Single Policy Research Articles

1 + 1 > 2? The synergistic effect of carbon emissions reduction policies: empirical evidence from China

ABSTRACT The low-carbon city pilot policy (LCCPP) and the carbon emissions trading pilot policy (CETPP) are important measures for China to reduce its carbon emissions. However, the existing literature typically focuses narrowly on the effect of a single policy tool, leaving it unclear whether the LCCPP and CETPP are in conflict or complementary. Therefore, we investigated the synergistic effect of the LCCPP and CETPP in China using the difference-in-differences (DID) method. Compared with the 5.4% reduction of the LCCPP and the 5.1% reduction of the CETPP, the dual pilot policy (DPP) can improve the carbon emissions reduction effect to 11.9%. However, the effect of the DPP takes time to become apparent owing to a policy lag. The DPP primarily achieves its effect by promoting technological progress and optimizing energy allocation. In addition, the carbon emissions reduction effect of the DPP is more evident in large, high-ranking, and resource-based cities. Our work can help policymakers fully consider the coordination between future climate policies and design reasonable mixed policy tools.

Penerapan model kolaboratif dalam kebijakan data tunggal industri emas bagi penerimaan negara dengan pendekatan multi helix

Indonesia is one of the largest gold producing countries in the world. Based on mineral commodity data, Indonesia’s gold reserves reached 2,600 tons. In addition, the mining production reached 66 metric tons in 2021 and 70 metric tons in 2022. However, there are various problems and challenges related to efforts to utilize gold minerals, one of which is the limited availability and validity data. Therefore, this research aims to analyze how a collaboration model related to the gold industry’s single data policy for tax purposes can be implemented using a Multi Helix approach. In the Multi Helix concept, the role of each actor has very close participation to create success in creating quality data in the gold industry sector and sustainable development. Furthermore, it is expected to contribute significantly to tax revenues. Aside from that, the existence of the SDI policy is intended to provide benefits for sustainable economic development by maintaining a good quality of environmental ecosystems. Additionally, SDI data is expected to have a hand in state revenues both in the form of taxes and royalties to the state optimally, thereby creating competitive and growing businesses.

Identifying the policy configurational conditions for off-site construction development: a case of China

PurposeA series of policies have been formulated to promote off-site construction (OSC) development. However, the effectiveness of these policies has yet to be fully explored. This study aims to explore the practical policy configurational conditions for achieving a high level of OSC development.Design/methodology/approachData on policy configurational conditions and the OSC development level were collected from 28 provinces/municipalities in China using text mining. A mixed-method approach was used to conduct data analysis involving text analysis and qualitative comparative analysis (QCA). Text analysis was used to identify current policies with frequencies as independent variables and obtain the proportion of OSC projects in new construction projects as the dependent variable. QCA is employed to analyze the necessary and sufficient conditions of policy conditions for the high-level development of OSC by exploring the complex causal relationships between policy configurational conditions and the OSC development level.FindingsNine policies are obtained from the current policy framework for promoting OSC development using text analysis: industry supports, land policies, presale policies, reputation rewards, regulation controls, tax incentives, floor area rewards, financial subsidies, and loan subsidies. Four policy configurational conditions are identified that can achieve a high development level of OSC: three incentive-driven policy conditions with industry supports, presale policies, tax incentives, and floor area rewards as the core conditions, and one compulsory-driven policy conditions with land policies, financial supports, and loan supports as the core conditions using fuzzy set QCA. Moreover, our study found that a single policy cannot achieve a high level of OSC development as a necessary condition, and the policy configurational conditions that lead to high and nonhigh levels of OSC development are asymmetrical.Research limitations/implicationsThe study did not test the policy’s dynamic effects on the OSC development. A longitudinal study will be conducted to further identify the impact of policy on OSC implementation.Practical implicationsIt provides policymakers with four practical policy configurational conditions to promote OSC development and guides policymakers to optimize effective policies considering the interaction effects of effective policies such as industry supports, presale policies, tax incentives, and floor area rewards instead of their net effects.Originality/valueIt contributes to the existing literature concerning the effects of policy on emerging technology (i.e. OSC) promotion by elucidating configurative effects rather than net effects. Meanwhile, it enriches the research on the antecedent conditions that affect the implementation of other emerging technologies in the architecture engineering and construction industry.

