Single Meal Research Articles

Sublimated products and other time management tools: transformations of Khanty reindeer herders' nutrition practices in the Polar Urals

The key contribution of this article is bridging the perspectives of anthropology of food, mobility studies and anthropology of time, unfolding through an ethnographic study of the dietary practices of the Khanty reindeer herders in the Shuryshkar Region of the Yamal Peninsula in the beginning of the 21st c. We focus on freeze-dried foods, ‘Doshirak’ — the brand name which became genericized in this environment, and the dialogue of these foods with fish and venison, depending on the modes of mobility and the season. The Khanty herder's diet as recently as 20–25 years ago included reindeer and fish, processed and stored in various forms. In summer, dur-ing the nomadic period, raw foods are unfeasible, and dried venison and salted fish become key nutrients. Fresh foods and sophisticated cooking can only be afforded at campsite. Mobility periods reduce the diversity and set technological limits for food choice. The process of cooking and eating is integrated into the per-minute plan of the day during migration: one needs to find lightweight meal that regains weight and volume with addition of water. This is how soluble noodles and mashed potatoes are introduced in the reindeer herders' diet during the migration period. Nutrition type reflects the trend towards the “fragmentation” of food resources into small portions, suitable for single meal in a narrow family circle. A brigade of related tents has different diets. Previously, the problem of storing a deer slaughtered for “collec-tive nutrition” (“colpit”) was solved via distribution of meat to a wide social circle. Now whole reindeer is too large for a mo-bile and small family during migration. Thus, Doshirak has become a way to save and/or speed up time (a longer march during the day instead of boiling cereals), a way to autonomize the family/chum within the extended family and the reindeer herding brigade. At the same time, the phenomenon of Doshirak reflects the pattern of food alienation, unification of food trends. This trend also highlights the understudied discourse of the usefulness and danger of this food — not in terms of freshness/rotting, purity/pollution, but in terms of artificiality/naturalness of food, which raises the question of the “natural-ness” of the consuming subject itself.

Ingestion of orange juice prevents hyperglycemia and increases plasma miR-375 expression

The intake of high-fat, high-carbohydrate (HFHC) meals is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. There is evidence that the association of orange juice to a HFHC meal can modulate the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) linked to pancreatic β-cell function such as miR-375. We evaluated the effect of a commercial orange juice intake with HFHC meal on plasma miRNAs expression in twelve healthy subjects in a crossover design study. Subjects ingested water, orange juice, or an isocaloric beverage along with a 1037kcal HFHC meal. Blood glucose and miRNAs were evaluated at baseline and 1, 3, and 5h after the intake. The area under the curve (AUC) for glycemia after ingestion of HFHC+orange juice did not differ from ingestion of HPHC+glucose or HFHC+water. However, the AUC was higher in HFHC meal+glucose compared to HFHC meal+water (p=0.034). Glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly higher in HFHC meal+glucose group after 1h, when compared with other groups and times (p<0.001). There was an increase in plasma miR-375 expression after 3h of ingestion of HFHC+orange juice versus water (p=0.026), and a decrease in plasma miR-205-5p expression after HFHC meal+glucose versus water (p=0.023). A single HFHC meal+orange juice modulated plasma miR-375 expression, which is a biomarker of pancreatic β-cell function, and contributed to preventing hyperglycemia.

Impact of Sequential Lipid Meals on Lymphatic Lipid Absorption and Transport in Rats.

The sequential meal pattern has recently received more attention because it reflects a phycological diet style for human beings. The present study investigated the effects of the second lipid meal on lymphatic lipid absorption and transport in adult rats following a previous lipid meal. Using the well-established lymph fistula model, we found that the second lipid meal significantly increased the lymphatic output of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, and non-esterified fatty acids compared with a single lipid meal. Besides that, the time reaching the peak of each lipid output was significantly faster compared with the first lipid meal. Additionally, the second lipid meal significantly increased the lymphatic output of apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV), but not apolipoprotein B-48 (ApoB-48) or apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I). Interestingly, the triglyceride/apoB-48 ratio was significantly increased after the second lipid meal, indicating the increased chylomicron size in the lymph. Finally, the second lipid meal increased the lymphatic output of rat mucosal mast cell protease II (RMCPII). No change was found in the expression of genes related to the permeability of lymphatic lacteals, including vascular endothelial growth factor-A (Vegfa), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (Flt1), and Neuropilin1 (Nrp1). Collectively, the second lipid meal led to the rapid appearance of bigger-sized chylomicrons in the lymph. It also increased the lymphatic output of various lipids and apoA-IV, and mucosal mast cell activity in the intestine.

