problem of the relationship between philosophy and science are presented. His criticism of the traditional semantic theory that defines the meaning of a word through a single referent in the physical world is analyzed, as well as his proposed concept of a proper name as a common sign carrying informative and communicative functions: the sign is a complex structure consisting of physical, cultural and personal layers. A.L. Nikiforov’s ideas about the historical development of science and, in general, about the future development of mankind are revealed. His political reflections are outlined as well – his critics of liberal ideology for the reduction of human needs and an abstract idea of the individual. Nikiforov pays special attention to the importance of preserving historical memory and the need to counter destructive trends in this area. Special attention is paid to his point of view on the methodology of the humanities, which by their very nature are characterized by an orientation towards secondary interpretation and subjectivity. His criticism of the L. Wittgenstein’s “Logical and Philosophical Treatise” and reflections on the problem of the meaning of life, which he sees in the creative self-realization of a person, are outlined as well.

REFERENTNE GRUPE KAO PERSPEKTIVE

In spite of ambiguity, reference group has become an increasingly popular concept, utilized in hypotheses concerning a variety of social pehnomena. The restriction of this concepts to a single referent, namely, group whose perspective is used as a frame of reference by the actor, will increase its usefulness as an analytic tool. Shared perspectives arise through participation in common communication channels, and the cultural pluralism of modern mass societies arises from the easy accessibility of a multiplicity of channels. The concept of reference group, if defined with greater precision, can greatly facilitate research on the manner in which each actor’s orientation toward his world is structured. Key Words: Group perspective, Reference frame, Channels of communication, Social worlds

The illusory truth effect requires semantic coherence across repetitions

Repeated exposure to information increases its' perceived truth, and this illusory truth effect is often explained by two theoretical frameworks: the fluency account and the referential theory of truth. Whereas the fluency account suggests that prior activation of a single referent within a statement should increase its perceived truth, the referential theory makes no such predictions. The referential theory instead proposes that when a statement is processed, it activates the corresponding memory referents within that statement and strengthens the connection between these referents in the semantic memory network. Because repeated statements will have more coherent corresponding referents than new statements, they are perceived as relatively truer. Experiments 1 and 2 focused on testing the fluency account, with participants exposed to one or two of a statement's referents before evaluating that statement's truth. Experiments 3 and 4 focused on the referential theory by exposing participants to non-critical facts that linked together two of a critical statements' referents before evaluating the truth of the critical statements. We consistently observed a standard illusory truth effect, such that facts that repeated verbatim were rated as truer than new facts. However, perceived truth was not affected by prior exposure to the critical statement's topic (Experiment 1) or by prior exposure to non-critical facts related to the same topic(s) as the critical statement (Experiment 2). There was also no boost in perceived truth following prior exposure to non-critical facts that linked together two of the primary referents of the critical statement but did so in a semantically distinct manner from how those same referents were linked in the critical statement itself (Experiments 3 and 4). However, Experiment 4 demonstrated that perceived truth significantly increased if there was prior exposure to non-critical facts that linked two of the critical statement primary referents in a way that was semantically coherent with how those same referents were linked within the critical statement. Together, these results are consistent with the referential theory, and suggest that semantic consistency across repetitions plays a crucial role in leading to repetition-based illusory truth effects.

Economic valuation of the impact on the Gulf of Mexico ecosystems: The deepwater horizon case

The value of nature does not escape the interests of those who cannot conceive the limits of such an important and vital element. The valuation on nature is developed to generate a reference and take actions accordingly. In this regard, the Contingent Valuation method is the most commonly referred to, but it involves the design of a structured survey in which the main question is whether there is a willingness to accept an amount of money in compensation (DAC) for the loss of an eco-friendly good or service. systemic or willingness to pay an amount of money to keep it (DAP). One or the other is defined without having a single referent and has been taken as a synonym of the total economic value. For this case, the problem of justifying the output value (DAP) was raised. The objective was to develop a methodology that based on data on household income and expenditure (ENIGH) in Mexico and applying a percentage to the expenditure per month, provided a basis for calculating that amount. The resulting methodology was accepted in the Valuation of goods and services provided by the Gulf of Mexico, after the Deepwater Horizon accident.

Put you in the problem: Effects of self-pronouns on mathematical problem-solving.

