Single Person Research Articles

Criminal Responsibility of Accomplices in Committing a Criminal Offence

Background: When a criminal offence is committed by a single person, the problem of criminal responsibility is clear, whereas when the criminal offence is committed jointly by two or more people, the problem of responsibility is discussed. In this paper, the issues related to the problems of the responsibility of accomplices participating in a criminal activity will be addressed, such as the special subject, the excess of the executor, the cooperation and complicity of the case, the use of irresponsible persons in the commission of the criminal offence, and cooperation with unidentified persons. This article will answer the question of whether the criminal offence committed in cooperation would qualify in cases of cooperation with unidentified or irresponsible persons. The conclusions deal with the fact that if the criminal offence is carried out with the will, desire, and joint contribution, it is a product of the joint criminal behaviour, so the persons will be held accountable as accomplices. Also, collaborators are not responsible for other actions of the executor during the commission of the criminal offence, or for actions that go beyond the agreement. Albanian criminal law does not accept objective responsibility in the commission of a criminal offence, it also requires the subjective element. Regarding acceptance of cooperation, there is no cooperation with irresponsible persons. It would not be enough to prove only that in the commission of the crime other persons also participated, be they all adults, but it must be proven simultaneously that the unidentified persons are criminally responsible. Methods: In this study, a comprehensive legal analysis approach was employed to delve into the intricate issues surrounding the criminal responsibility of accomplices engaged in joint criminal activities. The methodology involved a meticulous examination of Albanian criminal law, jurisprudence, and relevant legal principles. The study focused on various aspects, including the special subject, the concept of cooperation, the excess of the executor, cooperation, complicity within specific cases, the utilisation of irresponsible individuals in the commission of criminal offences, and collaboration with unidentified persons. This method allows for gaining a profound understanding of the legal framework governing joint criminal behaviour and accomplice liability. Results and conclusions: The findings of the research shed light on the complex issues surrounding the criminal responsibility of accomplices in cases of joint criminal activities. Through an in-depth analysis of Albanian criminal law and jurisprudence, answers to critical questions concerning the qualification of criminal offences committed in cooperation, especially in cases involving unidentified or irresponsible persons, are provided. The results confirm that when a criminal offence is executed with the shared intent, desire, and joint contribution of individuals, it unequivocally constitutes joint criminal behaviour, leading to accountability for all involved accomplices. Furthermore, the research elucidates that collaborators cannot be held responsible for actions by the principal offender that exceed the scope of their agreement. Additionally, emphasis is given regarding Albanian criminal law adhering to a subjective element requirement for criminal responsibility, ruling out objective responsibility in the commission of criminal offences. Regarding the acceptance of cooperation, the findings underscore that the mere participation of other individuals in the commission of a crime, even if they are adults, does not establish criminal responsibility for unidentified persons. Instead, it necessitates the concurrent demonstration of their individual criminal liability. The results provide valuable insights into the legal principles governing the responsibility of accomplices in joint criminal activities within the Albanian legal context.

EEG evidence for racial ingroup bias in collective empathy for pain.

Previous research on racial ingroup bias in empathy for pain focused on neural responses to a single person's suffering. It is unclear whether empathy for simultaneously perceived multiple individuals' pain (denoted as collective empathy in this study) is also sensitive to perceived racial identities of empathy targets. We addressed this issue by recording electroencephalography from Chinese adults who responded to racial identities of 2 × 2 arrays of Asian or White faces in which 4 faces, 1 face, or no face showed painful expressions. Participants reported greater feelings of others' pain and their own unpleasantness when viewing 4 compared to 1 (or no) painful faces. Behavioral responses to racial identities of faces revealed decreased speeds of information acquisition when responding to the face arrays with 4 (vs. 1 or no) painful expressions of Asian (but not White) faces. Moreover, Asian compared to White face arrays with 4 (vs. 1 or no) painful expressions elicited a larger positive neural response at 160-190ms (P2) at the frontal/central electrodes and enhanced alpha synchronizations at 288-1,000ms at the central electrodes. Our findings provide evidence for racial ingroup biases in collective empathy for pain and unravel its relevant neural underpinnings.