Bioequivalence of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from foods enriched with a novel vegetable-based omega-3 delivery system compared to gel capsules: a randomized controlled cross-over acute trial

PurposeTo evaluate bioavailability of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) from foods enriched with novel vegetable-based encapsulated algal oil across Australian and Singaporean populations.Methods27 men (n = 12 Australian European; n = 15 Singaporean Chinese), 21–50 yr; 18–27.5 kg/m2, with low habitual intake of omega-3 LCPUFA completed a multicentre randomised controlled acute 3-way cross-over single-blind trial. They consumed, in random order 1-week apart after an overnight fast, standard breakfast meals including 400 mg docosahexanoic acid (DHA) from either extruded rice snacks or soup both containing cauliflower-encapsulated HiDHA® algal oil or gel capsules containing HiDHA® algal oil. Blood samples for analysis of plasma DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were taken pre-meal and after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h. Primary analyses comparing 24-h incremental area under the plasma DHA, EPA and DHA + EPA concentration (µg/ml) curves (iAUC0-24 h) between test foods were performed using linear mixed models by including ethnicity as an interaction term.ResultsPlasma iAUC0-24 h did not differ significantly between test foods (adjusted mean [95% CI] plasma DHA + EPA: extruded rice snack, 8391 [5550, 11233] µg/mL*hour; soup, 8862 [6021, 11704] µg/mL*hour; capsules, 11,068 [8226, 13910] µg/mL*hour, P = 0.31) and did not differ significantly between Australian European and Singaporean Chinese (treatment*ethnicity interaction, P = 0.43).ConclusionThe vegetable-based omega-3 LCPUFA delivery system did not affect bioavailability of omega-3 LCPUFA in healthy young Australian and Singaporean men as assessed after a single meal over 24 h, nor was bioavailability affected by ethnicity. This novel delivery system may be an effective way to fortify foods/beverages with omega-3 LCPUFA.Trial registrationThe trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04610983), date of registration, 22 November 2020.

Differential Effects of One Meal per Day in the Evening on Metabolic Health and Physical Performance in Lean Individuals.

Background: Generally, food intake occurs in a three-meal per 24 h fashion with in-between meal snacking. As such, most humans spend more than ∼ 12–16 h per day in the postprandial state. It may be reasoned from an evolutionary point of view, that the human body is physiologically habituated to less frequent meals. Metabolic flexibility (i.e., reciprocal changes in carbohydrate and fatty acid oxidation) is a characteristic of metabolic health and is reduced by semi-continuous feeding. The effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF) on metabolic parameters and physical performance in humans are equivocal.Methods: To investigate the effect of TRF on metabolism and physical performance in free-living healthy lean individuals, we compared the effects of eucaloric feeding provided by a single meal (22/2) vs. three meals per day in a randomized crossover study. We included 13 participants of which 11 (5 males/6 females) completed the study: age 31.0 ± 1.7 years, BMI 24.0 ± 0.6 kg/m2 and fat mass (%) 24.0 ± 0.6 (mean ± SEM). Participants consumed all the calories needed for a stable weight in either three meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) or one meal per day between 17:00 and 19:00 for 11 days per study period.Results: Eucaloric meal reduction to a single meal per day lowered total body mass (3 meals/day –0.5 ± 0.3 vs. 1 meal/day –1.4 ± 0.3 kg, p = 0.03), fat mass (3 meals/day –0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 1 meal/day –0.7 ± 0.2, p = 0.049) and increased exercise fatty acid oxidation (p < 0.001) without impairment of aerobic capacity or strength (p > 0.05). Furthermore, we found lower plasma glucose concentrations during the second half of the day during the one meal per day intervention (p < 0.05).Conclusion: A single meal per day in the evening lowers body weight and adapts metabolic flexibility during exercise via increased fat oxidation whereas physical performance was not affected.

