Single Lithium Ion Research Articles

Experimental study on the cooling effect of fine water mist on the thermal runaway in a single lithium ion battery

Lithium ion battery (LIB) has been widely utilized, owing to the various advantages. However, extreme thermal hazard, namely the thermal runaway (TR), can be triggered under abusive conditions, leading to the fire or even explosion hazard. Unfortunately, efficient mitigation strategy is still lack, especially for the confined spaces. In this work, the fine water mist (FWM) is introduced into the air flow, and the cooling effect has been comprehensively study. Results show that the cooling capacity can be significantly improved with FWM droplets addition. The maximum improvement reaches 29.5 %, and the local evaporation of droplets will dominate the cooling process when the FWM flow rate exceeds 0.6 mLs−1. With the increase of air speed, the cooling capacity also increases, but the retention time of droplets in the high temperature region has been significantly shortened, leading to the decreased cooling efficiency. Inhomogeneous cooling process has been revealed, and the cooling power is found to decrease with the decreasing temperature. Moreover, the FWM cooling presents basic characteristics of convection heat transfer. The average cooling coefficient shows close relationship with the droplet content. The FWM can be used to efficiently mitigate the TR hazard, which is promising for practical utilization.

Single lithium–ion transport and electrochemical stability triggered by organoborate zwitterions for self-assembled PAS–co–2PEG solid electrolytes for lithium–sulfur battery

Super ion-conductive solid polymeric electrolytes (SPEs) with high lithium (Li)–ion selectivity are applied to develop high efficiency, safe, and long-life lithium–sulfur batteries (LSB). Herein, a high-performance SPE is prepared by employing organoborate zwitterions (ZBo) into the flexible self-assembled poly(arylene ether sulfone) electrolytes grafted with dual poly(ethylene glycol) segments (PAS–co–2PEG) in the presence of ionic liquid. The large dipole moment of steric bulky ZBo present in lithium–ion conductive PEG domains phase separated from mechanically reinforced PAS matrix results in the promotion of Li-salt and borate anion/ Li-cation dissociation to facilitate the Li–ion migrations. The versatile functional groups in ZBo, such as ethyl carbonate (−EC), nitrile (−CN), and PEG with high dielectric constant aids Li-hopping without ionic aggregations. Attributed to these unique features, the as-developed SPEs show not only high thermal and mechanical stability above 250 °C and 1 MPa tensile strength, but also large electrochemical stability window of 5.3 V and high ionic conductivity of 1.05 mS cm−1 along with Li-ion transfer number of ∼0.5. The corresponding S/SPE/Li cells show 99.2 % of capacity retention after 200 cycles at 0.2C rate, demonstrating the promise of the advanced development of all-solid-state LSBs.

Computational Design and Analysis of a Novel Battery Thermal Management System of a Single 26650 Li-Ion Battery Cell for Electric Vehicle Application

The adverse climate change has posed an emergency for the world to shift to green energy systems. The largest contributor for air pollution, which is the primary cause for the adverse climate change is the fossil fuel driven conventional vehicles. Therefore, electric vehicles are going to be the future of the automotive industry. Due to the abundancy of lithium mineral and high-power density characteristics, lithium-ion powered electric vehicles are prominent choice. Similar to the vehicles driven by internal combustion engines, the electric vehicles should be able to travel long distances while carrying significantly heavy loads. This requires the battery to operate continuously for long duration under heavy loads, which results in increase of battery temperatures beyond the normal operating range. High battery temperature will degrade its performance and subsequently deteriorate battery life. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the battery temperature lies well within normal range for all possible operating conditions of the electric vehicle. This can be achieved by adopting a suitable Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS). In the present study, computational analysis of a single Lithium-ion (LiCoO­­­2 26650) cell designed based on Newman, Tiedemann, Gu and Kim (NTGK) formulation has been carried out to evaluate the maximum temperature attained by the cell. Furthermore, a BTMS is designed for the same using a novel liquid cooling plate (containing three channels) which is in contact with the cell surface. The maximum temperature attained by the cell with BTMS at different discharge rates of 0.5 C, 1.0 C and 1.5 C is determined. To enhance cooling, two fins are attached on top of the liquid cooling plate. Water is used as coolant and analysis is carried out for 0.01 m3/s flow rate. The maximum temperatures attained by the cell with and without BTMS are found to be is 313.72 K, 307.37 K, 302.31 K and 298.55 K, 298.52 K, 297.41 K at discharge rates of 1.5 C, 1.0 C and 0.5 C. Therefore, with BTMS the maximum cell temperature attained is 39%, 25% and 16% less compared to the bare cell, which indicates that the BTMS adopted in the present work is significantly effective in controlling rise in maximum cell temperature.

