Single Plane Research Articles

Four-dimensional flow cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of left ventricular diastolic function.

Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction is a major cause of heart failure and carries a poor prognosis. Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function however remains challenging for both echocardiography and conventional phase contrast cardiac magnetic resonance. Amongst other limitations, both are restricted to measuring velocity in a single direction or plane, thereby compromising their ability to capture complex diastolic hemodynamics in health and disease. Time-resolved three-dimensional phase contrast cardiac magnetic resonance imaging with three-directional velocity encoding known as ‘4D flow CMR’ is an emerging technology which allows retrospective measurement of velocity and by extension flow at any point in the acquired 3D data volume. With 4D flow CMR, complex aspects of blood flow and ventricular function can be studied throughout the cardiac cycle. 4D flow CMR can facilitate the visualization of functional blood flow components and flow vortices as well as the quantification of novel hemodynamic and functional parameters such as kinetic energy, relative pressure, energy loss and vorticity. In this review, we examine key concepts and novel markers of diastolic function obtained by flow pattern analysis using 4D flow CMR. We consolidate the existing evidence base to highlight the strengths and limitations of 4D flow CMR techniques in the surveillance and diagnosis of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.

Polarized Light Therapy in the Treatment of Wounds: A Review.

The most prevalent type of photo therapies are low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and ultraviolet (UV) treatments, which are distinguished by the physical properties of the light employed. However, in latest years, it has been suggested that polarization and an extensive light band including all light spectra are essential aspects in light treatment. Light waves are filtered to align and vibrate in a single plane, resulting in polarized light (PL). Light that has been polarized can penetrate tissues more deeply than light that has not been polarized. The visible light spectrum is very broad. PL varies from other types of light therapy in that it uses a considerably wider spectrum of wavelengths than LLLT or UV. As a result, PLT devices are often less expensive and simple to operate. Since the late 1960s, light therapy has been used to treat anything from neonatal jaundice to psoriasis and vitiligo. Fenyö created a PL source and found that it can stimulate wound healing in a similar way to the low-energy laser. In comparison to the laser, this source of light had numerous gains: lesser prices, fewer hazards, a greater area to be treated, and no sophisticated user expertise. Despite several findings from fundamental research (in vitro, in vivo, and animal trials), practitioners continue to have reservations regarding PL's potency and utility in treating musculoskeletal problems. It is even largely believed that the commercial use of these therapies is validated by a sufficient amount of scientific evidence based on reliable clinical papers. The major goal of this study is to gather information on the use of PL for treatment of various wound types in animal and human investigations.

Non-Intrusive Single Camera Diagnostic For Measurement Of Interfacial Topography In Three-Dimensional Space And Time

Liquid-gas interfaces are complex boundaries that can be of great interest in various fields, from fundamental science to industrial applications. They usually span across multiple spatio-temporal scales and, they can be a key parameter in multiple complex physical processes such as bubble entrainment and interfacial transfer. These make their simulation and measurement challenging but at the same time essential. Although computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models had become very powerful through the years, they still include some degree of empiricism. Experimental high spatio-temporal data for the interfacial topography could not only provide more insights and evidence for the physical process at play but also valuable validation datasets for the CFD models. Non-intrusive interfacial reconstruction, especially in the threedimensional (3D) space is a challenging task and it usually forces to complex experimental configurations. Here, we present a new, non-intrusive, refraction-based diagnostic for reconstruction of liquid-gas interfaces in 3D with one single camera and laser plane. Concisely, a vertical, two-dimensional (2D), laser-induced fluorescent grid is written directly in the liquid phase and captured from the gas phase through a deformed liquid interface. A robust ray tracing algorithm relates the optical deformation of the grid to the interfacial topography. The orientation of the grid provides boundary conditions for the surface reconstruction and minimizes restrictions of existing schemes. These, enable not only to simplify the experimental setup but also to extend the applicability of the refraction-based techniques. The grid generation scheme employed here is Talbot-effect structured illumination (TESI); a flexible method to create a wide range of very fine laser patterns. This allows to easily adapt the technique in a broad range of scales and applications, as well as to combine it with velocimetry. Profilometry and velocimetry can share the same grid and therefore they can be deployed simultaneously enabling the measurement of quantities such as the interfacial shear stress. Finally, the algorithm can treat the data both as time independent and time resolved. Both approaches are elaborated below and preliminary data from a droplet impact are presented and discussed.