Transcriptional Integration of Distinct Microbial and Nutritional Signals by the Small Intestinal Epithelium.

Background & AimsThe intestine constantly interprets and adapts to complex combinations of dietary and microbial stimuli. However, the transcriptional strategies by which the intestinal epithelium integrates these coincident sources of information remain unresolved. We recently found that microbiota colonization suppresses epithelial activity of hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 nuclear receptor transcription factors, but their integrative regulation was unknown.MethodsWe compared adult mice reared germ-free or conventionalized with a microbiota either fed normally or after a single high-fat meal. Preparations of unsorted jejunal intestinal epithelial cells were queried using lipidomics and genome-wide assays for RNA sequencing and ChIP sequencing for the activating histone mark H3K27ac and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha.ResultsAnalysis of lipid classes, genes, and regulatory regions identified distinct nutritional and microbial responses but also simultaneous influence of both stimuli. H3K27ac sites preferentially increased by high-fat meal in the presence of microbes neighbor lipid anabolism and proliferation genes, were previously identified intestinal stem cell regulatory regions, and were not hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha targets. In contrast, H3K27ac sites preferentially increased by high-fat meal in the absence of microbes neighbor targets of the energy homeostasis regulator peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha, neighbored fatty acid oxidation genes, were previously identified enterocyte regulatory regions, and were hepatocyte factor 4 alpha bound.ConclusionsHepatocyte factor 4 alpha supports a differentiated enterocyte and fatty acid oxidation program in germ-free mice, and that suppression of hepatocyte factor 4 alpha by the combination of microbes and high-fat meal may result in preferential activation of intestinal epithelial cell proliferation programs. This identifies potential transcriptional mechanisms for intestinal adaptation to multiple signals and how microbiota may modulate intestinal lipid absorption, epithelial cell renewal, and systemic energy balance.

Mixed leaf meal supplemented with exogenous enzyme and limiting amino acids can completely replace DORB (de-oiled rice bran) in the diet of Labeo rohita

Various single leaf meal can substitute costly de-oiled rice bran (DORB) in farm made feed for carps. However, the use of mixed leaf meal (LM) in fish feed is not reported yet. Therefore, Vigna mungo, Ipomoea aquatica and Hygrophila spinosa leaf meals were blended in an equal proportion to prepare LM. DORB was the major energy source in control diet (C) and LM substituted 50% and 100% of DORB in LM20 and LM40 experimental diets, respectively. In addition, control diet (C), LM20 and LM40 diets were supplemented with limiting amino acids and exogenous carbohydrases and denoted as CE, LM20E and LM40E, respectively. Labeo rohita fingerlings were fed till satiation for 60 days. Fish fed with LM20E diet exhibited maximum growth rates and feed conversion (p &lt;0.05) however these were similar in C and LM40 (p &gt; 0.05). Amylase and aminotransferase activities were positively related with growth indices (p &lt; 0.05). Difference in hematological indices was negligible (except total leukocyte count), and lactate dehydrogenase activities in DORB and LM-based fed groups (p &gt; 0.05) while lower superoxide dismutase activities was observed in LM fed groups (p &lt; 0.05). The present study concluded that LM up to 400 g kg–1 could be incorporated as complete DORB replacer in L. rohita diet, however, 200 g kg–1 LM supplemented with 0.98 g L-lysine kg–1 and 1 g exogenous enzyme kg–1 registered the best growth, nutrient utilization, feed conversion ratio, physio-metabolic responses and hematological status.