Toward High-Voltage Solid-State Li-Metal Batteries with Double-Layer Polymer Electrolytes

Solid polymer electrolyte batteries with a Li-metal anode and high-voltage active materials hold promising prospects to increase the energy density and improve the safety of conventional Li-ion batteries. An adequate choice of the polymers used for the cathode (catholyte) and for the separator (electrolyte) to create a sufficient energy gap and improve the chemical compatibility at both the positive electrode and Li-metal anode is required. The present work highlights the advantages of the double-layer polymer electrolyte approach in cells with a LiNixMnyCozO2 active material, a poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) catholyte, and a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrolyte. Replacing PEO in the catholyte with PPC results in a remarkably improved cycling performance. In addition, the higher lithium transference number of electrolytes with single lithium ion conductors leads to a smooth cycling of solid-state batteries. Cells with 1 mAh cm–2 deliver 160 mAh g–1, with a capacity retention above 80% over 80 cycles and a Coulombic efficiency close to 100%.

Electrolyte clusters as hydrogen sponges: diffusion Monte Carlo simulations.

We carry out Diffusion Monte Carlo simulations of up to five hydrogen molecules aggregated with two Stockmayer clusters that solvate a single lithium ion. The first one contains six point dipole solvent particles with parameters tuned to emulate nitromethane. The second cluster is a relative large system investigated recently [G. DiEmma, S. Kalette, and E. Curotto, Chem. Phys. Lett. 2019, 725, 80-86]. In both cases we find that the aggregated hydrogen molecules perturb significantly the ground state of the host cluster and form a distorted tetrahedral cage around the Li+ ion. The fifth hydrogen molecule is absorbed by the larger Stockmayer cluster while remaining in the proximity of the solvated charge.

Fire-retardant sp3 boron-based single ion conducting polymer electrolyte for safe, high efficiency and dendrite-free Li-metal batteries

Single lithium ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SIPEs) are an emerging class of alternative polymer electrolytes for protecting lithium metal anode. This work explores a fully aromatic sp3 boron based SIPE, lithium poly (4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone borate), Li-PSB, via a one-step synthetic procedure. A series of highly porous SIPE membranes, defined as po-PBSBs, comprising of Li-PSB and a fully aromatic polybenzimidazole (PBI) binder are firstly prepared. As a polymer electrolyte, po-PBSB exhibits high lithium ion transference number of close to unity, high ionic conductivity, excellent thermal dimensional stability and promising flame-retardant. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations depict multi-coordinated lithium ion transport channels in the po-PBSB membranes. By serving as polymer electrolyte in lithium metal batteries (LMBs), Li/LiFePO4 (LFP) cell, the po-PBSB shows an effective suppression of lithium dendrite growth. As a consequence, po-PBSB based Li/LFP cell demonstrates superior cycling performance remaining 76.1% of its initial capacity with nearly 100% coulombic efficiency at 1.0C after 200 cycles. The excellent performance may be ascribed to the remarkable lithium ion transference number, high organic solvent absorption in pores and thermal and electrochemical stabilities of the po-PBSB. We believe that the novel SIPE materials have great potential for application in high-safety LMBs.

Mapping the architecture of single lithium ion electrode particles in 3D, using electron backscatter diffraction and machine learning segmentation

Accurately quantifying the architecture of lithium ion electrode particles in 3D is critical to understanding sub-particle lithium transport, rate limitations, and degradation mechanisms within lithium ion batteries. Most commercial positive electrode materials consist of polycrystalline particles, where intra-particle grains have a range of morphologies and orientations. Here, focused ion beam slicing in sequence with electron backscatter diffraction is used to accurately quantify intra-particle grain morphologies in 3D. The intra-particle grains are identified using convolution neural network segmentation and distinctly labeled. Efficient morphological characterization of the grain architectures is achieved. Bivariate probability density maps are developed to show correlative relationships between morphological grain descriptors. The implication of morphological features on cell performance, as well as the extension of this dataset to guide artificial generation of realistic particle architectures for 3D multi-physics models, is discussed.

