Single Movement Research Articles

The Effect of Mental Imagery Training on the Performing Arts of Pencak Silat

The purpose of this study in general is to determine the effect of mental imagery training on the performance of the single art of pencak silat. In this study using experimental research methods. This research is in the form of a Pre-Experimental Design using a one-group Pretest-Postest design. In this study, the population was 4 single arts athletes from the Pontianak Kujang Hitam College. This sampling is using purposive sampling with the following criteria; (1) Member of the black cleaver martial arts school. (2) Not having physical or mental illness. (3) Active in a participating in training. (4) Mastering a single art movement. In this study, the instrument used was a single art performance test. Data analysis used t test analysis (influence test). Based on the calculations obtained data (single art performance) with an average pretest result of 61 and posttest 81. It increased by 20 then a t-count test was performed to get t-count in imagery mental training was 15.0746 and t-table was 2.1919986 and the significance level 5% with count > t table. So it can be said that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, meaning that there is an influence from mental imagery training on the performance of the solo art oft pencak silat.

Exploring Microscopic Characteristics of Bicycle Riders’ following Behaviors in a Single-File Movement

Cycling can bring a wide range of social, economic, and health benefits to individuals and communities. The safety and efficiency of bicycle facilities can be significantly impacted by the interactions among riders. This study aims to examine the microscopic characteristics of how cyclists interact with each other when they are in a single file movement based on the trajectory data collected from an experiment. Reaction delay was obtained by optimizing the correlation between relative speed and acceleration curves for individual cyclists and it was found that even for a given cyclist, this characteristic time delay could vary considerably, and be situation-dependent. Furthermore, it was found that the distribution of reaction delay, which has an average (±SD) of 0.66 s (±0.33 s), followed a log-normal distribution. The strong correlation observed between relative speed and time-delayed acceleration resembles the behavior observed in car-following situations, highlighting that relative speed is an essential factor influencing the acceleration behavior of cyclists. Multiple linear regression models were used to understand the association between acceleration and other key microscopic variables, e.g., spacing and relative speed, which are commonly used in microscopic behavior models. While the spacing between cyclists was found to have a significant impact on acceleration behavior, its effect was not as significant as that of relative speed. The outcomes of this study provide valuable insights into the cyclists’ behavior and can aid in the development of microscopic simulation models.

Interactive e-learning course versus virtual traditional teaching on fetal motility, a cohort comparison of medical students

Background: Ultrasound examination is an important application in obstetrics. Fetal motor assessment can help to discriminate severe diseases, such as those underlying abnormal fetal joint position. However, standardized training is lacking. It was investigated whether virtual traditional teaching (TT) initiated by the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic gave equal outcome, compared to the prior blended teaching (BT) course on fetal motility. Methods: In total 96 medical students were included, 51 underwent BT versus 45 TT. BT underwent live supervised interactive e-learning and TT plenary virtual lecture. Both groups made the same individual assignments. The first assignment evaluated course knowledge in four video fragments on single specific movement patterns (SMPs), the second assignment consisted of three fragments with various SMPs, students were asked to score differentiation and qualitative performance. Results: BT and TT showed equally high correct answers on four individual SMPs. The second assignment revealed that BT and TT scored similarly in differentiation of SMPs. Two fetuses with normal motility were equally well scored in half of the items, BT scored speed and amplitude better, TT scored better in speed (other fetus) and overall conclusion. The one fetus with abnormal movements was scored by BT and TT similarly, 75% of both groups scored the fetus as moving suspect or abnormal. Conclusions: Evaluation of medical students’ motor assessment skills after BT and TT revealed a nearly equally high yield of the courses in distinguishing SMPs and similar judgement of aspects and overall qualitative performance.

An RRT That Uses MSR-Equivalence for Solving the Self-Reconfiguration Task in Lattice Modular Robots

A modular self-reconfigurable robot can change its configuration to effectively adapt itself to perform a wide range of tasks. The Modular Self-reconfigurable Robot (MSR) is constructed from a collection of connected modules that can move relative to each other and change the system's shape. This research presents a novel sliding Triangular Lattice Modular Robot (STRIMOR). We use a Rapidly-exploring random tree (RRT*) algorithm to solve the self-reconfiguration (SR) problem. This algorithm is computationally expensive due to the configuration space dimension. In order to increase the number of modules we define ‘Topological Configuration’ which better describes the configuration's unique properties. This new approach significantly reduces the tree size by representing a set of MSR-equivalence configurations as a single topological configuration. Furthermore, we examine the advantage of moving several module-groups in a single movement and choose their number by several density functions. Our improvements are presented using a set of simulated SR problems with different complexity levels. On top of that, We designed and fabricated the STRIMOR's dual-type modules and discuss how such a design simplifies the system's mechanical complexity.