Design of a project of a fitness tour to turkey for women 25-35 years old

The aim of the study was to find out the opinion of women about the content of a fitness tour to Turkey. The survey was carried out using the group "Hit Fitness Omsk, Hit Fitness Omsk", in the social network "VKontakte". Group members were the respondents. The groups consist of 2035 participants (on April 25, 2021). The required sample size was 323 people. The study was conducted in April 2021. The survey method was used based on the methodology of Dobrenkov V.I. (2004). The research results showed the following. By gender, the majority of the respondents were female (73%). The age of the majority of respondents (42%) is 25-35 years old, 25% - 35-45 years old, 23% - 18-25 years old, 10% - over 45 years old. In this regard, the design of the tour was carried out for the age group 25-35 years old. Most of the respondents (49%) preferred living in an apartment. The most attractive option is three meals a day (63%). The idea to add an animation program to the tour program was supported by 67% of the respondents. We found out what health problems the respondents have. The respondents' opinions were distributed as follows: 10% worried about stoop, 15% worried about back pain, 16% - swelling, 59% - all of the above Most of the respondents (85%) answered that they had never been on a fitness tour before, and 15% have already traveled on a tour of this format. Thus according to the results of the survey, it was revealed that a fitness tour to Turkey should be designed for a target audience from 25 to 35 years old, include 9 days and 8 nights, most of the respondents would like to stay in an apartment with the inclusion in the tour 3- x single meals, a specially selected animation program for every day, and should also include training and educational seminars. Thus this study confirmed the high degree of interest of women aged 25-35 years to take part in a fitness tour to Turkey during which they will be able to improve their physical performance and solve some health problems.

Circadian Alignment of Feeding Regulates Lifespan Extension by Caloric Restriction

Caloric restriction (CR) promotes longevity in several species. Classic CR protocols often lead to chronic cycles of 2h-feeding/22h-fasting, raising the question whether calories, fasting or time of day are causal. To address this, we tested an AL control group and five CR protocols with different timing and duration of feeding/fasting cycles. C57BL/6J male mice were subjected to 30% CR as one single meal a day at the beginning of the day or night (classical protocols with < 2h feeding, CR-day and CR-night), or smaller meals distributed for 12h (CR-day-12h and CR-night-12h), or evenly spread out throughout 24h (CR-spread) to abolish the otherwise daily feeding pattern adopted by nocturnal animals. We found that CR alone is sufficient to extend lifespan without fasting. However, the benefits are enhanced if feeding/fasting cycles are present and match their normal nocturnal activity. Circadian alignment of feeding with at least 12h fasting boosts CR-mediated increase on survival in mice, independently body weight. Aging leads to widespread upregulation of inflammation-related genes and downregulation of metabolic pathways in liver from ad lib fed mice; whereas CR at night ameliorates these aging-related changes and preserves circadian oscillations in gene expression. Overall, our results demonstrate that circadian interventions promote longevity and provide a novel perspective for elucidating mechanisms of aging.

Remediation of Cd-, Pb-, Cu-, and Zn-contaminated soil using cow bone meal and oyster shell meal

To understand the environmental friendliness and high efficiency of organic materials during remediating soil polluted by heavy metals by assessing the feedback of soil ecosystems after organic materials were put into polluted soil. Incubation research was undertaken to examine the impact of amendments ranging from 0.1% to 3.0% (w/w), including single cow bone meal (BM), single oyster shell meal (OS), and a composite of 50% BM mixed with 50% OS (BO) on soil biochemical properties. The findings revealed that the implementation of BM and OS increased soil pH, the content of certain nutrients, and the activities of catalase (S-CAT), and urease (S-UE) while decreasing the availability of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn. Overall, the immobilization effect on Cd and Zn after a 108-day incubation was ranked as follows: BM group > OS group ≥ BO group, and the order of the immobilization effect of Pb and Cu was OS group > BO group > BM group. In addition, the dominant bacterial community flora shifted toward alleviating the re-dissolution of metal ions from the soil and promoting nutrient recycling in soil within 108 days of cultivation. RNA analyses showed that the strongest determinants for microbial communities between BM application and OS application at the genus level were soil pH, CEC, and heavy metal (Cd, Pb). These results increase our understanding of the leaching performance of Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn and the evolution trend of microorganisms when organic amendments remediate heavy metal contaminated soil.