The effect of social network structure on group anchoring bias

Decisions—whether made by individuals or groups—often involve estimating quantities, a process that is subject to anchoring bias (Tversky and Kahneman in Science 185: 1124–1131, 1974). Differences in susceptibility to anchoring bias between individuals and groups have been recently explored with the result that groups appear less biased than individuals (Meub and Proeger in Theor Decis 85:117–150, 2018). However, existing studies treat groups monolithically without taking into account their network structure—the pattern of relationships among members. The present paper investigates the effects of group social network structure on anchoring bias. Using a structured survey instrument, we gathered data on competence-based trust relationships among 264 students enrolled in a university degree program. An anchoring experiment was conducted in which some of the students made estimates as individuals, while others did so in groups of different structures. The findings provide initial evidence of differences in bias levels across variously structured groups as well as relative to individuals. Groups with highly centralized trust networks (where a single person owned everyone’s trust) showed more anchoring bias than dense groups (where everyone trusted everyone else) and sparse groups (where no one trusted any other member of the group) showed more bias than dense groups. In addition, despite previous research demonstrating groups are less susceptible than individuals to anchoring bias, this study shows a higher presence of bias in both our centralized groups and sparse groups when compared to individuals, suggesting that group structure might moderate the mitigating effect of groups on anchoring bias. The research has implications for organizational behavior and social network literature. Specifically, this study contributes to the debate on anchoring bias for group decisions by highlighting the significant role of social network structure. At the same time, it contributes to the literature on network structure and performance by providing initial evidence of how network structure affects anchoring bias susceptibility. Moreover, our study contributes to management practice by alerting managers to the dangers of centralized networks, suggesting that competence-based trust plays a vital role in the resistance to anchoring bias.

Mitochondrial point heteroplasmy: insights from deep-sequencing of human replicate samples

BackgroundHuman mitochondrial heteroplasmy is an extensively investigated phenomenon in the context of medical diagnostics, forensic identification and molecular evolution. However, technical limitations of high-throughput sequencing hinder reliable determination of point heteroplasmies (PHPs) with minor allele frequencies (MAFs) within the noise threshold.ResultsTo investigate the PHP landscape at an MAF threshold down to 0.1%, we sequenced whole mitochondrial genomes at approximately 7.700x coverage, in multiple technical and biological replicates of longitudinal blood and buccal swab samples from 11 human donors (159 libraries in total). The results obtained by two independent sequencing platforms and bioinformatics pipelines indicate distinctive PHP patterns below and above the 1% MAF cut-off. We found a high inter-individual prevalence of low-level PHPs (MAF < 1%) at polymorphic positions of the mitochondrial DNA control region (CR), their tissue preference, and a tissue-specific minor allele linkage. We also established the position-dependent potential of minor allele expansion in PHPs, and short-term PHP instability in a mitotically active tissue. We demonstrate that the increase in sensitivity of PHP detection to minor allele frequencies below 1% within a robust experimental and analytical pipeline, provides new information with potential applicative value.ConclusionsOur findings reliably show different mutational loads between tissues at sub-1% allele frequencies, which may serve as an informative medical biomarker of time-dependent, tissue-specific mutational burden, or help discriminate forensically relevant tissues in a single person, close maternal relatives or unrelated individuals of similar phylogenetic background.

CONet: Crowd and occlusion-aware network for occluded human pose estimation

Human pose estimation has numerous applications in motion recognition, virtual reality, human–computer interaction, and other related fields. However, multi-person pose estimation in crowded and occluded scenes is challenging. One major issue about the current top-down human pose estimation approaches is that they are limited to predicting the pose of a single person, even when the bounding box contains multiple individuals. To address this problem, we propose a novel Crowd and Occlusion-aware Network (CONet) using a divide-and-conquer strategy. Our approach includes a Crowd and Occlusion-aware Head (COHead) which estimates the pose of both the occluder and the occluded person using two separate branches. We also use the attention mechanism to guide the branches for differentiated learning, aiming to improve feature representation. Additionally, we propose a novel interference point loss to enhance the model’s anti-interference ability. Our CONet is simple yet effective, and it outperforms the state-of-the-art model by +1.6 AP, achieving 71.6 AP on CrowdPose. Our proposed model has achieved state-of-the-art results on the CrowdPose dataset, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving the accuracy of human pose estimation in crowded and occluded scenes. This achievement highlights the potential of our model in many real-world applications where accurate human pose estimation is crucial, such as surveillance, sports analysis, and human–computer interaction.