What is the Driving Force Behind the Globalisation of Karate? From a Chinese Viewpoint

Although scholars have discussed the globalisation of karate and its spread worldwide. However, the current study only discusses the spread of karate in the West through the logical reasoning of the researchers, based on scattered evidence. Thus, in this study, the authors collected 40 karate books written by Chinese people and extracted their views on it with the aim of clarifying the force responsible for the globalisation of karate from a ‘non-Western’ perspective. This study analyses their views using reflexive thematic analysis and suggests, first, the modernisation of karate was accelerated by the introduction of tournaments, and some Chinese martial artists noticed karate techniques and the rules of a contest, expecting to learn from its success. Karate became an Olympic sport in 2016, which led the Chinese to reflect on and study in depth the model of promoting the globalisation of karate. This implies that karate is recommended and actively introduced in China by the Chinese. Second, the Chinese believe that karate is a ‘one-hit kill’ (一擊必殺), implying that a single movement can kill the enemy. However, they firmly believe that the practice of karate over time not only reduces this potentially dangerous and violent nature but also promotes the health of the practitioner’s body and mind. Thus, in their perception, karate is likely to exist and function as a ‘Dao’ (道) of both the literary and martial arts.

Experimental validation of a new model for mandibular motions.

Long-term excessive forces loading from muscles of mastication during mandibular motions may result in disorders of temporomandibular joint (TMJ), myofascial pain, and restriction of jaw opening and closing. Current analysis of mandibular movements is generally conducted with a single opening, protrusive and lateral movements rather than composite motions that the three can be combined arbitrarily. The objective of this study was to construct theoretical equations reflecting the correlation between composite motions and muscle forces, and consequently to analyze the mandibular composite motions and the tensions of muscles of mastication in multiple dimensions. The muscle performances such as strength, power, and endurance of mandibular motions were analyzed and the effective motion range of each muscle was derived. The mandibular composite motion model was simplified by calculating muscle forces. An orthogonal rotation matrix based on muscle forces was established. A 3D printed mandible was used for in vitro simulation of mandibular motions on a robot and measurements of force were conducted. The theoretical model and forces were verified through a trajectory tracing experiment of mandibular motions driven by a 6-axis robot with force/torque sensors. Through the analysis of the mandibular composite motion model, the motion form was obtained and transferred to guide the motions of the robot. The error between the experimental data obtained by the 6-axis force/torque sensors and the theoretical data was within 0.6 N. Our system provides excellent visualization for analyzing the changes of muscle forces and locations during various mandibular movements. It is useful for clinicians to diagnose and formulate treatment for patients who suffer from (temporomandibular joint disorders) TMDs and restrict jaw movements. The system can potentially offer the comparison before and after treatment of TMDs or jaw surgery.

Differences between Elite and Professional Male Handball Players in Kinematic Parameters of Single Fake Movement

Feint movement is an important factor for offensive players to outplay their guard, and score. So far, there is no evidence of feint biomechanical analysis on a sample of elite players in handball or other team sports. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate kinematic parameters of single side fake movement between elite and professional level handball players. The sample of participants consisted of 10 handball players divided into two subsamples: elite handball players (100.00 ± 8.00 kg; 196.00 ± 4.64 cm) and professional handball players (91.20 ± 3.42 kg; 192.4 ± 7.30 cm). The kinematic analysis was conducted using a GAIT-LaBACS software system. Variables consisted of two phases (fake phase and actual phase) of feint single change of direction. Both phases included seven kinematic parameters that were observed. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistic parameters. The differences between elite and professional handball players were analyzed by multivariate and univariate variance analysis. Results showed significant differences between elite and professional players (λ = 0.44, p = 0.00), in fake phase (i.e., 1. Phase). The results also indicate that in there is no statistically significant difference between both groups (λ = 0.64, p = 0.22). Two variables had significant differences between elite and professional players (i.e., step length of the stride leg (p = 0.02) and moving the leg opposite the throwing arm in space (p = 0.00)). To conclude, the article examines specific movement patterns of single side fake movement in elite players and the confirmed importance of efficient skill execution in top level handball. On the contrary, less skilled players use more space for the same technical element.