Self-cues such as personal pronouns are known to elicit processing biases, such as attention capture and prioritisation in working memory. This may impact the performance of tasks that have a high attentional load like mathematical problem-solving. Here, we compared the speed and accuracy with which children solved numerical problems that included either the self-cue "you," or a different character name. First, we piloted a self-referencing manipulation with N = 52, 7 to 11 year-olds, testing performance on addition and subtraction problems that had either a single referent ("You"/"Sam") or more than one referent. We took into account operation and positioning of the pronoun and also measured performance on attention and working memory tasks. We found a robust accuracy advantage for problems that included "you," regardless of how many characters were included. The accuracy advantage for problems with a self-pronoun was not statistically associated with individual differences in attention or working memory. In our main study (9 to 11 year-olds, N = 144), we manipulated problem difficulty by creating consistently and inconsistently worded addition and subtraction problems. We found significantly higher speed and accuracy for problems that included "you." However, this effect varied by task difficulty, with the self-pronoun effect being strongest in the most difficult inconsistently worded, subtraction problems. The advantage of problems with a self-pronoun was not associated with individual differences in working memory. These findings suggest that self-cues like the pronoun "you" can be usefully applied in numerical processing tasks, an effect that may be attributable to the effects of self-cues on attention.

Reiterative Code-Switching: Argument-Marking in Cena

Situations of language contact are often the norm for sign languages. This article investigates a case of unimodal contact between Cena, a young sign language in its third generation that is used in a small rural community in Brazil, and Libras, the national sign language of Brazil. Our analysis concerns one by-product of this contact: reiterative code-switches, wherein signers produce a sequence of two signs—one from each language—with the same meaning to label a single referent. We consider several motivations detailed in existing literature on code-switching, before proposing an explanation motivated by the disambiguation of reversible (therefore potentially ambiguous) verb events, primarily by using reiteration to focus agents. We suggest that with this phenomenon, we see signers employ a previously unattested strategy to mark arguments and thereby aid syntactic disambiguation.

Les paradoxes dans l’étude du nom propre

It is explicitly or implicitly stated in many scholarly works on proper names that the linguistic status of these lexical items is “odd” (étrange). Their odd nature is due to several factors, such as their functional propensity to correlate with a single referent, lack of conceptual meaning, morphological invariability, inability to be clearly differentiated from common names due to a lack of unambiguous and generally accepted criteria, etc. Therefore, the class of proper names looks, both quantitatively and qualitatively, like a very vague conceptual structure. Under the umbrella term of “proper name,” researchers include lexical units that are different in their lexical-semantic and communicative-pragmatic nature, which, in many cases, contradicts the theoretical propositions offered to explain their linguistic and speech features. Thus, quoting Gustave Guillaume, the proposed principles of theories of proper names “do not always face the facts in an antagonistic position.” This is the essence of inconsistencies in the interpretation of the linguistic status of proper names. The present study analyzes the conceptual foundations of several basic, in our opinion, paradoxes that are inherent in the linguistic studies of proper names.

Sport federation investment in health promotion: program implementation and viability

Abstract Background Researchers have called for a better recognition of the potential of sports clubs for health promotion (HP), but less is known on the support provided by sports federation. The present study analyses the the implementation of the Gaelic Athletics Association (GAA) Healthy Club Project, to investigate its organization’s viability. Methods A single case study was realized, based on observation, document analysis and interviews, to document the viable system model. Results Results have identified a three-level structure, where 6 employees at national level support the work of 28 volunteer’s county health and well-being officers and 439 clubs implicated. Strengths of the organization are the identification of a single national referent for clubs or county, the learning process and openness to novelty, as well as the enhanced workforce through county implication as role model. Challenges are the financial and human resources provision, the ability to implicate county and club board and the training in HP of volunteers. Interlevel relationship are supported by the creation of a community of practice and the centralization of the project at national level, but hindered by a clear definition of county tasks. The strengths of the controlling system include a steering committee implicating partners completing each other and the proper use of evaluation to build evidence on the project, where challenges remains in wider collaboration within the GAA. Conclusions The present work has underlined key scaling up factors of the HCP implementation to support its viability, which could be learnt from other sports federation implementing HP interventions. Key messages • Sports federation have a key role to play to support sports clubs to promote health, by developing specific programs. • Health Promotion development in sports clubs has similar scaling up implementation factor than other public health interventions.

Čalbmi čalmmis ja suoldnečalmmit suoidnečalmmis

North Saami čalbmi ‘eye’ (< Proto-Uralic *ćilmä) has cognates in all Uralic languages, and everywhere they refer to the visual organs of humans and animals. However, scholars have barely paid attention to the grammatical functions of čalbmi in compound-like formations such as suoldnečalbmi “dew eye”, suoidnečalbmi “grass eye”, varračalbmi “blood eye”, jiekŋačalbmi “ice eye”, vuoktačalbmi “hair eye” and muorječalbmi “berry eye”. This article examines such expressions as so-called singulatives – grammatical means for individuating a single referent from a group or mass (i.e., ‘a single drop of dew’, ‘a single blade of grass’, ‘a single drop of blood’, ‘a single crystal of ice’, ‘a single human hair’ and ‘a single berry’). The article mainly discusses morphological, syntactic and semantic features of singulatives in North Saami and other present-day Saami languages, but comparable singulatives in Khanty, Mansi and Samoyed languages as well as in Hungarian suggest that singulative expressions such as *weri-ćilmä ‘a single drop of blood’, *jäŋi-ćilmä ‘a single crystal of ice; hailstone’ and *me̮rja-ćilmä ‘a single berry’ can, in principle, be reconstructed all the way back to Proto-Uralic.