Effect of an Electric Field on a Lithium Ion in a Channel of the Doped Silicene–Graphite System

Using the method of molecular dynamics, the behavior of a lithium ion under the action of a constant electric field in a channel formed by silicene sheets doped with phosphorus is studied. It is shown that if the intersheet space in doped silicene is 0.6 nm, then a single lithium ion can freely enter a channel located on a graphite substrate (with the layers doped with nitrogen) and move along the channel. It is found that doping element phosphorus has a strengthening effect on silicene. Two-dimensional silicon structures are slightly deformed but not destroyed and remain stable during the entire calculation time (100 ps). It is shown that the roughness of silicene sheets and the volume of the intersheet space in the channel do not increase after the lithium ion passes through it, since the crystalline structure of silicene is preserved.

Modeling of analog battery management system for single cell lithium ion battery

AbstractThe Li‐ion battery is an energy storage system in consumer and industrial applications. Because of their cell and pack level protection, Li‐ion battery requires a battery management system (BMS). The important function of the BMS is to monitor and protect the Li‐ion battery cells and packs from fault conditions, in order to maximize their lifecycle and increase safety features. In this research article, an analog BMS is presented for the protection of nickel manganese cobalt oxide‐chemistry‐based single‐cell Li‐ion battery. The Analog BMS is a battery protection circuit module that includes battery protection integrated circuit to protect batteries from overvoltage, undervoltage, overcurrent charging, and overcurrent discharging conditions. In addition, the semiconductor switches are used for charge and discharge protection control. This protection circuit module is designed for 18650 single‐cell Li‐ion battery and test the performance of analog BMS based on protection parameters. A real‐time experiment is carried out on analog BMS interconnected with 18650 single‐cell Li‐ion battery and tested under different charge and discharge rates using standard constant current‐constant voltage (CC‐CV) charging method. The experimental results show that the developed analog BMS protected single‐cell Li‐ion battery from overvoltage, undervoltage, overcurrent charging, and discharging conditions under different C/5, C/2, and 1C rates.

Simulation of thermal characteristics of lithium batteries for electric vehicles

To study the thermal characteristics of lithium batteries in electric vehicles, a single lithium ion battery under natural convection, forcedair cooling and water cooling conditions were simulated. On this basis, a parallel water-cooling model for battery pack is proposed, and CFD method was used to simulate and analyze the heat characteristics and temperature field distribution of the model at different flow rates, and an optimum flow rate of the cooling water was determined at which the battery pack has the best cooling result and thermal homogeneity corresponding to the given discharge rate.

In-situ crosslinked single ion gel polymer electrolyte with superior performances for lithium metal batteries

Conventional dual-ion conductive gel polymer electrolytes (GPEs) attracted tremendous interest for their combined advantages of liquid and solid electrolytes. However, their cycling performance usually degrades due to the concentration polarization of anions. Single lithium ion gel polymer electrolytes (SLIGPEs), which have anions covalently bonded to the polymer or inorganic backbone, can suppress the motion of anions by the interactions between the pedant anions and mobile ions. Especially, Li+ deposition in SLIGPEs can be regulated uniformly to avoid lithium dendrite growth. Herein, novel 3D-structured SLIGPEs were prepared by in-situ crosslinking of lithium (4-styrenesulfonyl) (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiSTFSI) with polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate (PEGDMA), soaked with liquid electrolyte. The obtained SLIGPEs not only promote the absorption of liquid electrolyte and accelerate the transport of Li+, but also show a high limitation for the migration of anions, proved by high ionic conductivity (2.74 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature) and high lithium ion transference number (0.622) of SLIGPE-3.5, respectively. The long cycle life (cycling for over 600 h under 0.05 mA cm−2 and 0.1 mA cm−2) of symmetric lithium batteries with SLIGPEs as both separator and electrolyte exhibits good interfacial stability between SLIGPEs and electrodes. Meanwhile, LiFePO4/SLIGPE-2/Li shows a specific discharge capacity of 132.1 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, 80.0% of the capacity retention ratio and 99.0% of the coulombic efficiency after 150 cycles at room temperature. Moreover, confirmed by SEM, lithium dendrite growth is significantly suppressed during repeated Li plating/stripping cycles. Density functional theory calculations (DFT) confirm the mutual interactions between STFSI− pendants and ions in electrolytes and that between PEO segments and ions. We believe that these in-situ SLIGPEs with superior performances have great potential for the application in lithium metal batteries.

STEM of a Single Crystal Lithium Ion Battery Anode during Electrochemical Cycling

STEM of a Single Crystal Lithium Ion Battery Anode during Electrochemical Cycling

Charge Delocalization on BO4– Centers to Improve Conductivity on Single Lithium Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes: A Computational/Experimental Approach

Single lithium ion conducting polymer electrolytes (SLICPEs) could be one of the best options for safer lithium ion batteries, only if new strategies can be envisaged to improve their ionic conduct...