Cohesion Policy – The Litmus Test of the European Future

Europe is the winner of the Cohesion Policy. It is vital that the model of shared management, multi-level governance, and partnership remains the guiding principle of the Cohesion Policy beyond 2027. Subsidiarity and a place-based approach are crucial; we can’t afford to lose the territorial dimension. There is no future for this policy without a strong role of cities and regions. If you try to replace it with a centralized instrument as a top-down Recovery and Resilience Facility, you will destroy the very essence of the Cohesion Policy. The Cohesion Policy is working on the ground, and it must be maintained, in a modernized way. The Cohesion Policy must continue to be the single policy to address the challenges inherent to cohesion in Europe. That includes supporting a just transition in all regions and supporting all territories so that they can take advantage of the single market. That includes supporting all regions so that the EU can be more competitive at a global level. Cohesion Policy is a solution, not a problem!

IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF STATE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL VALUES IN UKRAINE

The author of the article reveals the purpose of implementing the international experience of the system of state protection of national values through the prism of two important trends that should be implemented and and enshrined in the practice of state-building processes in modern Ukraine. One of them stipulates that national values are the central core of the national security system security system, they define the triad of ‘values-interests-goals’. The second trend defines the system of creating mechanisms for legislative support of guaranteeing and protecting of national values, which is embodied in the systemic nature of the state policy on national development and is the actual consolidation of the civilisational civilisational choice of the Ukrainian nation at the level of legal acts. The purpose of the article is to analyse practical aspects of implementation of the state mechanisms for protection of national values in foreign countries and their implementation in the Ukrainian State. The author emphasises that national values of of modern Ukraine should not be subject to political bargaining, speculation, etc. They are are always an element of political struggle. Without this, political processes are impossible, and therefore, national values should be defined and prohibited for political speculation on them, which, by the way, requires the development of an institution of for their criminal law protection; and - to have its own system of mechanisms of legislative protection. It is determined that the first step towards the implementation of the experience of foreign countries in protecting national values should be the introduction of an all-Ukrainian analytical study of the system of national values. It should should be based on long-term and medium-term forecasts of domestic development and the development of the system of world politics, its specific regional and functional subsystems. This means that the full potential of national research institutes in the field of public opinion, civil society, and sociological research should be used to society, and sociological research should be directed within the framework of a single state policy to study and define national values.

Crisis-proof households? How social policy responses to the COVID-19 pandemic imagined work and care in Germany

Abstract Social policies convey normative assumptions about how households should make ends meet and organise care, but how do these ideals withstand crises such as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic? Previous research shows continuity of welfare state models in the crisis, but mostly looked at single policy fields and produced mixed findings regarding the role of pre-crisis reform trajectories. This paper contributes a detailed analysis of assumptions about the ‘standard productive household’ in terms of three dimensions: labour market participation, coverage of economic needs and coverage of care needs. Drawing on original policy documents enacted in 2020 in Germany – which had dismantled many of its institutional strongholds for the male-breadwinner model before the crisis – we provide two novel insights. First, social policy responses to the pandemic were relatively coherent regarding assumptions about labour market participation, but expectations towards households’ abilities to make ends meet and parents’ care involvement were less coherent. In addition to relaxing conditions on stable employment and income, policy responses normalised patchwork incomes and relied on parents to compress paid and unpaid work. Second, we propose that crises may slow down reform processes that are already underway by reverting to ideas that were dominant in the past.

Major air pollution and climate policies in NYC and trends in NYC air quality 1998-2021.