Linguistic Redundancy and its Effects on Younger and Older Adults' Real-Time Comprehension and Memory.

Redundant modifiers can facilitate referential interpretation by narrowing attention to intended referents. This is intriguing because, on traditional accounts, redundancy should impair comprehension. Little is known, however, about the effects of redundancy on older adults' comprehension. Older adults may show different patterns due to age-related decline (e.g., processing speed and memory) or their greater proclivity for linguistic redundancy, as suggested in language production studies. The present study explores the effects of linguistic redundancy on younger and older listeners' incremental referential processing, judgments of informativity, and downstream memory performance. In an eye tracking task, gaze was monitored as listeners followed instructions from a social robot referring to a unique object within a multi-object display. Critical trials were varied in terms of modifier type ("…closed/purple/[NONE] umbrella") and whether displays contained another object matching target properties (closed purple notebook), making modifiers less effective at narrowing attention. Relative to unmodified descriptions, redundant color modifiers facilitated comprehension, particularly when they narrowed attention to a single referent. Descriptions with redundant state modifiers always impaired real-time comprehension. In contrast, memory measures showed faster recognition of objects previously described with redundant state modifiers. Although color and state descriptions had different effects on referential processing and memory, informativity judgments showed participants perceived them as informationally redundant to the same extent relative to unmodified descriptions. Importantly, the patterns did not differ by listener age. Together, the results show that the effects of linguistic redundancy are stable across adulthood but vary as a function of modifier type, visual context, and the measured phenomenon.

Reexamining Confederate symbols displayed on flags and monuments in public spaces: Two fallacies in the heritage versus hate debate

Objective This article examines ongoing arguments over the meanings of Confederate symbols—especially symbols displayed on flags and monuments—to assess two fallacies that frequently influence the debate. Method The article explores the historical record concerning public displays of Confederate symbols. Results The traditional debate is based on two fallacies. First, it presupposes that the meaning of a symbol can be limited to a single referent or set of referents and fixed in time. Second, it assumes that the meaning of Confederate symbols can be divorced from hateful messages of white supremacy and bigotry. Conclusion A symbol cannot be limited to its original meaning because the context is constantly evolving. Even if it could be limited, the original meaning of Confederate symbols was always hateful. The debate sometimes has been cast as “heritage versus hate.” Because displays of Confederate symbols in public spaces have always been in a context of “hate”—to defend a slaveholding republic, to promote white supremacy, to defy court-ordered integration of public schools, or to promote the agenda of racist advocacy groups—the meaning of Confederate flags and monuments was never about heritage alone. Hate was always part of the message.

Nothing but Gold. Complexities in Terms of Non-difference and Identity. Part 3. Permanence, Properties Plexuses and Subtleties in Mutual Exclusion

This paper investigates Vācaspati Miśra’s remarkably complex argumentative architecture in support of non-difference by means of a microsimulation model, the classical gold-crown case. A full range of positions, including instantaneism, transformative continuum, indeterminate common basis reference, difference and non-difference coordination, etc., is put under the scrutiny of the Vācaspati Miśra’s dialectic effort. The possibility of coexistence of multiple properties with a single referent is then formally explored. The analysis is carried out in compliance with the ‘Navya-Nyāya Formal Language’ extensional set-based approach and its non-predicative, and variables free, relational syntax. Repeatable modules and structures of reasoning are identified and designed in the form of hypothesis frameworks, axioms and theorems to allow more accurate inferences, in particular regarding transformation and permanence, together with possible or impossible plexuses of properties. Identity and difference qua mutual absence are thoroughly defined with the aid of these formal tools, which conjointly might cast new light on the heuristic and expressive power of Navya-Nyāya logic, as well as on the theoretical potentialities of the non-dualistic account.

