Single Pictures Research Articles

On so-called paradoxical monocular stereoscopy.

Human observers are apparently well able to judge properties of 'three-dimensional objects' on the basis of flat pictures such as photographs of physical objects. They obtain this 'pictorial relief' without much conscious effort and with little interference from the (flat) picture surface. Methods for 'magnifying' pictorial relief from single pictures include viewing instructions as well as a variety of monocular and binocular 'viewboxes'. Such devices are reputed to yield highly increased pictorial depth, though no methodologies for the objective verification of such claims exist. A binocular viewbox has been reconstructed and pictorial relief under monocular, 'synoptic', and natural binocular viewing is described. The results corroborate and go beyond early introspective reports and turn out to pose intriguing problems for modern research.

In-situ measurement of liquid and evaporated fuel in a model diesel injection spray

A semi-quantitative distribution visualization method was developed to locate the distributions of liquid and evaporated test fuel below a diesel injector simultaneously. The technique uses sheet illumination from an excimer laser and picture acquisition with color slide films in miniature cameras. The single shot pictures obtained in the experiment are post-processed by an image processing system yielding the two-dimensional fuel distribution for liquid and vapor simultaneously. The method is compared to similar techniques engaging simultaneous but geometrically separated picture acquisition with black & white films.

Children's picture naming difficulty and errors: Effects of age of acquisition, uncertainty, and name generality

ABSTRACTOn the basis of prior research and a theoretical analysis of picture naming, we examined three correlates of child picture naming difficulty: age of name acquisition, picture-to-name uncertainty, and name generality (instance or category names). Study 1 demonstrated that late age of acquisition and high adult name uncertainty were associated with increased naming difficulty for both single instance and category items from the Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary Test (EOWPVT) (Gardner, 1979). Age of acquisition was a particularly strong predictor for instance items. Moreover, category pictures were more difficult to name than single instance pictures with names of comparable age of acquisition. In Study 2, analysis of incorrect responses to category pictures demonstrated that children made more instance errors than adults, but not more errors of other kinds. Study 2 also showed that a child uncertainty measure correlated more strongly with EOWPVT item difficulty than the adult measure of Study 1. The findings suggest that picture naming scores reflect both the availability of the names in lexical memory and their accessibility, which, in turn, partly depend on the amount of interference from competing responses. Some implications for the interpretation and remediation of picture naming deficits are suggested.

Ganganalyse mit Hilfe der Motografie bei gesunden Kindern und bei Patienten mit neurologischen Störungen - Teil I: Qualitative Analyse

Light pattern recording of movements is applicable to assess changes in space and time as well by using single photographic pictures. The method called Motografie has the advantage to work with a special light source; therefore, it is useful in clinical practice and research. Data can be analysed by describing pictures (qualitative analysis) as well as by quantitative measurements from the light pattern curves. By using Motografie gait pictures were studied in two healthy children, in a boy with minimal cerebral dysfunction and hyperactivity, and in two patients suffering from spastic diplegia. Movement curves from different parts of the body (shoulders, hands, hips, knees, feet) could be described in regard to their pattern and quality. In comparing healthy, mildly impaired and severely handicapped children specific features were noted to characterize different gait patterns. This is useful in clinical diagnosis and practicable to assess developmental changes as well as results of therapeutic measures in movement disorders.

Analysis of gait using motography in healthy children and patients with neurologic disorders. II: Quantitative analysis

Light pattern recording of movements by Motografie results in data representing changes in space and time; single pictures of these curves can be analysed in detail. The method was used for gait analysis in two healthy children, in a boy with minimal cerebral dysfunction and hyperactivity, and in two patients with spastic diplegia. From describing all phases of gait cycles different variables were chosen to assess movement patterns quantitatively; thus, curves could be described by various parameters. Differences were seen between normal, mildly impaired and severely handicapped children. Results obtained are in good agreement with a qualitative analysis of pictures and with data from the literature using different methods.