New single lithium ion conducting polymer electrolyte derived from delocalized tetrazolate bonding to polyurethane

In this work, a new class of single Li-ion conducting polyelectrolytes (SLICPs) were skillfully synthesized from highly delocalized lithium tetrazolate, polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and diisocyanates. The chemical composition of SLICPs was confirmed by FT-IR, NMR and XPS, and the physical and electrochemical properties were investigated with XRD, SEM, DSC, TG, EIS, LSV, etc. The results showed that the related properties could be tailored using various diisocyanates and PEGs, and the SLICPs comprising PEG1000 exhibited higher ionic conductivities and Li+ transference number. It was noted that the conductivity of SLICP prepared from isophorone diisocyanate, lithium tetrazolate and PEG 1000 (IPULi-1000) could be close to 1 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 80 °C without uptake of any organic solvents. Besides, the polymer electrolytes could endure an oxidation potential up to 4.2 V (vs. Li+/Li), and the stable cycle (more than 200 cycles for Li/Li symmetric cell at 30 °C) indicated that the developed SLICPs were compatible with lithium electrode. Hence, the developed SLICPs were promising solid polymer electrolytes materials for Lithium batteries.

Asymmetrical Sp 3 Boron Atoms with Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Bridges As Single Lithium Ion Conducting Polymer Electrolytes

Single lithium ion conducting polymers electrolytes (SLICPE) are characterized by a high lithium ion transference number and low concentration polarization [1]. However, the ionic conductivity values need to be increased in order to obtain better performance in batteries. In general, two different approaches are used to increase the ionic conductivity in SLICPE, the first consists of a simple process of mixing lithium polymer salts with flexible polymers such as Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) . However, in this type of SLICPE phase separation between the polymer matrix and the lithium polymer salt can be generated, causing loss of contact between the electrode and the electrolyte, as well as conductivity decrease. The second form of elaboration of SLICPE consists of the synthesis of copolymers containing units with a relatively large segmental movement, which have anions covalently bonded to the polymer. However, the synthesis of this type of SLICPE is generally complicated and expensive [2]. In this work, we report the electrochemical characterization of a series of SLICPE based on sp3 boron atoms, homogeneously distributed in a way by means of poly(ethylene glycol) PEG bridges of different lengths that allow easily modulating the physical, electrochemical and ionic conduction properties. SLICPE were synthesized by a conventional fusion method, and samples were characterized by NMR, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in symmetrical cells in the range between 20 and 90°C. In addition, the effect of charge delocalization present in BO4 - groups, associated to strong electron-withdrawing substituents and their effect on the ionic conductivity in SLICPE, was studied. Results indicate a decrease on the activation energy for Li+ transport as function of the ethoxy chains length from 0.053 to 0.023 eV for the PEG chain of one and eight ethoxy groups, respectively. These results suggest that in short ethoxy chains the ion conduction mechanism is predominantly owed to hopping between boron centers (B-EO-B) while in larger chains it evolves to a hopping mechanism between boron atoms and ethoxy groups (B-(EO)n-B). In general, the analysis of the results indicates that the ionic conductivity (10-4 Scm-1 @ 60°C). However, these values can increase in a function of the degree of delocalization of negative charge on the receptor anion and make this class of polymer electrolytes promising candidates for LIB specially at elevated temperatures [3]. Acknowledgements This work was supported by Fondo de Sustentabilidad project 245754 “Predicción, síntesis, elaboración y calibración de celdas fotovoltaicas y baterías de flujo. ER thanks CONACYT (project 253155), GR thanks (project seciti/080/2017) IG thanks CONACYT (proyect 237343) for financial support. G. Guzman is grateful to CONACYT for the scholarship granted to pursue his doctoral studies. Reference s : [1] V. Di Noto, S. Lavina, G.A. Giffin, E. Negro, B. Scrosati, Electrochimica Acta, 57 (2011) 4-13. [2] H. Zhang, C. Li, M. Piszcz, E. Coya, T. Rojo, L.M. Rodriguez-Martinez, M. Armand, Z. Zhou, Chemical Society Reviews, 46 (2017) 797-815. [3] G. Guzmán-González, H. J. Ávila-Paredes1, E. Rivera, I González. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces - under reviews.