457 Single Vs Biplane 3d Augmented Overlay Guidance To Assist Congenital Cardiac Catheterisation Interventions

Introduction: Patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing cardiac catheterisation procedures often require higher radiation and contrast usage as it is often difficult to track catheter movement through complex anatomy. On a prior study, we showed reduction in need for radiation exposure and contrast usage using a fused single plane fluoroscopy display augmented by 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) models. Recently, a biplane fusion overlay system was made available, which was hypothesised to be of higher benefit as congenital interventions are traditionally performed on a biplane system.

Quantification of Exposure Level in a Reverberation Chamber for a Large-Scale Animal Study

The US National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted a long-term carcinogenic and toxicity study with small animals on the effects of mobile phone radiation at 900 MHz and 1900 MHz, respectively, and showed an increase in incidence of malignant schwannomas in the heart of male rats at very higher exposure levels. To verify and clarify the NTP study results, Japan and Korea are conducting a joint study using the same reverberation chamber type exposure system as in the NTP study. The purpose of this paper is to derive a quantitative relationship between the electric field strength in the reverberation chamber and the exposure level, i.e., the mean whole-body averaged specific absorption rate (WBA <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\_$</tex-math></inline-formula> SAR) of rats based on a large-scale finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation. First, two FDTD simulation methods, one with a single plane wave incidence and the other with simultaneous plane wave incidence, were compared, and then the former method was adopted for convenience and saving calculation time. The derived quantitative relationship between the WBA <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\_$</tex-math></inline-formula> SAR and the electric field strength required to achieve the WBA <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\_$</tex-math></inline-formula> SAR consists of a one-dimensional approximation model which considers only the body mass of rats and a two-dimensional approximation model which considers not only the body mass but also the number of rats. The two approximation models cover the entire two-year exposure period, and the exposure level in the two-year long-term exposure experiment is being well controlled. Moreover, unlike dosimetry in the NTP study, an uncertainty analysis of numerical dosimetry was performed in more details, and the combined standard uncertainty in the WBA <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\_$</tex-math></inline-formula> SAR was found to be 16.1 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\%$</tex-math></inline-formula> .

P-249 The location of fragments and degraded zones in blastocysts is associated with ploidy: moving towards explaining an AI-based morphology tool trained on euploidy outcomes

Abstract Study question Is the location of degraded areas or fragments an indication of ploidy in blastocyst images? Summary answer Degradation traces observed in a blastocyst’s inner cell mass correlates with aneuploidy when confirmed by trophectoderm biopsy. What is known already The interaction between humans and Artificial Intelligence (AI) augmented intelligence, (AuI) is dependent on the AI’s ability to be self-explainable and interpretable. This is a highly desired feature of AI’s in healthcare, given that blindly trusting it to make a decision has serious ethical considerations and potential consequences. Currently, most available AI’s provide “black-box” advice that might cause difficult interaction with their human counterparts. ERICA (IVF2.0 Limited, UK), was designed to rank blastocysts using euploid status as ground truth, and although initially a “black-box,” we describe results from an initial attempt towards making it explainable. Study design, size, duration This study was designed as a proof-of-concept on retrospectively collected images. De-identified images (n = 329) with known ploidy status (euploid or aneuploid) were retrieved (November 2021) from ERICA. The images were processed from December 2021 to January 2022. Participants/materials, setting, methods A senior embryologist identified visual degenerative traces from blastocyst images for areas of cell degradation and cell fragments. Ploidy status was blinded to the embryologist. Images were segmented for trophectoderm (TE), blastocoele (BC), and inner cell mass (ICM) using the automated tool of ERICA’s algorithm. The distance between the centre of each degenerative trace and the ICM was measured. The Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and the proportion of degenerative traces in each zone were computed. Main results and the role of chance We identified some level of degradation in 60% of the blastocysts, particularly in BC:44%, ICM:38%, TE:26%, and ICM+BC:55%, and the presence of fragments in 103, particularly in BC:21%, ICM:10%, and TE:24%. Our database contained 52% euploid blastocyst images. We found that when DSC between degradation and ICM is more than 10% (44/78 aneuploids) the chances of aneuploidy increase by 25% (Z=-1.76, p &amp;lt; 0.05). We also found a 13% increased chance of an embryo being aneuploid (92/157 aneuploidy) if the area of ICM+BC has any presence of degradation (Z=-1.14, p = 0.13), and an increased risk of aneuploidy if DSC (U = 12401, p = 0.09), and also if the proportion of degradation was found in ICM+BC (U = 12397, p = 0.09). Our data also suggests that aneuploid embryos have closer fragments (mean=51um, 95% CI: 42.2-59.9) than euploids (mean=63.4um 95% CI:51.1-75.7) (U = 988,=0.19). Mann-Whitney U test and Z-test for proportions were used accordingly, both under the hypothesis that increased degenerative traces means a higher probability of being aneuploid (one-tailed test). Limitations, reasons for caution Analyzing degenerative traces using a single image from a single focal plane might be limiting. Identifying fragments and degradation might not be a replicable process inter- or intra- embryologist. More annotators are needed to reduce this bias. Wider implications of the findings Correlation between aneuploidy and cell degradation was stronger in the ICM than TE, although ploidy status is obtained via TE biopsy. Our data suggest that fragments that are closer to the ICM might increase the chances of aneuploidy. A larger prospective multicentre study should be conducted to confirm these findings. Trial registration number not applicable