Laservision-disk and computer-assisted medical learning

A few months ago a Laservision-disk containing more than 43000 single pictures was created at the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Basle. The present study exploredthe applicability of this new information medium in combination with microcomputer systems to the area of medicine. It is shown that especially with the retrieval program) the end user, in only a few seconds, can get information out of a huge data and picture bank which correspond exactly to his needs. Thus, with the proper infrastructure provided, this proposed media-mix represents a future-orientated enrichment of information transfer.

Assessment of Young Amblyopes: Array vs. Single Picture Acuities

A linear array of intact and “jumbled” symbols suitable for testing young children has been used to evaluate 35 young amblyopes. Acuities with the jumbled array test were poorer than those obtained with single symbols; the discrepancy between the jumbled array and single picture acdlties was greater for large acuity deficits than small deficits. The depth of amblyopia, indexed by the interocular difference in acuity, was greater for the jumbled array than single pictures. For the patients who could be tested with lines of Snellen letters the jumbled array acuities were closer to line letter acuities than single picture or grating acuities. These results suggest that the jumbled array provides a more sensitive test of amblyopia in young children than single symbols or gratings, possibly because the jumbled array presents contour interactions that exploit the crowding phenomenon.

Directed forgetting in monkeys

Based on several recent demonstrations of a directed forgetting effect in pigeons, three experiments were carried out in an attempt to demonstrate directed forgetting in three squirrel monkeys. During initial training with a delayed matching-to-sample procedure, retention tests were always given for sample stimuli followed by remember cues (R-cues) and were always omitted for sample stimuli followed by forget cues (F-cues). Retention of F-cued items was tested on probe trials after initial training. The first two experiments examined the effects of R- and F-cues on memory for slide-projected pictures, with different pictures used on each trial of a session. In Experiment 1, a complex design was used in which one or two sample pictures were presented on each trial; when two pictures were presented, both could be R-cued or F-cued, or one could be R-cued and the other F-cued. A simpler design was used in Experiment 2, with only single pictures presented as sample stimuli and half the trials within a session R-cued and the other half F-cued. In both of these experiments, no differential retention of R- and F-cued stimuli was found, even at a retention interval as long as 16 sec. In Experiment 3, a series of studies was performed to test for directed forgetting when only two sample stimuli were used repeatedly throughout training and testing. With two pictures as sample stimuli, clear evidence of directed forgetting was found in Experiment 3b. It is suggested that the directed forgetting effect may arise only when a small set of sample stimuli is used.

Children’s learning of all the news that’s fit to picture

It has been shown that pictures greatly facilitate children’s recall of story information, But will they have the same positive effect when the passages to be recalled are more directly educational? In these experiments, both single pictures illustrating the passage’s main idea and a group of pictures, one illustrating each sentence, helped fourth graders recall the illustrated content of newspaper articles.

Artistic Motion Cues, Number of Pictures, and First-Grade Children's Interpretation of Mathematics Textbook Pictures

One method that primary mathematics textbooks currently use to communicate mathematical concepts to children is dynamic drawings in conjunction with written numeral statements. These dynamic illustrations may be either single pictures or sequences of pictures with motion portrayed by use of postural cues (e.g., picturing legs of the characters in a state of nonequilibrium) or conventional cues (e.g., using lines, vibration marks, or clouds of dust about the characters). In a previous study, Campbell (1978) noted that initially viewing and interpreting sequences provided first-grade students with a learning experience that significantly affected their interpretation of single pictures; however, the overall analysis concerning the effect of the number of pictures yielded differing results. She also noted that young children were more likely to observe motion in the pictures depicting both postural and conventional cues than in pictures utilizing only postural cues (Campbell, 1976). This reflection did not complement previous findings involving interpretation of conventional cues on other tasks. Specifically, Friedman and Stevenson (1975) noted that preschool and first-grade children do not readily classify figures with conventional motion cues as moving, whereas Brooks (1977) asserted that second-grade children cannot use conventional cues as a facilitator for recall in a memory task using cartoon pictures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the type of artistic cue (postural or conventional) used to portray motion, and the number of pictures (single or sequence of three pictures) used to depict an event on first-grade children's interpretation of mathematical textbook-type illustrations. The procedure assessed the children's interpretation of the illustrations within two levels of description: verbal (telling the story depicted by the pictures) or spatial (acting out the pictures with toys). Each child was also asked to characterize by a number sentence the mathematical relationship in each of the illustrations.