REFLEXIVITY, ROLE CONFLICTS, AND THE MEANING OF ENGLISH SELF PRONOUNS

This study offers an innovative, sign-based analysis of English self pronouns (myself, yourself, herself, etc.). While rejecting the traditional characterization of these forms as reflexive pronouns, the study borrows from the tradition by analyzing these forms as a kind of emphatic pronoun. The forms’ distribution can be explained by positing that they are semantic signals deployed by speakers to meet communicative goals. Speakers choose between self and simple pronouns when the additional meaning of self forms, INSISTENCE ON AN ENTITY(S), will steer hearers in particular interpretive directions. This approach has led to the discovery that reflexive uses of self pronouns are an instantiation of the general tendency to use these forms for unexpected messages, including those in which a single referent is playing more than one role at one time. The presence of such a role conflict accounts not only for reflexive uses, but also for the appearance of self pronouns in picture noun phrases, logophoric contexts, and other previously unexplained exceptions to the structural reflexivity account.

The infant’s view redefines the problem of referential uncertainty in early word learning

The learning of first object names is deemed a hard problem due to the uncertainty inherent in mapping a heard name to the intended referent in a cluttered and variable world. However, human infants readily solve this problem. Despite considerable theoretical discussion, relatively little is known about the uncertainty infants face in the real world. We used head-mounted eye tracking during parent-infant toy play and quantified the uncertainty by measuring the distribution of infant attention to the potential referents when a parent named both familiar and unfamiliar toy objects. The results show that infant gaze upon hearing an object name is often directed to a single referent which is equally likely to be a wrong competitor or the intended target. This bimodal gaze distribution clarifies and redefines the uncertainty problem and constrains possible solutions.

One of a Kind

Abstract Noun categorization devices, or classifiers, of all types are a means of classifying referents in terms of basic cognitively salient parameters. These include humanness, animacy, sex, shape, direction and orientation, consistency, and function. In large systems of classifiers, one finds additional terms whose application is restricted to a limited set of referents, or even just to a single referent. For instance, numerous languages of Mainland Southeast Asia have elaborate sets of specific classifiers in the domain of social hierarchies and human interactions. Languages with multiple classifier systems spoken in riverine environment will be likely to have a special classifier for ‘canoe’. Rather than categorizing entities in terms of general features, such classifiers with specific meanings serve to highlight items important for the socio-cultural environment of the speakers and their means of subsistence. Specific classifiers are likely to be lost if a practice or a hierarchy they reflect undergoes attrition. They occupy a singular place in language acquisition and the history of development of classifier systems.

ТРИ ИПОСТАСИ КИТАЙСКОГО НУЛЯ: ПРИЧИНЫ, ПРОБЛЕМЫ, РЕШЕНИЯ

The article analyses two problems connected with the members of the 0 - O - W triad: the practical one and the theoretical one. The former lies in delimiting the spheres of use of the different forms of zero. Due to similarities in the graphic representations of the first two signs of the triad as well as the peculiarities of the use of the second and third signs, occasionally there is confusion in their transcription. The second problem - the theoretical one - is whether it is appropriate to count O as a Chinese character. The problems are solved with consideration of the respective normative regulation (National Standards and Acts) that govern the use of every member of the 0 - O - W triad. The triad members are considered not only structurally, like in prior works, but also using the semiotic and cognitive approaches. Within the framework of the cognitive approach, from the perspective of the prototypes theory, a scalar method, which is based on ten criteria the author developed, is used. In order to solve the two problems, the study considers the historical prerequisites of today's variability in the transcription of the zero. A diachronic perspective has allowed us not only to explain the reasons for the existence of the three signs to denominate a single referent but also to predict the tendencies for further development of the graphic representation of the zero in Chinese. The study also analyses typical mistakes in transcriptions of the 0 -O - W triad. Moreover, the semiotic status of every variety of denoting “zero” has been determined thus answering whether O is a Chinese character or not. As a result of the research, the author has come to the conclusion that O was the first to denote “zero” in China. Later, the Chinese character “W” acquired a similar meaning. By the 20th century the Arabic number “0” came into common use. At the same time none of the 0 - O - W triad members ceased to be used. None of the three, while having the same pronunciation - [lmg], are fully identical. From the point of view of pragmatics, their functions and spheres of use are clearly regulated, and it is not a question of free interchangeability. According to regulatory acts, the major principle of distinguishing between the use of O and W is that W is usedin measures, calculations, and estimations while O is appropriate in numbering, marking, and assignment of numbers. From the point of view of the language theory (the semiotic approach) and as a result of the scalar approach, it has been proved that the major difference is in the alphanumeric nature of the three variations of “zero”: 0 is a mathematical sign (a digit), W is alanguage sign (a word, aChinesecharacter), and O is not a language sign, hence, it may not be counted as a proper Chinese character. In this regard, it is possible to define the latter as a sign transitioning from one kind to the other.