Sustainable aquafeed and aquaculture production systems as impacted by challenges of global food security and climate change

Sustainable aquafeed and aquaculture production systems as impacted by challenges of global food security and climate change

Herbs and spices at a relatively high culinary dosage improves 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure in adults at risk of cardiometabolic diseases: a randomized, crossover, controlled-feeding study

ABSTRACTBackgroundIntake of a single meal containing herbs and spices attenuates postprandial lipemia, hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress, and improves endothelial function. There has been limited investigation of the effect of longer-term intake of mixed herbs and spices on risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases.ObjectivesThe objective was to assess the effect of an average American diet containing herbs and spices at 0.5 (low-spice diet; LSD), 3.3 (moderate-spice diet; MSD), and 6.6 (high-spice diet; HSD) g · d−1 · 2100 kcal−1 on lipids and lipoproteins as well as other risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in at-risk adults.MethodsA 3-period, randomized, crossover, controlled-feeding study with 71 participants was conducted at the Pennsylvania State University. Each diet was consumed for 4 wk with a minimum 2-wk washout period. Outcomes were assessed at baseline and the end of each diet period.ResultsNo between-diet effects were observed for LDL cholesterol, the primary outcome. Between-diet differences were observed for mean 24-h systolic (P = 0.02) and diastolic (P = 0.005) ambulatory blood pressure. The HSD lowered mean 24-h systolic blood pressure compared with the MSD (−1.9 mm Hg; 95% CI: −3.6, −0.2 mm Hg; P = 0.02); the difference between the HSD and LSD was not statistically significant (−1.6 mm Hg; 95% CI: −3.3, 0.04 mm Hg; P = 0.058). The HSD lowered mean 24-h diastolic blood pressure compared with the LSD (−1.5 mm Hg; 95% CI: −2.5, −0.4 mm Hg; P = 0.003). No differences were detected between the LSD and MSD. No between-diet effects were observed for clinic-measured blood pressure, markers of glycemia, or vascular function.ConclusionsIn the context of a suboptimal US-style diet, addition of a relatively high culinary dosage of mixed herbs and spices (6.6 g · d−1 · 2100 kcal−1) tended to improve 24-h blood pressure after 4 wk, compared with lower dosages (0.5 and 3.3 g · d−1 · 2100 kcal−1), in adults at elevated risk of cardiometabolic diseases.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03064932.

Diurnal glycemic pattern on inclusion of sucrose in daily meals in type 2 diabetes: Reflection of antecedent glycemic control

Background: Inclusion of sucrose in diabetic diets is not recommended in subjects with diabetes since effects of such diets on glycemic indices are not established. Some studies have documented lapse in metabolic control on consumption of these diets type 2 diabetes. However, most studies examined plasma glucose only for a few hours after ingestion of a single meal containing sucrose after an overnight fast whereas others recommended increasing insulin dose prior to the meal. None of these studies examined influence of inclusion of sucrose in daily meals in subjects with new onset diabetes at diagnosis and again after achieving desirable glycemic control. Objective : Study was conducted to assess glycemic responses to ingestion of all meals containing sucrose constituting 50% of carbohydrate calories. Methods: 12 subjects with new onset type 2 diabetes participated. They were administered the following isocaloric diets for 4 days each prior to and after achieving desirable glycemic control; Diet 1- Diabetic diet recommended by American Diabetes Association (ADA), diet 2- test diet containing sucrose, diet 3- ADA diet. Glycemic control was assessed by diurnal glycemia (average of pre-prandial, postprandial and bedtime blood glucose), fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and fructosamine on 4th day of each dietary period. Results: All glycemic indices deteriorated after consumption of sucrose containing meals prior to initiation of treatment and remained worsened on return to ingestion of ADA diet. Glycemic responses after all meals improved markedly on achieving desirable glycemic control. Moreover, glycemic indices remained unaltered on consumption of sucrose containing meals after attaining and maintaining desirable glycemic control. Conclusion: Diurnal glycemic responses deteriorate on ingestion of daily meals containing sucrose in subjects with new onset uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. In contrast, diurnal glycemic pattern is unaltered following consumption of daily meals containing sucrose after attaining and maintaining desirable glycemic control.