The semantics of gaze in person perception: a novel qualitative-quantitative approach

Interpreting gaze behavior is essential in evaluating interaction partners, yet the ‘semantics of gaze’ in dynamic interactions are still poorly understood. We aimed to comprehensively investigate effects of gaze behavior patterns in different conversation contexts, using a two-step, qualitative-quantitative procedure. Participants watched video clips of single persons listening to autobiographic narrations by another (invisible) person. The listener’s gaze behavior was manipulated in terms of gaze direction, frequency and direction of gaze shifts, and blink frequency; emotional context was manipulated through the valence of the narration (neutral/negative). In Experiment 1 (qualitative-exploratory), participants freely described which states and traits they attributed to the listener in each condition, allowing us to identify relevant aspects of person perception and to construct distinct rating scales that were implemented in Experiment 2 (quantitative-confirmatory). Results revealed systematic and differential meanings ascribed to the listener’s gaze behavior. For example, rapid blinking and fast gaze shifts were rated more negatively (e.g., restless and unnatural) than slower gaze behavior; downward gaze was evaluated more favorably (e.g., empathetic) than other gaze aversion types, especially in the emotionally negative context. Overall, our study contributes to a more systematic understanding of flexible gaze semantics in social interaction.

Behavioral Economics as a Modern Market assessment tool

The market acts as the most important component of the institution of the modern world. The market means not only the relationship between consumers and sellers, but also the external environment in which they are carried out. In turn, such market relations are significantly influenced by the totality of human choices and decisions (both rational and irrational).To study the characteristics and degree of influence of various factors (emotional, social, etc.) on decision–making by economic entities, as well as their impact on the market as a whole, a new field of economics — behavioral economics — was institutionalized by economists. In this case, economic entities can be understood as groups of people, a single person, and corporations, enterprises, companies. Behavioral economics extends standard economic theory by taking into account the probability and impact of irrational human behavior on the market.Thanks to the development of behavioral economics, which is based on the achievements of economic theory, psychology, (more management psychology, economic psychology), sociology, philosophy (attitude to work, money, spending, educated family and cultivated society), marketing (advertising, marketing research) and management (management decision–making, alignment and adjustment strategies, etc.), within the framework of market assessment, more objective results can be obtained, which will contribute to the improvement of decisions made.

Effects of ‘Sudden Bursts of Popularity’ on social media

With the development of the Internet, social media become an important way to disseminate information. Words and events spread quickly, and so do people. Today, there are many chances when a characteristic of one single person is exaggerated, leading to him or her becoming popular and suddenly going viral on the Internet. This seems to give people the illusion of becoming more connected to each other. However, there are good and bad effects behind the phenomenon, and this article focuses on discussing them. The research mainly focuses on the effect of the phenomenon, using methods of case and theory analysis to discuss the effects, mainly the bad ones. The finding is that there are negative effects on different groups of people from the person himself or herself, the audience, and young people. It comes to the suggestion that it is important to improve media literacy and emphasise value dissemination.

Ontological Priority and Persons

On hylomorphism and a concrete view of Christ’s human nature, a human person might be defined ontologically by a real definition. Per the definitions of hylomorphism and concretism, both views depend on a thick particular “human person.” I call the dependence between the person and its definition the principle of ontological priority (POP) and I analyze how POP affects the views given two theological puzzles, namely, the disembodied intermediate state, and, following Chalcedon, a single person in Christ. I find that the entailment of the thick particular is unfavorable for both hylomorphism and concretism. Consequently, their real definitions need to be redefined.

ТЕОРЕТИЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СТАНУ ЕКОНОМІЧНО АКТИВНОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ КРАЇНИ

The article examines the essential characteristics of the state of the economically active population and defines its specific characteristics under the conditions of the Russian war in Ukraine. It is shown that the state of the economically active population is not stable, unchanged, which is explained by the presence of certain reasons. Among them, the following are highlighted: 1) a single, original element of the economically active population is a single person with his physiological and age limitations; 2) employment and unemployment are always derived from the degree of business activity in the country's national economy; 3) force majeure circumstances may occur in real life (natural disasters, military actions, etc.). It was noted that now, under the conditions of the war, there is a significant, almost critical excess of the outflow of the able-bodied population over its inflow. Since the definition of the concept of "economically active population" is based on the criterion of work, the work first, on the basis of an abstract-logical approach, defines the characteristic features of the processes of modern labor activity of working people, and then singles out negative changes in the content and nature of work during the destructive war. when workers are subjected to additional, significant physical, psychological and stressful load, the level of danger in labor activity increases. At the same time, emphasis was placed on the fundamentally new, positive trends of uniting workers into united labor teams with unified values and increased responsibility of each, due to the focus of all Ukrainians on achieving victory in the war. Some attention is paid to considering the problem of unemployment during the war, approaches to reducing the gap between the number of officially registered unemployed and the availability of job vacancies. The need to strengthen state regulation of all processes related to the state of the economically active population and intensifying the search for reserves to increase the efficiency of the use of the country's human production potential is substantiated. At the same time, the intensification of the activities of state employment services is of great importance, since they have a more reliable information base on the state of the economically active population at the territorial level.

ВЕТЕРЕНАТРНІ ЛІКАРСЬКІ ЗАСОБИ ЯК ПРЕДМЕТКРИМІНАЛЬНИХ ПРАВОПОРУШЕНЬ, ЩО ПОСЯГАЮТЬНА ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНУ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ

The article deals with the issues of circulation of medicinal products for veterinary use (veterinary medicinal products).It is argued that the current Ukrainian regulatory legislation on pharmaceutical activity does not include such a component as medicinal products for veterinary use and their circulation, since medicinal products for veterinary use are unable toensure the appropriate "state" of individual and public human health.It turns out that damage to the life and health of a person as a result of a violation of the order of circulation of medicinal products for veterinary use (veterinary medicinal products) has the same features as the damage caused to pharmaceutical activity as an independent object of criminal law protection (it is about direct and indirect damage). Therefore, criminal legislation should ensure the protection of such components of activity in the field of veterinary medicine and veterinary practice as the life and health of a single person (individual) or several people (public). In the author`s opinion, if we take into account the international legal standards of the Medicrime Conventionregarding the equal legal "regime" of medicinal products for "human and veterinary use", then the regime of criminal legal protection of medicinal products for veterinary use (veterinary medicinal products) and their circulation should not differ from " regime" of criminal legal protection of medicinal products.The author notes that actions with veterinary medicinal products "do not fit" into the content of the construction of "violation of veterinary rules" provided for in Art. 251 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.It is proposed to make relevant changes in the Criminal Code of Ukraine that would correspond to the provisions of the Medicrime Convention and add articles: 1) "Falsification of veterinary medicinal products, circulation or use of falsified veterinary medicinal products" (Article 321-4 of the Criminal Code); 2) "Forgery of documents that ensure the manufacturing, circulation or use of veterinary medicinal products, or the use of such knowingly falsified documents" (Article 321-6 of the CriminalCode); supplement the disposition of Art. 251 of the Criminal Code.