Franz Liszt’s Early Formal Excursions

Franz Liszt reformulated the Classical sonata form by coalescing the structures of a single movement and a multimovement cycle into a two-dimensional sonata form. Most of his mature sonatas are constructed following this structure’s principles (e.g., the Piano Concertos in E-flat, S. 124, and in A, S. 125; the Piano Sonata in b, S. 178; and the symphonic poems Ce qu’on entend sur la montagne, S. 95, Tasso: Lamento e Trionfo, S. 96, Les preludes, S. 97, and Die Ideale, S. 106). As the first two-dimensional sonata, De Profundis: Psaume Instrumental marks Liszt’s early maturity, when he established the combination of formal paradigms necessary for the creation of this form. By conceptualizing and framing the required two-dimensional strategies (i.e., thematic transformation, frequent shifts in the musical discourse, progressive formal loosening, and formal incompleteness) in Liszt’s earliest Classical sonata forms (Duo, S. 127 and Malediction, S. 121), this study traces the compositional advent of the two-dimensional sonata produced in the 1830s. These analyses link the works of Liszt’s youth with his mature repertoire, a task so far neglected by the scholarly literature.

Macaque progressions: passing order during single-file movements reflects the social structure of a wild stump-tailed macaque group.

Inferring the latent structures of social organisations is a central theme in animal ecology. Sophisticated theoretical frameworks underpin the study of various primate social systems. Single-file movements, defined as serially ordered patterns of animals, reflect intra-group social relationships and provide a key to understanding social structures. Here, we analysed automated camera-trapping data on the order of progression of single-file movements in a free-ranging group of stump-tailed macaques to estimate the social structure of the group. The sequence of single file movements showed some regularities, particularly for adult males. Social network analysis identified four community clusters (subgroups) corresponding to the social structures reported for these stumptailed macaques, i.e. males that had copulated more frequently with females were spatially clustered with females, but males that had copulated less frequently were spatially isolated from females. Our results suggest that stumptailed macaques move in regular, socially determined patterns that reflect the spatial positions of adult males and are related to the social organisation of the species.

Versatile clinical movement analysis using statistical parametric mapping in MovementRx

Clinical gait analysis is an important biomechanics field that is often influenced by subjectivity in time-varying analysis leading to type I and II errors. Statistical Parametric Mapping can operate on all time-varying joint dynamics simultaneously, thereby overcoming subjectivity errors. We present MovementRx, the first gait analysis modelling application that correctly models the deviations of joints kinematics and kinetics both in 3 and 1 degrees of freedom; presented with easy-to-understand color maps for clinicians with limited statistical training. MovementRx is a python-based versatile GUI-enabled movement analysis decision support system, that provides a holistic view of all lower limb joints fundamental to the kinematic/kinetic chain related to functional gait. The user can cascade the view from single 3D multivariate result down to specific single joint individual 1D scalar movement component in a simple, coherent, objective, and visually intuitive manner. We highlight MovementRx benefit by presenting a case-study of a right knee osteoarthritis (OA) patient with otherwise undetected postintervention contralateral OA predisposition. MovementRx detected elevated frontal plane moments of the patient’s unaffected knee. The patient also revealed a surprising adverse compensation to the contralateral limb.

Lower Limb Muscles' Activation during Ascending and Descending a Single Step-Up Movement: Comparison between In water and On land Exercise at Different Step Cadences in Young Injury-Free Adults.

(1) Background: Forward step-up (FSU) simulates the stance phase in stair ascension. With the benefits of physical properties of water, aquatic FSU exercise may be more suitable for patients with lower limb weakness or pain. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of progressive steps per min on the surface electromyography (sEMG) of gluteus maximus (GM), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), and gastrocnemius (GA), when performing FSU exercise with different steps per min in water and on land. (2) Methods: Participants (N = 20) were instructed to perform FSU exercises at different steps per min (35, 60, and 95 bpm) in water and on land. The sEMG of the tested muscles were collected. The percentage maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC) of GM, RF, GA and BF at different environments and steps per min was compared. (3) Result: There was a statistically significant difference of %MVIC of RF at all steps per min comparisons regardless of the movement phases and environments (p < 0.01, except for descending phases of 35 bpm vs. 60 bpm). All tested muscles showed a statistically significant lower muscle activation in water (p < 0.05) (4) Conclusion: This study found that the %MVIC of the tested muscle in both investigated environments increase as steps per minute increases. It is also found that the movement pattern of FSU exercise activates RF the most among all the tested muscles. Muscle activation of all tested muscles is also found to be smaller in water due to buoyancy property of water. Aquatic FSU exercise might be applicable to patients with lower limb weakness or knee osteoarthritis to improve their lower limb strength.

Parallel movement planning is achieved via an optimal preparatory state in motor cortex.