Incorporation of Dietary Amino Acids Into Myofibrillar and Sarcoplasmic Proteins in Free-Living Adults Is Influenced by Sex, Resistance Exercise, and Training Status

BackgroundAcute exercise increases the incorporation of dietary amino acids into de novo myofibrillar proteins after a single meal in controlled laboratory studies in males. It is unclear whether this extends to free-living settings or is influenced by training or sex. ObjectivesWe determined the effects of exercise, training status, and sex on 24-hour free-living dietary phenylalanine incorporation into skeletal muscle proteins. MethodsIn a parallel group design, recreationally active males (mean ± SD age, 23 ± 3 years; BMI. 23.4 ± 2.9 kg/m2; n = 10) and females (age 24 ± 5 years; BMI, 23.1 ± 3.9 kg/m2; n = 9) underwent 8 weeks of whole-body resistance exercise 3 times a week. Controlled diets containing 1.6 g/kg–1/d–1 (amino acids modelled after egg), enriched to 10% with [13C6] or [2H5]phenylalanine, were consumed before and after an acute bout of resistance exercise. Fasted muscle biopsies were obtained before [untrained, pre-exercise condition (REST ] and 24 hours after an acute bout of resistance exercise in untrained (UT) and trained (T) states to determine dietary phenylalanine incorporation into myofibrillar (ΔMyo) and sarcoplasmic (ΔSarc) proteins, intracellular mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) colocalization with ulex europaeus agglutinin–1 (UEA-1; capillary marker; immunofluorescence), and amino acid transporter expression (Western blotting). ResultsThe ΔMyo values were ∼62% greater (P < 0.01) in females than males at REST. The ΔMyo values increased above REST by ∼51% during UT and ∼30% in T (both P < 0.01) in males, remained unchanged in females during UT, and were ∼33% lower at T when compared to UT (P = 0.013). Irrespective of sex, ΔMyo and ΔSarc were decreased at T compared to UT (P ≤ 0.026). Resistance training increased mTOR colocalization with UEA-1 (P = 0.004), while L amino acid transporter 1, which was greater in males (P < 0.01), and sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 2 protein expression were not affected by acute exercise (P ≥ 0.33) or training (P ≥ 0.45). ConclusionsThe exercise-induced incorporation of dietary phenylalanine into myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins is attenuated after training regardless of sex, suggesting a reduced reliance on dietary amino acids for postexercise skeletal muscle remodeling in the T state.

On the use of inhibitors of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase as a vector-selective insecticide in the control of mosquitoes.

Blood-sucking insects incorporate many times their body weight of blood in a single meal. Because proteins are the major component of vertebrate blood, its digestion in the gut generates extremely high concentrations of free amino acids. Previous reports showed that the tyrosine degradation pathway plays an essential role in adapting these animals to blood feeding. Inhibition of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), the rate-limiting step of tyrosine degradation, results in the death of insects after a blood meal. Therefore, it has been suggested that compounds that block the catabolism of tyrosine could act selectively on blood-feeding insects. Here, we evaluated the toxicity against mosquitoes of three HPPD inhibitors currently used as herbicides and in human health. Of the compounds tested, nitisinone (NTBC) proved to be more potent than mesotrione (MES) and isoxaflutole (IFT) in Aedes aegypti. NTBC was lethal to Ae. aegypti in artificial feeding assays [median lethal dose (LD50 ): 4.53 μm] and in topical application (LD50 : 0.012 nmol/mosquito). NTBC was also lethal to Ae. aegypti populations that were resistant to neurotoxic insecticides, and to other mosquito species (Anopheles and Culex). HPPD inhibitors, particularly NTBC, represent promising new drugs for mosquito control. Because they affect only blood-feeding organisms, they represent a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to conventional neurotoxic insecticides. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dietary palmitate and oleate differently modulate insulin sensitivity in human skeletal muscle