The ownership right to housing acquired by one of the spouses during marriage due to privatization

In Art. 47 of the Constitution of Ukraine, everyone is guaranteed the right to housing. The current legislation of Ukraine is generally aimed at assisting citizens in realizing their right to housing. For example, in Art. 4 of the Law of Ukraine "On preventing the impact of the global financial crisis on the development of the construction industry and housing construction” dated 12.25.2008 the features and mechanisms for providing individuals with affordable housing were introduced. At the same time, it is worth noting that a large part of the housing stock became the property of citizens in connection with privatization. Similarly, the national law also provides for the possibility of privatization of land plots. Despite this, family law, in terms of determining the legal regime of ownership of such objects, has undergone changes and in different periods of time provided for the presumption of joint compatible or personal private property of the spouses. Therefore, taking into account that, when considering disputes regarding the division of marital property, the determination of the regime of ownership is carried out on the basis of the legislation that was in effect at the time of acquisition of such ownership, the study of the problems of legal regulation of ownership of privatized housing during the period of marriage still remains relevant.&#x0D; Privatization of the state housing stock is the expropriation of apartments (houses), residential premises in dormitories intended for families and single persons, rooms in apartments and single­apartment houses where two or more tenants live, and the economic buildings and premises belonging to them (basements, barns, etc.) of the state housing fund for the benefit of citizens of Ukraine. Based on the analysis of the legislation of Ukraine, it is possible to conditionally distinguish three periods in the regulation of the legal regime of ownership of "privatized” property: 1) until February 8, 2011; 2) since February 8, 2011 - till June 12, 2012; 3) since 13.06.2012 - until now.

Community Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices Related to Strabismus and Strabismus Treatment and Surgery in Al-Jouf Region, Saudi Arabia.

Strabismus is the misalignment of the visual axis of both eyes caused by abnormalities in binocular vision or anomalies of neuromuscular control of ocular motility.This study aimed to assess the community knowledge, attitude, and practices related to strabismus and strabismus treatment and surgery in the Al-Jouf region of Saudi Arabia. This study utilized a quantitative cross-sectional design. The consented volunteering adult participants were randomly selected through sequential enrollment to the completion of the target sample size from five population groups constituting the Al-Jouf region of Saudi Arabia. The data were collected through an online validated self-administered questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study included 340 participants; 67.6% of them were females and 32.4% were males. Only 66.8% of participants correctly defined strabismus. Symptoms of strabismus were identified as double vision (58.5%), blurred vision (48.2%), headache (31.8%), eye fatigue (41.5%), and difficulty reading (47.1%). Regarding risk factors of strabismus, 48.5% reported family history, 39.4% reported uncorrected refractive errors, and 23.2% reported long screen time. Complications of untreated strabismus were reported as low self-confidence (39.1%), vision loss (27.6%), poor interpersonal relationships (25.9%), amblyopia (42.6%), and cosmetic stigma (14.1%). Only 45.6% of the participants agreed to marry someone with strabismus or allow their relatives to do so. The majority of participants (72.6%) would advise a strabismus patient to visit an ophthalmologist. Despite a higher knowledge regarding strabismus among females, younger agers, higher education, single persons, workers/students, and those inhabiting the capital city of the region, such association did not reach significance. The study shows a moderate level of knowledge, attitude, and practices among the general population of Al-Jouf Saudis towardstrabismus. There was no significant relationship between knowledge of strabismus and any of the demographic characteristics of the participants. This might prove detrimental to the early detection and treatment of strabismus to prevent its complications and improve its outcomes and the quality of patients' lives. Institution of correlation plans are mandated by the Ministry of Health and interested stakeholders.

L’interdisciplinarité pour des soins holistiques en hôpital psychiatrique : pourquoi et comment relever ce défi ?