How do patterns of neural activity in the motor cortex contribute to the planning of a movement? A recent theory developed for single movements proposes that the motor cortex acts as a dynamical system whose initial state is optimized during the preparatory phase of the movement. This theory makes important yet untested predictions about preparatory dynamics in more complex behavioral settings. Here, we analyze preparatory activity in non-human primates planning not one but two movements simultaneously. As predicted by the theory, we find that parallel planning is achieved by adjusting preparatory activity within an optimal subspace to an intermediate state reflecting a trade-off between the two movements. The theory quantitatively accounts for the relationship between this intermediate state and fluctuations in the animals' behavior down at the trial level. These results uncover a simple mechanism for planning multiple movements in parallel and further point to motor planning as a controlled dynamical process.

Online reach correction in 6- and 11-month-old infants.

The current study investigated the development of online reach control. Six- and 11-month-old infants reached for a toy while their hand position was tracked. The toy either remained stationary (baseline trials) or unexpectedly displaced left- or rightward during the reach (perturbation trials). To obtain a measure of online reach correction, we compared reaches in the perturbation trials to reaches in baseline trials using autoregression analysis. Infants of both age groups adjusted their reach trajectories in the direction of the displacement. Moreover, we divided the reaching movements into movement units, defined as the submovements of a reach between local minima in hand speed. Eleven-month-old infants adjusted their reach within the span of a single movement unit; corrections in 6-month-olds spanned multiple movement units. These results suggest that the reach control system has a rudimentary replanning capacity by 6months of age, which, with age, further develops to a more sophisticated online control mechanism for ongoing reaches.

Mechanical Cues for Triggering and Regulating Cellular Movement Selectively at the Single-Cell Level.

Cell motility plays important roles in many biophysical and physiological processes ranging from in vitro biomechanics, wound healing, to cancer metastasis. This work introduces a new means to trigger and regulate motility individually using transient mechanical stimulus applied to designated cells. Using BV2 microglial cells, our investigations indicate that motility can be reproducibly and reliably initiated using mechanical compression of the cells. The location and magnitude of the applied force impact the movement of the cell. Based on observations from this investigation and current knowledge of BV2 cellular motility, new physical insights are revealed into the underlying mechanism of force-induced single cellular movement. The process involves high degrees of myosin activation to repair actin cortex breakages induced by the initial mechanical compression, which leads to focal adhesion degradation, lamellipodium detachment, and finally, cell polarization and movement. Modern technology enables accurate control over force magnitude and location of force delivery, thus bringing us closer to programming cellular movement at the single-cell level. This approach is of generic importance to other cell types beyond BV2 cells and has the intrinsic advantages of being transient, non-toxic, and non-destructive, thus exhibiting high translational potentials including mechano-based therapy.

Gender-specific outcomes of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease — results from a single movement disorder center

Introduction and goalThe investigation of gender differences in treatment response is crucial for effective personalized therapies. With only 30%, women are underrepresented in trials for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is therefore important to evaluate gender-specific outcomes of DBS in PD in order to improve therapeutic counseling.MethodsWe analyzed clinical outcome parameters of 203 patients with PD that underwent DBS surgery targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN) at our movement disorder center. A total of 27.6% of patients were female and 72.4% male. Motor and non-motor scores were compared before and 1 year after DBS surgery (1y FU) using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and gender specific outcomes were analyzed with chi-square tests.ResultsAt 1y FU, we found significant improvement in UPDRS II, UPDRS III (35.78 ± 36.14% MedOFF vs. StimON-MedOFF), UPDRS IV, depression (BDI-II), and health-related disability as (ADL) that showed no gender-specific differences. No significant change was revealed for UPDRS I, QUIP, and DemTect for the entire cohort. However, when analyzing both groups separately, only women improved in general cognition (plus 1.26 ± 3.03 DemTect points, p = 0.014*), whereas only men ameliorated in depression (minus 1.97 ± 6.92 BDI-II points, p = 0.002**) and impulsivity (minus 2.80 ± 7.27 QUIP points, p = 0.004**). Chi-square tests, however, revealed no significant differences between genders.Conclusion and outlookSTN-DBS is a highly effective treatment for motor and non-motor symptoms of PD for both women and men but our study hints towards gender-specific outcomes in non-motor-domains like cognition, depressive symptoms, and impulsivity. To explore this in more detail, larger cohorts need to be investigated in multicenter trials.