Air pollution poses serious health risks to humans, with particular harm to children. To address the gap in understanding the efficacy of policies to reduce exposure to air pollution, we sought to assess the temporal relationship between the enactment of major air pollution and climate policies in NYC and trends in air quality during the period 1998-2021. We used previously available data from citywide monitoring and new data from the Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health (CCCEH) longitudinal cohort studies of mothers and children living in communities in Northern Manhattan and the South Bronx. We utilized publicly available citywide air monitoring data for particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from 2009 to 2021 from the New York City Community Air Survey (NYCCAS) database and CCCEH cohort data on residential exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 and personal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) during pregnancies occurring from 1998-2016 and 1998-2021, respectively. We compared annual and overall reductions in PM2.5 and NO2 citywide and reductions in PAH concentrations in the cohort studies. As previously reported, annual average concentrations of pollutants in NYC dropped significantly over time. Between 1998 and 2021, PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations were reduced citywide by 37 and 31%, respectively. In our CCCEH cohorts, between 1998 and 2016, the annual average PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations also decreased significantly by 51 and 48%, respectively. Between 1998 and 2020, PAH concentrations decreased significantly by 66%. While it is not possible to link improved air quality to a single policy, our analysis provides evidence of a cumulative beneficial effect of clean air and climate policies enacted between 1998 and 2021 both city-wide and in our cohorts residing in communities that have been disproportionately affected by air pollution. There are important implications for health benefits, particularly for children, who are known to be especially vulnerable to these exposures. The results support further environmental and social policy changes to prevent the serious health impacts of air pollution from fossil fuel emissions.

Damage to the natural environment as a crime against humanity: prospects for changes to Art. 7 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court

The article examines trends in revising the concept of crimes against humanity by adding signs of actions that include damage to the natural environment. It is established that the possibility of expanding the concept of crimes against humanity to include damage to the natural environment is based on criticism of the provisions of the Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of June 8, 1977 and the Statute of the International Criminal Court on damage to the natural environment only in the context of armed conflicts, and also about the signs of such damage as widespread, long-term and severe, which made it practically impossible to implement the norms of the mentioned acts. On such grounds, the position is substantiated that crimes against humanity that encroach on the natural environment should include environmental degradation, exploitation of natural resources, and other actions that lead to pollution or destruction of the environment or climate change. The processes of developing provisions on harming the natural environment as a crime against humanity, which are related to the policy of states or other government institutions, aimed at the exploitation of natural resources and the forced resettlement of the civilian population, are being studied. It is noted that the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court is studying the possibility of revising the elements of crimes covered by the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and including directly those related to environmental damage. Proposals which are sent to the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court are subject to registration in a single Policy Paper. The proposals of certain scientific andinternational non-governmental organizations regarding amendments to the Statute of the International Criminal Court are summarized, which include the introduction of the concept of crimes against humanity as a sign of an attack on the environment or its individual elements; addition to Art. 7 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court by the provisions on the commission of actions specified in items «a», «b», «d», «k» by committing damage to the natural environment, etc.

How do policies promote the sustainable development of older-adult care industry? A configuration analysis based on policy tools.

Under the background of population aging in China, the demand for older-adult care services and products is growing, and the older-adult care industry has great development prospects. A sound older-adult care policy system, that is, an effective policy tool mix, plays an important role in improving the sustainable development of older-adult care industry. Based on older-adult care policy documents from 31 Chinese provinces, this research extracts older-adult care policy tools via text mining. Then extracted policy tools are taken as conditional variables, and the development of older-adult care industry, which is manifested by the number of older-adult care companies across 31 regions is taken as the result variable. Through applying qualitative comparative analysis, the combined effect of different policy tools on the development of older-adult care industry is obtained. Results show that a single policy tool cannot constitute the necessary condition to facilitate the older-adult care industry. Hence, policy tools should be applied in combination. Five sustainable policy tool mixes which can promote the development of older-adult care industry are summarized, namely supporting policy-driven mode, fiscal and tax support mode led by supply-oriented policy tools, double-team mode driven by fiscal and tax support and the consumer market, multi-subject joint force mode, and technology compensation mode. The overall findings of this study imply that exploring the policy tool combinations is of vital importance to the sustainable development of older-adult care industry.