Intraoperative Angiogram Using C-Arm Fluoroscopy and Direct Common Carotid Artery Puncture During Surgical Treatment of Paraclinoid Aneurysms

Intraoperative angiography (IOA) has been shown to be a useful adjunct in surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysms. However, its use can be limited by hybrid operating room availability. On the other hand, the use of C-arm fluoroscopy can add challenges to IOA during navigation of the aortic arch and selection of the great vessels. We aimed to describe a simple method of IOA that can be applied during surgery of paraclinoid aneurysms and can be performed in a normal operating room without the need to navigate the aortic arch. In patients undergoing surgery for paraclinoid aneurysms with need for cervical carotid artery exposure, IOA was performed using a single plane C-arm fluoroscopy unit after direct puncture of the carotid artery. Five patients were included: 2 with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 2 with unruptured aneurysm and history of subarachnoid hemorrhage, and 1 with unruptured aneurysm. There were 2 internal carotid blister aneurysms, 2 ophthalmic artery aneurysms, and 1 superior hypophyseal artery aneurysm. IOA was performed using direct carotid puncture through the neck incision required for proximal control. In all cases, intraoperative images were of sufficient quality to determine the completeness of aneurysm occlusion as well as parent and branching vessel patency. There were no postoperative infarctions and no complications related to IOA. IOA using direct carotid puncture can be performed in a standard operating room with the use of a C-arm, eliminating the need to catheterize the great vessels of the aortic arch.

PARQUETS FROM REGULAR FIVE-POINTED AND TEN-POINTED STARS

Obviously, regular pentagons cannot fill a plane without overlaps and gaps. However, the plane can be filled without overlaps and gaps with polygons whose angles are multiples of 36°. For example, if a regular pentagon is changed into a regular five-pointed star, composed of five rhombuses with angles of 72° and 108°, and supplemented with five rhombuses with angles of 36° and 144° to form a regular decagon, then the resulting rhombuses can fill the plane without overlaps and gaps.&#x0D; It is assumed that, in addition to the presented method of tiling the plane with the rhombuses pointed out above, there are other ways of tiling the plane without overlaps and gaps with polygons whose angles are multiples of 36°. This explains why the challenge of tiling a plane with regular pentagons attracts the attention of not only geometers, but also designers who create new types of ornaments. Moreover, the regular pentagon among other types of regular polygons has the highest aesthetic qualities, and parquets made up of polygons, the angles of which are multiples of 36°, surpass other types of parquet in beauty and perfection. Therefore, the working out of methods for tiling a plane without overlaps and gaps with polygons, the angles of which are multiples of 36°, is an actual challenge for both geometers and designers creating new types of ornaments.&#x0D; For the first time, two variants of the parquet, composed of rhombuses forming five-pointed and ten-pointed stars, were worked out. If in the first variant the center of the parquet is a five-pointed star, then in the second variant it is a ten-pointed star. Moreover, if in the first variant the parquet does not have a single plane of symmetry, then in the second variant the parquet has twenty planes of symmetry. Another difference is that if in the first variant the parquet has a rotational symmetry with a 5th order symmetry axis, then in the second variant it has a rotational symmetry with a 10th order symmetry axis. Common to both variants of parquet is that they belong to non-periodic parquets, that is, they are new, previously unexplored types of Penrose mosaics. It is assumed that our further research will be directed to the invention of parquet, which has neither translation nor rotation symmetry, and at the same time maintains order in the arrangement of tiles.