There is considerable confusion between the terms multidisciplinarity, interdisciplinarity and transdisciplinarity. Multidisciplinarity suggests a juxtaposition of knowledge. The various specialists in their disciplines complement each other and intervene alongside each other around a common subject. This produces points of view, which are superimposed, without bringing out any real added value. Interdisciplinarity requires interaction and interrelation. The pooling of knowledge requires a greater intertwining of disciplines, minimizing the differences between them while preserving their specificities and their foundations. A specialist's robust monodisciplinary expertise enriches the other members of the team, allowing for a more global, more systemic approach. Refusing to approach complex problems through the categorial prism of individual disciplines, transdisciplinarity seeks to integrate disciplines to go between, through and beyond disciplines by completely dissolving traditional boundaries. One of the particularities of complex holistic care, such as that in psychiatry, is that it cannot be managed effectively by a single person or a single discipline. Hyperspecialization results in a segmentation of the human being by no longer taking into account the entirety of the person treated. By analyzing and harmonizing the links between the different disciplines, interdisciplinarity sheds light on complex situations and enriches the responses offered. It improves quality, offers a global approach to the patient by mobilizing knowledge from different disciplines and by defragmenting and decompartmentalizing their knowledge. Interdisciplinarity is not self-evident and it cannot be likened to a simple mode of coordination where complementarity is valued. To meet this challenge, communication, coordination and clarification of roles by the team leader, whose leadership is recognized and valued, are essential. The medical literature recognizes a real added value of interdisciplinary approaches in complex medical situations. Eventually, it may be necessary to go a step further. Nevertheless, transdisciplinarity is of such complexity and requires such maturity of the teams, that we do not support it as the first step toward implementing a patient holistic approach. By way of conclusion, we propose the metaphors that Choi and Pak developed. Multidisciplinarity is in a way a mathematical equation of the “2+2=4” type or, more daringly, a “salad bowl”, juxtaposition and addition of ingredients or skills. Interdisciplinarity is likened to an equation of the “2+2=5” type or a “melting pot”, which postulates that the result, due to an effective and harmonious interaction, is greater than the sum of the parts. Finally, they compare transdisciplinarity using a “2+2=yellow” equation with the culinary metaphor of the “cake” highlighting integration.

Правление династии Антонинов: идеал и действительность. Некоторые примечания к презентации «идеального правителя»

In the article is treated the problem of representation of the sovereigns during the ruling time of the Antonines from Antoninus Pius to Commodus. In the period of the early principate a new ideal has established itself — an adopted from the Senate nobility “princeps bonus“. Panegyric works “directed” the activity of the upper classes in favor of the subjects as well as for the fixing of the imperial borders, whereupon they have essentially determined the actions of the emperor. The image of an ideal ruler began to form himself during the reign of Trajan — a princeps maximus par excellence and was finally constituted under Marcus Aurelius. The characteristic feature of the ancient tradition was the contrasting juxtaposition of a “good” and a “bad” ruler with the purpose of accentuation of propagated ideals. Common clichés and standards have been achieved at the expense of loss of Individuality of single persons. Just as the rulers at any other time possessed the Antonines for all common and individual character traits that have marked their reign. On the whole, however, was this period only the continuation of the existing tradition with the “retrospection” to the existing canons.

One hundred malaria attacks since birth. A longitudinal study of African children and young adults exposed to high malaria transmission

Despite significant progress in malaria control over the past twenty years, malaria remains a leading cause of child morbidity and mortality in Tropical Africa. As most patients do not consult any health facility much uncertainty persists about the true burden of the disease and the range of individual differences in susceptibility to malaria. Over a 25-years period, from 1990 to 2015, the inhabitants of Dielmo village, Senegal, an area of intense malaria transmission, have been monitored daily for their presence in the village and the occurrence of diseases. In case of fever thick blood films were systematically examined through microscopy for malaria parasites and patients received prompt diagnosis and treatment. We analysed data collected in 111 children and young adults monitored for at least 10 years (mean 17.3 years, maximum 25 years) enrolled either at birth (95 persons) or during the two first years of life. A total of 11,599 episodes of fever were documented, including 5268 malaria attacks. The maximum number of malaria attacks in a single person was 112. Three other persons suffered one hundred or more malaria attacks during follow-up. The minimum number of malaria attacks in a single person was 11. The mean numbers of malaria attacks in children reaching their 4th, 7th, and 10th birthdays were 23.0, 37.7, and 43.6 attacks since birth, respectively. Sixteen children (14.4%) suffered ten or more malaria attacks each year at ages 1-3 years, and six children (5.4%) each year at age 4-6 years. Long-term close monitoring shows that in highly endemic areas the malaria burden is higher than expected. Susceptibility to the disease may vary up to 10-fold, and for most children childhood is an endless history of malaria fever episodes. No other parasitic, bacterial or viral infection in human populations has such an impact on health. The Pasteur Institutes of Dakar and Paris, the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, and the French Ministry of Cooperation provided funding.