VMP: Versatile Motion Priors for Robustly Tracking Motion on Physical Characters

AbstractRecent progress in physics‐based character control has made it possible to learn policies from unstructured motion data. However, it remains challenging to train a single control policy that works with diverse and unseen motions, and can be deployed to real‐world physical robots. In this paper, we propose a two‐stage technique that enables the control of a character with a full‐body kinematic motion reference, with a focus on imitation accuracy. In a first stage, we extract a latent space encoding by training a variational autoencoder, taking short windows of motion from unstructured data as input. We then use the embedding from the time‐varying latent code to train a conditional policy in a second stage, providing a mapping from kinematic input to dynamics‐aware output. By keeping the two stages separate, we benefit from self‐supervised methods to get better latent codes and explicit imitation rewards to avoid mode collapse. We demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of our method in simulation, with unseen user‐specified motions, and on a bipedal robot, where we bring dynamic motions to the real world.

Overview of the Legislation on Solid Waste from the Civil Construction with a View to Sustainability

Objective: The construction industry is a large generator of solid waste, which can be treated, reused or, if this is not possible, disposed of as waste in a sustainable manner. The lack of well-structured legislation bring difficulties to dispose of this waste correctly. This article aims to analyze Brazilian and other countries' legislation about construction waste, to understand how it is being treated, used or disposed of and what legal standards are applied. Method: It uses a bibliographical research, which describes the existing legislation in several countries and presents a comparative table, highlighting the variability in the treatment given to waste and the absence, in Brazil, of a robust and comprehensive public policy. Result: It is observed that the legislation is generalized, with no single public policy that encompasses all the requirements for treatment, reuse and correct disposal, highlighting missing policies in Brazil, such as tax for aggression to the environment. Conclusion: Valuable information is collected for public policy makers and construction operators, concerned with environmental preservation, who can collaborate to meet the objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals proposed by the United Nations.

Research on the group effect of new energy vehicles from different policy perspectives

Abstract Policies play a pivotal role in fostering the growth of new energy vehicles. This paper delves into the benefits and risks associated with the development of new energy vehicles under varying policy landscapes. Firstly, the intricate relationship between the competition and growth of new energy vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles is captured through the application of the extended Lotka-Volterra model. Secondly, a simulation flow diagram is constructed, taking into account the actual mediums of policy impact and drawing insights from diverse research methodologies. This flow diagram enables a comprehensive evaluation of environmental benefits, health risks, and traffic pressure. Finally, a critical evaluation of the actual impact of policies on new energy vehicles is conducted, along with an exploration of the root causes of potential policy paradoxes. The findings reveal that a standalone infrastructure support policy, research and development support policy, or carbon tax policy can, in certain periods, lead to an increase in carbon emissions and traffic pressure. Although the driving restriction policy does not exert negative impacts on the environment, health, and traffic at the national level, it can result in a surge in the total vehicle population. Therefore, it is imperative to adopt a combination of policies to mitigate the potential risks associated with any single policy.

Single vs. Double-Unit Transfusion In Patients With Hematological Disorders Undergoing Chemotherapy Or Stem Cell Transplantation: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis

There is no consensus to support the single unit-transfusion policy (1-RBC) over the double-unit transfusion policy (2-RBC) in patients with hematological disorders undergoing chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library. Risk ratios (RR) and mean differences (MD) were pooled. Statistical analysis was performed using Review Manager and R software. Heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels at discharge (MD -0.41 g/dL; 95% CI -0.53, -0.29 g/dL; p<0.01) and total RBC units used per admission (MD -0.82 units; 95% CI -1.60, -0.05 units; p=0.04) were significantly lower in patients who received 1-RBC, while length of hospital stay (MD 0.05 days; 95% CI -0.29, 0.39 days; p=0.89), severe bleeding (RR 1.52; 95% CI 0.85, 2.71; p=0.16) and mortality (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.52, 1.53; p=0.69) showed no significant difference between groups. In patients with hematological disorders undergoing chemotherapy or stem cell transplantation, 1-RBC is associated with lower Hb levels at discharge and a reduction in the total number of RBC units used per admission, with no significant difference in terms of length of hospital stay, severe bleeding risk, transfusion-related adverse events and mortality.