Object detection based on multi-modal adaptive fusion using YOLOv3

Object detection is a technique used to localize and classify objects in an image or a video sequence. It is an emerging topic of research in the field of computer vision. However, detections in a video are affected by sensor-specific challenges. A convolutional neural network-based You Only Look Once, version 3 (YOLOv3) object detection algorithm was used to get optimized computation time and accuracy. In the proposed methodology, the YOLOv3 architecture extracted significant features from both the visible and thermal imaging domains, and an adaptive fusion of both domains was performed to determine the dominant imaging domain and provide robust detections. The resulting YOLOv3 detections included the bounding box coordinates, confidence score, and class from each imaging domain, which were fused implicitly into a single plane. The sensor domain having the maximum number of object detections was chosen as the reference to be compared with the other domain for the adaptive fusion process. After fusion, the algorithm removed redundancy using adaptive intersection over union thresholding. The mean average precision result obtained from the fusion algorithm was 44.25%. A comparative study was also carried out between pre-trained common objects in context weights and custom CAMEL dataset weights; it showed the significance of using adaptive fusion in challenging situations such as nighttime, shadow, varying illumination, moving camera, and crowd.

Interior crystallographic plane induced cracking behavior of Ni-based superalloy in high-temperature and vacuum environment

Tension-tension fatigue tests at 750 °C were performed to state on fatigue structure-properties of Ni-based superalloy in long-life regime under high temperature by means of ultra-depth-of-field overlay three-dimensional, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometer, electron back scattered diffraction, focused ion beam and transmission electron microscope. Results show that interior crystallographic plane-fisheye failures are divided into the single plane & multiple planes cracking. The formation of plane with micro-crack initiation and growth is mainly under Mode Ⅱ cracking from the Copper grain with large size and the highest Schmid factor or the Goss grain with small size and high Schmid factor. Moreover, owing to high thermal activation energy, grain-related interior cracking is mainly induced by climbing and bypassing mechanisms with bowing of dislocations and zig-zag dislocations, and assisted by shearing mechanism with tangled dislocations. Finally, the interior plane-fisheye cracking behavior with microstructure in high-temperature and vacuum environment is elucidated.

Microscopic modulation and analysis of islets of Langerhans in living zebrafish larvae.

Microscopic analysis of molecules and physiology in living cells and systems is a powerful tool in life sciences. While in vivo subcellular microscopic analysis of healthy and diseased human organs remains impossible, zebrafish larvae allow studying pathophysiology of many organs using in vivo microscopy. Here, we review the potential of the larval zebrafish pancreas in the context of islets of Langerhans and Type 1 diabetes. We highlight the match of zebrafish larvae with the expanding toolbox of fluorescent probes that monitor cell identity, fate and/or physiology in real time. Moreover, fast and efficient modulation and localization of fluorescence at a subcellular level, through fluorescence microscopy, including confocal and light sheet (single plane illumination) microscopes tailored to in vivo larval research, is addressed. These developments make the zebrafish larvae an extremely powerful research tool for translational research. We foresee that living larval zebrafish models will replace many cell line-based studies in understanding the contribution of molecules, organelles and cells to organ pathophysiology in whole organisms.