Divergent environmentalisms, conflicting counter-hegemonies: Lessons from the rights of nature movement

Within current literature on social movements, the existence and interrelations of multiple counter-hegemonies remains heavily undertheorised. Indeed, while the existence of such phenomena is acknowledged, in as much as scholars recognise that hegemony and counter-hegemony exist in plurality and in variegated forms, attention to the interactions between simultaneously existing counter-hegemonies is underexplored. In this article I draw attention to the ways in which multiple counter-hegemonies exist within a single social movement, and how those counter-hegemonies come into conflict with one another. Specifically, I show how one counter-hegemonic struggle comes to reproduce the hegemony against which the other is fighting. I situate this discussion within a case study of the rights of nature movement, operating in variegated forms within Ecuador and the United Nations’ Harmony with Nature Dialogues.

Continuous Human Motion Recognition Based on FMCW Radar and Transformer

Radar‐based human motion recognition has received extensive attention in recent years. Most current recognition methods generate a heat map of features through simple signal processing and then feed into a classification‐based neural network for recognition. Such an approach can only identify a single action. When a set of data contains information about multiple movements, it can also only be recognized as a single movement. Another point that cannot be overlooked is that continuous action recognition methods are able to recognize continuously changing actions but ignore the issue of whether continuous actions are legitimate or not (continuous actions obtained by stitching together multiple current actions do not conform to real time). In this paper, we propose a continuous action recognition method based on micro‐Doppler features and transformer, which translates the micro‐Doppler features of continuous actions into machine translation tasks and uses the idea of natural language processing (NLP) to identify continuous action. In order to judge whether the continuous action is legal or not, we also design the action state transition diagram as a constraint condition to strictly control the forward and backward actions. The experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper achieves good recognition accuracy for the recognition of a single action and can also effectively segment and recognize continuous actions.

直接噴射式火花点火機関用ノズルにおける非蒸発噴霧の運動量交換過程

Direct fuel injection spray is used to improve thermal efficiency and environmental performance in SI engines. A mixture is formed through momentum exchange between fuel droplets and ambient gas, along with mixing accompanied by droplets evaporation and diffusion. Both the droplets development derived from the liquid fuel atomization and the entrainment ambient air predominate the mixture formation process. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the momentum exchange characteristics of the spray formed by a single-hole injector for direct injection gasoline engines. To clarify the momentum exchange characteristics of spray droplets, the spray was visualized by optical experiments and the spray development process was analyzed. The parameters are injection pressure and ambient density. A comparison of experimental results and a model analysis of a single droplet movement was conducted, and different of deceleration characteristics were evaluated. In the case of the fuel spray, the induced ambient air by the spray tip droplets decreases the relative velocity between the spray droplets and the spray internal flow. A model for predicting the temporal variation of the spray tip penetration from the different of momentum exchange characteristics between the spray and the droplet was proposed.

A New Concept for Adsorption Studies Using a Brush-Type Adsorbent (Magnetite Coated Animal Fibers)

ABSTRACT The brush-type adsorbent is an innovative material that provides significant advantages to adsorption processes and contains effective and diversifiable materials such as nanomaterials. The adsorbent can be separated from the environment by a single movement and it brings practicality, convenience, and low-cost to batch and column systems. The brush fibers were successfully coated with the adsorptive materials obtained from Fe(II)/Fe(III), Ag(I), Cu(II), Zn(II), and Ni(II) solutions. The particle size of magnetite nanoparticles formed on brush fibers is about 60 nm. SEM-EDX analysis showed that uncoated brush fibers mainly contained carbon, oxygen, and sulfur. Also, magnetite nanoparticles are spherical and contain iron and oxygen. The adsorbents have high removal efficiencies (80–94%) for arsenic, cadmium, lead, molybdenum, selenium, and thallium. The pseudo first-order, the pseudo second-order, Elovich, and the intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were fitted to the experimental data. The pseudo-second-order mechanism was predominant (R2 = 0.99–1.00) for all the elements, and the adsorptions are chemical in nature. The adsorbent can be produced for various purposes, in different contents and sizes. The use of this brush-type adsorbent for water and air pollutants will contribute to both the environment and the economy by facilitating and reducing the adsorption stages.

Design of the Drive Mechanism of a Rotating Feeding Device

Component batching can be a source of time waste in specific industrial applications, such as kitting. Kitting operations are usually performed by hoppers, but other devices can be used to optimize the process. In a previous work, a rotary device has been proved to be more efficient than hoppers; such a device allows the kitting and releasing of the components in a single rotatory movement, while traditional hoppers require at least two movements. In this paper, an improvement of such feeding device is proposed. The movement of the rotary device is driven by a four-bar linkage mechanism which is designed through functional synthesis. Thank to the four-bar linkage mechanism, the alternate motion of the rotary distributor is derived from the constant speed of the motor.