Brief Reports: Artistic Motion Cues, Number of Pictures, and First-Grade Children's Interpretation of Mathematics Textbook Pictures

One method that primary mathematics textbooks currently use to communicate mathematical concepts to children is dynamic drawings in conjunction with written numeral statements. These dynamic illustrations may be either single pictures or sequences of pictures with motion portrayed by use of postural cues (e.g., picturing legs of the characters in a state of nonequilibrium) or conventional cues (e.g., using lines, vibration marks, or clouds of dust about the characters). In a previous study, Campbell (1978) noted that initially viewing and interpreting sequences provided first-grade students with a learning experience that significantly affected their interpretation of single pictures; however, the overall analysis concerning the effect of the number of pictures yielded differing results.

SOME CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING MAPPING FROM EARTH SATELLITES

AbstractIn attempting to assess the possibilities of mapping from earth satellites, various factors which do not occur with aerial photography must be considered. The orbital characteristics of satellites are discussed from the point of view of their effects on photographic scale and coverage and the problems of taking and retrieving photography from satellites are outlined. An evaluation of the possibilities and limitations of mapping from both single and stereoscopic television pictures and normal frame photography is made and the tentative conclusion reached that topographic mapping from earth satellite photography may only be considered seriously for the scales 1 : 250 000 to 1 : 1 000 000 and for a minimum contour interval of 100 m. The economy of this very small‐scale mapping is at present very doubtful in view of the current costs of building and launching a suitable satellite. Any extensive programme of satellite photography for mapping purposes could pose some difficult legal and political problems if the photography was made freely available.

Optical Elastohydrodynamics

In Part 1 an extended series of pictures are given showing the shape of a point elastohydrodynamic contact. Extremely good fringe visibility is obtained by taking account of the reflectivity of the semi-reflecting chromium layer on the glass plate and the reflectivity of the steel balls. The shape of the contact is quite different from the Hertzian shape frequently assumed. Figures are given for pure rolling, pure sliding and skewed contact giving a slide/roll ratio of 016. Careful collimation permits the 30th fringe order to be observed. In Part 2 detailed design considerations needed to give sharp single and multiple beam interference pictures are studied. Subjects considered are the qualities of the rolling pair, the degree of collimation and the design of collimators. The choice of reflecting layer and light sources is discussed. Methods of estimating phase change on reflection are described. A technique making possible film thicknesses down to 100 Å (0.4 μin) is given.

Drawings as Structures and Non-Structures

A drawing is defined as an image in which the composition of lines predominates over considerations of color. Drawings are conceived by the author as structures and non-structures, although any drawing is bound to be structural. In the drawings as non-structures, the elements of the unexpected, accidental, and automatic play a dominant role. In a drawing as a structure, any line must be deeply felt, and drawn on a surface with the conviction that it is necessary where it is placed. By surface is meant the entire picture surface which cannot be divided or separated to show merely any portion covered by lines. These drawings are considered as structures, because in them there is the arrangement of all the parts to the whole. The structure drawings are discussed under the following seven groupings: structures of things (including landscapes), structures of space, structures of the spoken, structures of signs, structures drawn to poems, dimension of time structures and structures drawn to music. The significance of size and of proportions in drawings as structures and non-structures is stressed, and special consideration is given to the largeness inherent in certain small-sized and even tiny-sized works of art. The author's minimum drawings are discussed both as single pictures and as assemblages. Three-dimensionality is shown not merely in superimposed drawings, but also in the author's vertical sky-scraper pictures and his horizontal promenade pictures, in which the dimension of time enters in the viewing of the picture by the beholder. The author emphasizes that his pictures, both drawings and paintings, differ fundamentally from the pictures by artists of ancient China and Japan, because of the entirely different conceptions of space. An attempt is made to correlate today's world view of science as a product of Western thought and the author's letterless writing. The latter is not any form of calligraphy either practiced in the orient or in abstractions by modern artists-of the West and East-who still suggest some definite meaning of letters, ideograms, or hieroglyphs.