Tensile Properties and Tensile Failure Criteria of Layered Rocks

Rocks are less resistant to tension than to compression or shear. Tension cracks commonly initiate compression or shear failure. The mechanical behavior of layered rocks under compression has been studied extensively, whereas the tensile behavior still remains uncertain. In this paper, we study the effect of layer orientation on the strength and failure patterns of layered rocks under direct and indirect tension through experimental and numerical testing (RFPA2D: numerical software of Rock Failure Process Analysis). The results suggest that the dip angle of the bedding planes significantly affects the tensile strength, failure patterns, and progressive deformation of layered rocks. The failure modes of the layered specimens indicate that the tensile strength obtained by the Brazilian disc test is not as accurate as that obtained by the direct tension test. Therefore, the modified Single Plane of Weakness (MSPW) failure criterion is proposed to predict the tensile strength of the layered rocks based on the failure modes of direct tension. The analytical predictions of the MSPW failure criterion agrees closely with the experimental and numerical results. In rock engineering, the MSPW failure criterion can conveniently predict the tensile strength and reflect the failure modes of layered rocks (such as shale, slate, and layered sandstone) with satisfactory accuracy.

Safety and Effectiveness of Mechanical Thrombectomy for Acute Ischemic Stroke Using Single Plane Angiography

ObjectivesNearly all data on mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke is based on procedures performed on biplane angiography systems. However, thrombectomy may be performed on single-plane systems in situations of triage or limited resources. We present the first US study comparing the safety and effectiveness of mechanical thrombectomy performed on single-plane vs. biplane systems. Methods and MethodsA retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database identified all patients treated with thrombectomy between July 2020 and July 2021 by a high-volume practice. Patients were dichotomized into those treated on single plane and biplane systems. Demographic, procedural, clinical and follow-up characteristics were compared. ResultsOf the 246 patients treated with mechanical thrombectomy, 70 (33%) and 141 (66%) patients were treated on SP and BP systems, respectively. No significant differences were detected in follow-up ‘good functional outcome’ (mRS ≤ 2; SP 51% vs BP 43%, p = 0.14), successful recanalization (SP 87% vs BP 88%, p = 0.72), intra-procedural vascular injury (SP 3% vs BP 2%, p = 0.96), or time from groin puncture to reperfusion (SP 24 min vs BP 26 min, p = 0.58). Additionally, no significant differences were detected in peri-procedural complications, fluoroscopy times or total radiation. Patients treated on single plane systems required significantly more contrast. ConclusionsMechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke performed on single plane angiography systems is as safe and efficacious as when performed on biplane systems. Our results may have implications for increasing stroke care access, both domestically in underserved/rural areas and internationally when considering requirements for stroke care in lower-income countries.

Three-dimensional dynamics of a pair of deformable bubbles rising initially in line. Part 2. Highly inertial regimes

The buoyancy-driven dynamics of a pair of gas bubbles released in line is investigated numerically, focusing on highly inertial conditions under which isolated bubbles follow non-straight paths. In an early stage, the second bubble always drifts out of the wake of the leading one. Then, depending on the ratios of the buoyancy, viscous and capillary forces which define the Galilei ( $Ga$ ) and Bond ( $Bo$ ) numbers of the system, five distinct regimes specific to such conditions are identified, in which the two bubbles may rise independently or continue to interact and possibly collide in the end. In the former case, they usually perform large-amplitude planar zigzags within the same plane or within two distinct planes, depending on the oblateness of the leading bubble. However, for large enough $Ga$ and low enough $Bo$ , they follow nearly vertical paths with small-amplitude erratic horizontal deviations. Increasing $Bo$ makes the wake-induced attraction toward the leading bubble stronger, forcing the two bubbles to realign vertically one or more times along their ascent. During such sequences, wake vortices may hit the trailing bubble, deflecting its path and, depending on the case, promoting or hindering further possibilities of interaction. In some regimes, varying the initial distance separating the two bubbles modifies their lateral separation beyond the initial stage. Similarly, minute initial angular deviations favour the selection of a single vertical plane of rise common to both bubbles. These changes may dramatically affect the fate of the tandem as, depending on $Bo$ , they promote or prevent future vertical realignments.