Aims/hypothesisEnergy-dense nutrition generally induces insulin resistance, but dietary composition may differently affect glucose metabolism. This study investigated initial effects of monounsaturated vs saturated lipid meals on basal and insulin-stimulated myocellular glucose metabolism and insulin signalling.MethodsIn a randomised crossover study, 16 lean metabolically healthy volunteers received single meals containing safflower oil (SAF), palm oil (PAL) or vehicle (VCL). Whole-body glucose metabolism was assessed from glucose disposal (Rd) before and during hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamps with d-[6,6-2H2]glucose. In serial skeletal muscle biopsies, subcellular lipid metabolites and insulin signalling were measured before and after meals.ResultsSAF and PAL raised plasma oleate, but only PAL significantly increased plasma palmitate concentrations. SAF and PAL increased myocellular diacylglycerol and activated protein kinase C (PKC) isoform θ (p < 0.05) but only PAL activated PKCɛ. Moreover, PAL led to increased myocellular ceramides along with stimulated PKCζ translocation (p < 0.05 vs SAF). During clamp, SAF and PAL both decreased insulin-stimulated Rd (p < 0.05 vs VCL), but non-oxidative glucose disposal was lower after PAL compared with SAF (p < 0.05). Muscle serine1101-phosphorylation of IRS-1 was increased upon SAF and PAL consumption (p < 0.05), whereas PAL decreased serine473-phosphorylation of Akt more than SAF (p < 0.05).Conclusions/interpretationLipid-induced myocellular insulin resistance is likely more pronounced with palmitate than with oleate and is associated with PKC isoforms activation and inhibitory insulin signalling.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov.NCT01736202.FundingGerman Federal Ministry of Health, Ministry of Culture and Science of the State North Rhine-Westphalia, German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, European Regional Development Fund, German Research Foundation, German Center for Diabetes Research.Graphical abstract

Do Consumers Order More Calories in a Meal with a Diet or Regular Soft Drink? An Empirical Investigation Using Large-Scale Field Data

Diet carbonated soft drinks (CSDs) were introduced to help consumers lower caloric intake. However, critics suggest that these drinks can provide an excuse to consume more calories, a so-called “Big Mac and Diet Coke” mentality that is consistent with behavioral theories such as moral licensing (e.g., combining a healthy eating choice with an indulgent, less healthy one). Using individual-level food and drink consumer panel data from a major fast-food restaurant chain, the authors empirically examine meals with a regular CSD versus a diet CSD. Results after controlling for drink size and demographics show that consumers generally do not order higher total calories from a meal with a diet CSD; rather, the authors find significant reductions in calorie count, suggesting that within a single meal, diet CSDs can help consumers unwilling to stop drinking CSDs to reduce calories. So, despite popular beliefs to the contrary, policy makers can consider diet CSD availability as a “calorie-reduction” strategy to lower calorie consumption within a meal.

W64. COMT VAL158MET POLYMORPHISM: DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS ON YOUTH PSYCHOPATHY FROM CHILDHOOD TO ADOLESCENCE

While magnesium requirements for teleost fish highlight the physiological importance of this cation for homeostasis, little is known regarding the molecular identity of transporters responsible for magnesium absorption or secretion. The recent characterization of the vertebrate magnesium transporter solute carrier 41a1 (SLC41a1) in the kidney of a euryhaline fish has provided a glimpse of possible moieties involved in piscine magnesium regulation. The present study obtained a novel SLC41a1 coding sequence for Carassius auratus and demonstrated ubiquitous expression in all tissues examined. Transcriptional regulation of SLC41a1 in response to dietary and environmental magnesium concentrations was observed across tissues. Specifically, decreased environmental magnesium correlated with decreased expression of SLC41a1 in the intestine, whereas the gill and kidney were unaffected. Dietary magnesium restriction correlated with decreased expression of SLC41a1 in the intestine and gill, while again no effects were detected in the kidney. Finally, elevated dietary magnesium correlated with increased expression of SLC41a1 in the kidney, while expression in the intestine and gill remained stable. Plasma magnesium was maintained in all treatments, and dietary assimilation efficiency increased with decreased dietary magnesium. Consumption of a single meal failed to impact SLC41a1 expression, and transcript abundance remained stable over the course of digestion in all treatments. Transcriptional regulation occurred between 7 and 14 days following dietary and environmental manipulations and short-term regulation (e.g. < 24 h) was not observed. Overall the data supports transcriptional regulation of SLC41a1 reflecting a possible role in magnesium loss or secretion across tissues in fish.