The Digital Deception: Linguistic Framework and Discourse Analysis of Crime Communications

This paper deals with understanding the crimes that are happening in internet culture in different fields in online communities. There are many reasons behind these crimes: follows phishing, hacking and piracy etc., In every culture and subculture language plays a major role and it forms the base of the community. Apart from that, the language has many characteristics, it also has a connection with emotional and psychological wellbeing of a person. There are many types of crimes happening online but this research mainly focuses on the crimes that are happening through online communities. The important reason that the victims are trapped, is through the language and words which are used to trigger or attract the victim towards the target by the offender. It is easy to attract or trigger someone in person through effective communication when they have a good connection with each other, by understanding the emotional and psychological stand of each other. But in online culture it is hard to make a trap for people through communication when they don’t know each other. But this happens when we select the appropriate language and words to trigger a person. When the offender chooses the language and the words for the communication, he should be very wise and careful because it is not only for the single person, it is for a different number of people who have different physical, psychological, mental and emotional background. So, a language plays a major and important role. Even after the crime, language is the only thing that has a major role. The offender after the crime or after achieving his targets, he has a set or collection of words and language to handle the aftermath of the crime.

The Untold Story of A Panchkanya- Kunti, From The Great Epic Mahabharata

Indian culture is governed by various mythical tales and epics. Most of these tales and epics highlights the sacrificing, submissive and obedient nature of women and focuses on their single dimensional personalities. Oppressed women facing injustice and hardships is not a new concept, it has been going on since the mythical times. This paper deals with the life of one of the important yet forgotten female character of the great epic Mahabharata, Kunti. Kunti was the first wife of King Pandu and the mother of the five Pandavs namely Yudhishthira, Bheema, Arjun and her two step sons Nakul and Sahadev along with Karana, whom she had out of a wedlock. She has often been criticized for various things but lesser known is the fact that her life was full of struggles and hardships. The Pain and suffering of Draupadi, Gandhari and Amba have always been discussed at length but Kunti, inspite of the injustice she faced since her childhood until she died has got no mention anywhere. The paper aims to give her the due credit she deserves, taking into account the various aspects of her life and analyzing them through the lens of feminist criticism.

Change Agents’ Required Expertise to Implement an Educational Technology: A Mixed-Method Study

To support trainers in implementing emerging educational technologies into their practices, training centers nominate one or several change agents. The aim of this study is to identify their individual human factors in this organizational change process. Twenty-one experts in organizational change, training, and educational technology participated in this study that combined semi-structured interviews with two job analysis questionnaires. The data were first treated separately with descriptive statistics and directed content analysis. They were then analyzed jointly with a factorial correspondence analysis completed with a hierarchical ascending classification. Results highlight the core activity of a project manager and eight additional activities with their own individual human factors. They provide to the change agents’ team benefits, such as management, strategy, communication, training, analysis, facilitation, and technological, pedagogical, and financial expertise. Those findings suggest a protean activity of the change agent, hardly manageable by a single person, which practitioners should anticipate when managing change. This research also proposes an original method to obtain a deeper understanding of an unexplored concept like change agents.

Infectivity of exhaled SARS-CoV-2 aerosols is sufficient to transmit covid-19 within minutes

Exhaled SARS-CoV-2-containing aerosols contributed significantly to the rapid and vast spread of covid-19. However, quantitative experimental data on the infectivity of such aerosols is missing. Here, we quantified emission rates of infectious viruses in exhaled aerosol from individuals within their first days after symptom onset from covid-19. Six aerosol samples from three individuals were culturable, of which five were successfully quantified using TCID50. The source strength of the three individuals was highest during singing, when they exhaled 4, 36, or 127 TCID50/s, respectively. Calculations with an indoor air transmission model showed that if an infected individual with this emission rate entered a room, a susceptible person would inhale an infectious dose within 6 to 37 min in a room with normal ventilation. Thus, our data show that exhaled aerosols from a single person can transmit covid-19 to others within minutes at normal indoor conditions.