Design of a new movement competence assessment for children aged 8–12: A Delphi poll study

Assessing children's movement competence (MC) offers numerous benefits for academics, practitioners, clinicians and children, allowing individuals to meet children's developmental needs and improve their MC. Yet, there is concern that currently available assessment tools only provide a single plane (fundamental movement skills) perspective of a child's MC. The aim of this study was to elicit the expert opinion of a mixture of academics and practitioners from a variety of fields (research, education, sport, physiotherapy, athletic therapy) to design a tool to measure both the fundamental and functional movement skills of children aged 8–12. A three-round Delphi poll with an international panel of 17 academics ( n = 8) and practitioners ( n = 9) was conducted. The consensus was that the assessment should assess (a) object manipulation, (b) locomotor, and (c) stability MC and the assessment layout should be dynamic, incorporating a hybrid model of stations and a circuit. Expert consensus was that most skills were to be performed using the dominant and non-dominant side, with object manipulation skills assessed using process and product criteria. The consensus was also that the assessment should have varied ‘layers’ of marking criteria to cater for varying assessor expertise and have a series of ‘add-on” elements to provide a more detailed evaluation should it be needed. These findings present the foundation and content validity of an assessment which takes a dualistic view of children's movement skills, that could be used across several environments (schools, sports clubs, clinical settings, etc.) and could be suitable for use with a large group of children.

Rockburst mechanism of rock mass with structural planes in underground chamber excavation

Natural rock mass generally contains discontinuous structural planes, such as joints, fractures and faults, which have great influence on the occurrence of rockburst. The rockburst mechanism of rock mass with structural planes in underground chamber excavation is studied by means of model test and numerical simulation in this paper. Firstly, quartz sand, barite powder, gypsum powder, cement and water are selected as raw materials to configure the similar materials suitable for the rockburst model test. Secondly, four working conditions of none structural plane, single structural plane, multiple structural planes and through structural plane are designed, and the corresponding rockburst model tests are carried out. The stress and displacement laws of surrounding rock during excavation are analyzed. Finally, the numerical calculation of chamber excavation is conducted under the above four working conditions and the model test is verified. The failure modes and laws of surrounding rock mass with different structural planes during chamber excavation are obtained. The results show that: (i) After the tunnel excavation in rock mass with single structural plane, the tension of structural plane and the expansion of fractures occur, accompanied by small-scale rockburst. (ii) After the tunnel excavation in rock mass with multiple structural planes, the stress level of surrounding rock mass decreases significantly and no rockburst occurs, but the surrounding rock is prone to large-scale collapse or spalling. (iii) After the tunnel excavation in rock mass with through structural plane, the fractures appear in the vault and arch bottom and expand rapidly, accompanied by rockburst phenomena such as granules ejection. The research results of this paper are of great significance for understanding the deformation and failure mechanism of rock mass with structural planes in the underground chamber excavation.

Revisiting a Disky Origin for the Faint Branch of the Sagittarius Stellar Stream

We investigate ways to produce the bifurcation observed in the stellar stream of the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy (Sgr). Our method consists of running N-body simulations of Sgr falling into the Milky Way for the last 3 Gyr, with added test particles on disk orbits that span a wide range of initial positions, energies, and angular momenta. We find that particles that end up in the faint branch are predominantly high-angular-momentum particles that can all originate from a single plane within the progenitor, nearly perpendicular both to the orbital plane of the progenitor and to the Milky Way stellar disk. Their original configuration at the start of the simulation corresponds to spiral features already present 3 Gyr ago, which could be, e.g., the result of a disk-like component being tidally perturbed, or the tidal tails of a satellite being disrupted within Sgr. We then run a simulation including the self-gravity of this disky component. Despite the remaining ambiguity of its origin, this disk component of the Sgr dwarf with spiral overdensities provides a first step toward a working model to reproduce the observed faint branch of the bifurcated Sgr stream.

Stabilisation of transverse mode purity in a radially polarised Ho:YAG laser using machine learning

Radially polarised solid-state lasers offer attractive improvements in materials processing applications, but selection and stabilisation of the appropriate radially polarised mode is much more challenging than for the fundamental mode. Here, we demonstrate automated stabilisation of a radially polarised Ho:YAG laser by utilising laser mode analysis computed from a convolutional neural network. The neural network predicts the transverse modal content from single plane intensity images with high accuracy on timescales of a few milliseconds, permitting real-time self-adjustment of the laser cavity. Radially polarised emission has been maintained across a 30 W range of pump power, with the stabilisation of other arbitrary laser modes using the same neural network also demonstrated.