State cigarette taxes, smoking cessation, and implications for the educational gradient in mortality

BackgroundRecent studies suggest that state policy, such as cigarette tax policy, is associated with variation in the educational gradient in mortality. However, it is unknown whether state cigarette taxes moderate the educational gradient in mortality directly by incentivizing smoking cessation. MethodsThis study uses 20 years of survey data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (N = 89,127 person-years; 751 deaths) merged with administrative data to examine the potential for a single state policy, cigarette taxes, to moderate the education-mortality association through influence on smoking cessation. ResultsIn mortality analyses, higher cigarette taxes are associated with a weaker educational gradient in mortality among smokers and overall. Smoking cessation analyses show higher state cigarette taxes increase the odds of quitting only for low-educated smokers, such that each $1 increase in taxes results in an additional 0.4 to 1 life years for low-educated smokers. For more educated subgroups, the association between state cigarette taxes and smoking cessation is confounded by broader temporal trends. DiscussionState cigarette taxes have potential to weaken the educational gradient in mortality by attenuating educational disparities in smoking cessation, however their direct effect is only on low-educated smokers. The findings help demonstrate how fundamental cause associations are contingent on state policy and vary over time.

Evaluating the carbon emission reduction in construction and demolition waste management in China

Construction and demolition waste reduction (C&DWR) is an important measure to protect the environment and promote sustainable development in the construction sector. The present policy in China remains a lack of emphasis on carbon tax and penalty for reducing construction waste. This paper proposes a construction and demolition waste (C&DW) management model to identify the waste reduction effects of various policies in China. It simulates the effects of single policies and combined policies on waste reduction and carbon emission by using the approach of integrating system dynamics and grey model theory. The results reveal that: (1) Penalties can effectively reduce the amount of illegal dump waste and carbon emissions from illegal dump waste, with an appropriate penalty value (in Chinese CNY) suggested as ∈160,320. (2) Subsidies can vastly increase the amount of waste recycled and a carbon tax can reduce carbon emissions; the recommended values are suggested as subsidies ∈30,45 and carbon tax ∈40,70. (3) Compared to other policies, the combined policy of penalty–waste disposal charging fee–subsidy–carbon tax (160, 60, 45, 70) achieves the greatest environmental benefits in terms of reducing waste and carbon emission. (4) Governments should improve waste minimization incentive policies and gradually introduce trials for a carbon tax policy, encourage the use of digital governance combined with blockchain technology to regulate C&DW. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to develop effective waste reduction strategies and promote sustainability through the implementation of C&DWR theories.

Efficient Multitask Reinforcement Learning Without Performance Loss.

We propose an iterative sparse Bayesian policy optimization (ISBPO) scheme as an efficient multitask reinforcement learning (RL) method for industrial control applications that require both high performance and cost-effective implementation. Under continual learning scenarios in which multiple control tasks are sequentially learned, the proposed ISBPO scheme preserves the previously learned knowledge without performance loss (PL), enables efficient resource use, and improves the sample efficiency of learning new tasks. Specifically, the proposed ISBPO scheme continually adds new tasks to a single policy neural network while completely preserving the control performance of previously learned tasks through an iterative pruning method. To create a free-weight space for adding new tasks, each task is learned through a pruning-aware policy optimization method called the sparse Bayesian policy optimization (SBPO), which ensures efficient allocation of limited policy network resources for multiple tasks. Furthermore, the weights allocated to the previous tasks are shared and reused in new task learning, thereby improving sample efficiency and the performance of new task learning. Simulations and practical experiments demonstrate that the proposed ISBPO scheme is highly suitable for sequentially learning multiple tasks in terms of performance conservation, efficient resource use, and sample efficiency.

Is a single minimum wage policy viable option? Evidence from the impact of minimum wage on youth employment in Malaysia

The present study is aimed to identify an ideal mechanism to reduce negative effect of minimum wage on youth employment generation. Using available data from Department of Statistics, the study runs an annual panel regression at the state level based on fixed effect specification model. The finding demonstrates that the minimum wage has a negative effect on employment, particularly among youth. It implies that there is an excess of labour supply in the market at the current wage rate. As a result, the rate set is higher than equilibrium, signifying firm disadvantages. The negative effect is more prevalent if the single national minimum wage rate policy is applied to all states. Therefore, the national wage policy should be thoroughly examined. Instead, a regional wage rate should be explored as a potential solution for mitigating and preventing negative employment effects.