Fortifying a meal with oyster mushroom powder beneficially affects postprandial glucagon-like peptide-1, non-esterified free fatty acids and hunger sensation in adults with impaired glucose tolerance: a double-blind randomized controlled crossover trial

PurposeImpaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is a pathophysiological condition characterized by insulin resistance with known metabolic consequences such as postprandial hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. We hypothesized that fortifying a meal with mushrooms rich in β-glucans may diminish glucose and triglyceride responses by improving postprandial gastrointestinal hormone release.MethodsIn a randomized controlled crossover study, 22 subjects with IGT ingested a meal either enriched with 20 g powder (8.1 g β-glucans) of oven-dried Pleurotus ostreatus (enriched meal, EN) or without enrichment (control meal, CON). Blood was collected before and repeatedly within 4 h after the meal to determine AUC of glucose (primary outcome), insulin, triglycerides, non-esterified free fatty acids (NEFAs), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and ghrelin. Appetite sensations (hunger, satiety, fullness, and desire to eat) were assessed before and after meal consumption by visual analog scales.ResultsPostprandial glucose, insulin, triglycerides, GIP and ghrelin concentrations as well as the corresponding AUCs did not differ between EN and CON. NEFAs-AUC was 14% lower (P = 0.026) and GLP-1-AUC 17% higher (P = 0.001) after EN compared to CON. Appetite ratings did not differ between treatments, except for hunger (AUC 22% lower after EN vs. CON; P = 0.031).ConclusionThe observed immediate postprandial metabolic changes indicate that an easily manageable fortification of a single meal with powder from dried oyster mushrooms as β-glucan source may improve postprandial metabolism. If the effect is preserved long term, this measure can diminish the risk for further development of overweight/obesity and type 2 diabetes in subjects with IGT.Clinical trial registrationGerman Clinical Trial Register on 09/08/2018; trial-ID: DRKS00015244.

Fishmeal hydrolysation and non-protein energy sources affect the kinetics of nutrient digestion in the gastrointestinal tract of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)

The kinetics of nutrients digestion and development of chyme characteristics in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were assessed in response to fishmeal hydrolysation and non-protein energy (NPE) sources. Four diets were formulated to contain starch or fat as NPE source, and fishmeal or hydrolysed fishmeal as protein source in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Juvenile African catfish (average weight, 63 g) were stocked in glass experimental tanks connected to a common recirculation aquaculture system and were fed restrictively for 3 weeks. Four hours after the consumption of a single meal, fish were dissected to collect chyme from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Chyme was collected from stomach, proximal- and distal intestine and analysed for dry matter (DM) content, crude protein (CP) and marker concentration. Postprandial water fluxes to the GIT and stomach evacuation were calculated using yttrium oxide (Y2O3) as an inert marker. Faecal DM and CP apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) were determined by a marker method. Results showed that fishmeal hydrolysation had no effect (P > 0.1) on the DM content in all the GIT compartments. However, replacing dietary fat by starch resulted in a higher DM content in the stomach (P < 0.01). In the proximal intestine, NPE did not influence the chyme DM content (P > 0.1) but in the distal intestine, chyme DM was higher at the “fat diets” (P < 0.01). “Starch-diets” had a larger water influx into the stomach compared to “fat diets” (P < 0.001), but also a larger water re-absorption in the distal intestine (P < 0.05). The inert marker and DM evacuation rate from the stomach was affected by NPE source (P < 0.05) and was slower in the starch-fed fish. Hydrolysation of fishmeal increased the digestibility of CP in the stomach, but this effect of hydrolysation was dependent on the energy source, indicated by the interaction effect (P < 0.05). The increase in digestibility of CP in the stomach of the diets containing hydrolysed fishmeal was larger at the “fat diets”. In the other GIT compartments, CP digestibility were similar between diets (P > 0.1). However, hydrolysation of fishmeal had no effect on faecal ADC of CP. Our results suggest that the hydrolysation of fishmeal can alter the process of digestion along the GIT. In addition, dietary macronutrient composition can alter the postprandial digestion of nutrients in the GIT without being reflected in the faecal digestibility.