Stimulus responsive luminescence and application of rotor type 1,1′-([2,2′-bithiophene]-3,3′-diyl)bis(ethan-1-one) and 3′-acetyl-[2,2′-bithiophene]-3-carbaldehyde as molecular rotors

Two dithiophene aldehyde/ketone derivatives are designed as luminescence molecular rotors, i.e., 1,1′-([2,2′-bithiophene]-3,3′-diyl)bis(ethan-1-one) (BTBE) and 3′-acetyl-[2,2′-bithiophene]-3-carbaldehyde (BTAC). Their absorption and luminescence properties, as well as the stimulus responsive luminescence characteristics of water spikes are studied in detail. In order to further explore relationship of luminescence and molecular structure, three reference compounds are also synthesized, named 1-(2-methylthiophen-3-yl)ethanone (MTE), 2-methylthiophene-3-carbaldehyde (MTC) and 4H-cyclohepta[1,2-b:7,6-b’]dithiophen-4-one (CDTO). BTBE and BTAC have two obvious absorption bands in the short wavelength region with peak wavelengths of about 212 nm and 260 nm, respectively, while there is a weak trailing type absorption band in the range of about 300–400 nm. Their fluorescence spectra show two luminescence bands in the range of 280–350 nm and 400–600 nm, respectively, and the latter is stronger. Compared with the absorption and luminescence spectra of the reference compounds, it is determined that two absorption bands of BTBE and BTAC in shorter wavelength region are derived from the single thiophene ring carbonyl planar unit, while the absorption band in longer region are derived from the integrated structure of dithiophene carbonyl. The fluorescence bands with peaks of about 300 nm and 470 nm originate respectively from the localized F-C vertical excited states (LE), i.e., the excited state from single planar thienyl-carbonyl unit, and integrated excited state (IE), i.e., the excited state from integrated di-thienyl-carbonyl rings linked covalently with less dihedral angle and greater degree of conjugation at excited state. The crystal structure data show that two thiophene rings possess larger dihedral angles in crystal states, 86.9° for BTBE and 60.8° for BTAC, respectively. However, theoretical calculation results prove the conformational stabilization energy changes little, less than 1.5 kcal/mol, as dihedral angle changes from 50° to 100°. Hydrogen bonding is sufficient to overcome the energy required for this conformational change. Therefore, both BTBE and BTAC can produce water stimulation response luminescence behavior. This stimulating response behavior of BTBE and BTAC can be applied to the preparation of water writable film materials.

Simultaneous validation of wearable motion capture system for lower body applications: over single plane range of motion (ROM) and gait activities.

Extracting data from {Zhu, 2019 #5} daily life activities is important in biomechanical applications to define exact boundary conditions for the intended use-based applications. Although optoelectronic camera-marker based systems are used as gold standard tools for medical applications, due to line-of-sight problem, there is a need for wearable, affordable motion capture (MOCAP) systems. We investigate the potential use of a wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) based-wearable MOCAP system for biomechanical applications. The in vitro proof of concept is provided for the full lower body consisting of hip, knee, and ankle joints via controlled single-plane anatomical range of motion (ROM) simulations using an electrical motor, while collecting data simultaneously via opto-electronic markers and IMU sensors. On 15 healthy volunteers the flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, internal-external rotation (ROM) values of hip and, the flexion- extension ROM values of the knee and ankle joints are calculated for both systems. The Bland-Altman graphs showed promising agreement both for in vitro and in vivo experiments. The maximum Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) between the systems in vitro was 3.4° for hip and 5.9° for knee flexion motion in vivo, respectively. The gait data of the volunteers were assessed between the heel strike and toe off events to investigate the limits of agreement, calculating the population averages and standard deviation for both systems over the gait cycle. The maximum difference was for the ankle joint <6°. The results show that proposed system could be an option as an affordable-democratic solution.