Determination of the geometry of the human vocal tract by acoustic measurements.

The geometry of the human vocal tract from the glottis (vocal cords) to the lips is one of the determining factors in human speech production and basic to a better understanding of articulation. Measurement of the vocal-tract geometry is difficult, especially that of its time-dependent behavior during connected speech utterances. Practically the only tools that have been available in the past for such measurements are radiography and cinéradiography. Unfortunately, radiographic measurements and their evaluation are laborious. In addition, adequate cinéradiography for longer utterances poses severe problems owing to dosage limitations. Alternative methods of obtaining information on the vocal-tract geometry have therefore always remained a desideratum. In this paper, it is shown that some of the desired vocal-tract-shape information can be obtained by purely acoustic measurements. Two kinds of acoustic methods are discussed in some detail: measurement of the eigenfrequencies (formants) of the vocal tract and measurement of the acoustic impedance at the lips. Both measurements allow the determination of an approximation to the cross sectional area of the vocal tract as a function of distance along its axis. More specifically, if the logarithm of the area function is described by a Fourier series, these measurements allow the determination of certain terms of the Fourier series. The number of terms, and therefore the spatial resolution of the approximation, increases with the number of measured eigenfrequencies of the tract or with the number of measured singularities of the impedance function. Both methods are applicable to dynamic measurements during nonstationary utterances and hold promise for supplying large amounts of area data necessary for specifying or refining articulatory models of speech production. The results can be portrayed by computer-drawn single frames or motion pictures of the acoustically derived area functions.

Possibilities of Stereoscopic Motion Pictures

The historical background of three-dimensional motion pictures is first discussed, leading up to the requirements of true stereoscopy and a discussion of some of the factors involved, such as overlap, detail, apparent sizes of objects, haze, lighting effects, and two-eye pictures taken eye-distance apart. Serious three-dimensional work falls into two classes: (a) critical-angle stereoscopy, and (b) anaglyph stereoscopy. Under the latter heading falls the use of colors to achieve stereoscopic effects, as in Lumière's work, and Audioscopics, which have several disadvantages; also polarizing anaglyphs, first operated by Anderton in 1893, and most recently through the use of Polaroid. — Advantages to be gained from three-dimensional pictures in color as opposed to single pictures using the same color system are explained. Some of the problems of photographers and theaters in using the Polaroid system are described, followed by a discussion of the advantages of stereoscopic pictures in dramatic delineation.

STEREOSCOPIC PHOTOGRAPHY AS APPLIED TO THE EYE

Photography has of late years been assuming an important role in medicine. There are four main types applicable to the anterior structures of the eye: (1) single black and white pictures, (2) stereoscopic black and white photographs, (3) motion pictures and (4) color photography. It is my desire to show the ease with which any one with only an elementary knowledge of photography may obtain excellent stereoscopic pictures in black and white. The first stereoscopic photographs were black and white, taken with an ordinary camera, with great discomfort to the patient on account of the length of time and the bright light used for the focusing, and the taking of the picture. One picture was taken, then the camera was moved 6 cm. around the arc of a circle and a second picture taken. These two pictures, when viewed through a stereoscopic viewing apparatus, gave the

The Illusion of Depth from Single Pictures

The Illusion of Depth from Single Pictures

Single stereoscopic pictures

Single stereoscopic pictures Get access Geo. Shadrolt Geo. Shadrolt Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s1-XII, Issue 314, 3 November 1855, Page 351, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s1-XII.314.351a Published: 03 November 1855