Economic inclusion and ethnonational exclusion of Arabs in Israeli higher education: two tales of one policy

ABSTRACT Higher education systems worldwide strive for diversity, equity, and inclusion. However, policies meant to support these values often – intentionally or not – construct new forms of labeling, discrimination, and exclusion. This study examines this dynamic through the case of access and participation plans for Arabs in Israeli higher education. An analysis of citizenship discourses used throughout the policy narrative is applied to state policy documents and interviews with policymakers and implementors. The analysis reveals two narratives describing a single policy: a ‘shared interests’ narrative focused on economic development and growth, and a ‘balancing tradeoffs’ narrative balancing economy and security. These narratives help identify the policy as a ‘multiple diversity regime’ with social, economic, civic, and ethnonational dimensions. Diversity, equity, and inclusion values are promoted through social, economic, and civic convergence, while labeling, discrimination, and exclusion arise through economic and ethnonational convergence. This study contributes to higher education research by accounting for the complex and multi-dimensional dynamic of diversity policies, especially in deeply divided societies. It calls for higher education systems and institutions to take on a more comprehensive approach, going beyond the social and economic dimensions of diversity, to pursue substantial ethnic and national equity and inclusion.

An Evaluation Of The Treasury Single Account (TSA) As An Instrument Of Financial Prudence and Management In Nigeria: Methodology Analysis (OAGF) 2015-2024.

This paper examines the Office of the Accountant General of the Federation and the relationship between the Nigerian economy and the Treasury Single Account Policy (2015-2024). The Nigerian economy has developed slowly over the years, which has led to little to no improvement in the country's residents' standard of living. The study's overall goal was to determine how the Treasury Single Account Policy affected Nigeria's economic developments between 2015 and 2024. Its specific goals were to determine whether the human development index, Gini coefficient, and poverty rate of the country's economy differed significantly between the pre-and post-implementation periods. The research utilized the design of the quantitative study. Nigerian citizens make up the study's population, while the citizens of Nigeria for the years 2015–2024 make up the sample size. The study employed secondary data that came from the World Bank's National Accounts Data, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the Central Bank of Nigeria's Statistical Bulletin. The paired sample t-test was used to assess the data. The outcome showed that, except the variable of human development index, which showed a significant difference between the periods before and after the implementation of the treasury single account policy, economic development indicators (gini coefficient and poverty rate) did not differ significantly between the periods before and after the policy. Consequently, the analysis found that the Treasury Single Using the poverty rate and Gini coefficient as stand-ins for economic development, account policy had no discernible effect on the Nigerian economy. Additionally, it was determined that the Treasury Single Account Policy had a major influence on Nigeria's economic development using the Human Development Index as a proxy for economic progress. Therefore, it was advised that government programs for human development be maintained and improved, particularly in the fields of health and education.

역사적 신제도주의를 통한 중소기업정책의 변화 - 경로의존과 단절적 균형을 중심으로

This study examined how small and medium-sized enterprise(SMEs) policies focused on protecting and fostering SMEs changed under the Kim Dae-jung, Roh Moo-hyun and Lee Myung-bak governments in the 2000s through historical new institutionalism. A path-dependent institutional change appeared in that both the quantitative growth of SMEs through the Kim Dae-jung government’s venture business development policy and their qualitative growth through the Roh Moo-hyun government’s innovative SMEs development policy were promoted for the purpose of creating jobs and securing new growth engines. The policy ideas of strengthening the competitiveness of SMEs, expanding competition, and transitioning to a technology- and knowledge-intensive industrial structure influenced the actors’ choice. Under the Lee Myung-bak administration, due to the external factor of the global financial crisis, there were not many restrictions on policy ideas for actors’ selection of institution, resulting in a punctuated equilibrium in which the social policy nature was greatly weakened and the political nature was strengthened. The abolition of the collective private contract system and designation of distinct business system appeared as a form of punctuated equilibrium between the ‘protection and development’ paradigm and the ‘autonomy and competition’ paradigm. It suggests that policies need to support industries that require protection in a selective and focused manner to ensure competitiveness of SMEs. It also suggests that effectiveness through institutional change should be improved by presenting a clear single policy stance on policy ideas to be considered when changing the institution.