Improved Performance of LiFePO4 Cathode through Use of Single Lithium Ion Conducting Polymer Binders Based on Sp 3 Boron Atoms

Active materials and electrolytes are widely explored to improve the energy and power density of the batteries. However, polymer binder is the key component for the control of the electrode (composite) interfaces, which include the conductive agent/active materials interface, the conductive agent/current collector interface, and the initial active materials/electrolyte interface, facilitating electron and ion conductivity, retaining the physical structure of electrode and stable cycling improving the performance of the LIB. According to Sugita et al. [1] and the approach based on the thermodynamic work of adhesion, polar binders improve the composite electrode wettability, increasing the ionic conductivity in conventional composites; these showed highest capacity, suggesting that Li+ conduction inside the polymeric binder contributes to the enhancement of electrochemical performance. In this work, we report a serie of binders based on sp3 boron atoms and poly(ethylene glycol) PEG400 bridges and other alcohols. These binders were obtained by polymerization in-situ with lithium tetrametoxyborate (LTMB), on the LiFePO4 and SP-carbon surfaces (120°C, 12h), after homogenized in methanol by magnetic stirring. The electrodes based on polyborates as binders were processed and compared with electrodes with PVDF as binder, according to the methodology used by G. Guzman et al. [2] In addition, the effect of charge delocalization present in BO4 - groups, associated to strong electron-withdrawing substituents and their effect on the ionic conductivity in polyborates binders, was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy EIS. The results suggest that increased in ionic conductivity of the SLICB relative to the PVDF, decreases the charge transfer resistance in LiFePO4 cathodes. During the process of stabilization of the cell at C-rate of C/10, the cathodes based on PVDF as binder have better capacity, however, it is easily degraded with the increase of the C-rate. In general, the use of SLICB allows improving the load capacity of LiFePO4 cathodes, mainly at high C-rate values. Besides, they allow for a lower degree of degradation, which is possible to observe in the reversibility tests at low C-rate values, see figure 1. Figure 1. Rate capabilities collected during 40 cycles for a Li-ion cell at subsequent C-rates of 0.1, 1, 10 and 0.1C. Cell contains a cathode composite comprised: LiFePO4: SP-Carbon and different polymer binders 86-07-07 %w) and electrolyte of 1 M LiPF6 in a mixture of PC:EC:DMC (1:1:1 V%). Acknowledgements This work was supported, GR thanks (project seciti/080/2017) IG thanks CONACYT (proyect 237343) for financial support. G. Guzman is grateful to CONACYT for the scholarship granted to pursue his doctoral studies. Reference s : [1] M. Sugita, H. Nakamura, M. Yoshio, IMLB-2006, No. 486. [2] G. Guzmán, J. Vazquez, G. Ramos, M. Bautista, I. González, Electrochimica Acta 247 (2017) 451–459 Figure 1

Radiative decay rates in Si crystallites with a donor ion

Within the framework of the time-dependent density functional theory, the radiative recombination rates have been calculated for small, ∼1 nm in diameter, hydrogen-passivated silicon crystallites with a single lithium or phosphorus ion. Sharp increase of the radiative recombination rates with increasing temperature was revealed for the crystallites with the lithium ion. No temperature effect was found for the crystallites with the ion of P. It was also shown that the presence of ionized donors in Si crystallites can substantially accelerate the radiative decay compared to the case of pure crystallites.

Single lithium-ion polymer electrolytes based on poly(ionic liquid)s for lithium-ion batteries.

A promising method of synthesizing a lithium-containing room temperature polymeric ionic liquid (PIL) by utilizing the zwitterionic effect to turn a lithium salt into a liquid for single lithium-ion conduction was proposed. In this work, the room temperature PIL was constructed by the equimolar monomer mixture of zwitterion 3-(1-vinyl-3-imidazolic)propanesulfonate (VIPS) and 4-styrenesulfnny(trifluoromethylsulfony)imde (LiSTFSI) based on intermolecular electrostatic interactions. In situ photopolymerization with flexible chain poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate (PEGM) and cross-linker poly(ethylene glycol)dimethacrylate (PEGDM) in the presence of propylene carbonate (PC) generated free-standing PIL electrolyte films. The PIL electrolytes with Li+-rich channels have an excellent lithium transference number approaching unity (0.93 at room temperature) while attaining comparable ionic conductivity (σ ≈ 1.31 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 30 °C). The charge-discharge performance of a Li/LiFePO4 half-cell equipped with this PIL electrolyte would provide a promising model system for novel single lithium ion conductors.

Aqueous micro-solvation of Li+ ions: Thermodynamics and energetic studies of Li+-(H2O)n (n = 1–6) structures

The structures and thermodynamic parameters of hydrated lithium ion clusters incorporating a single lithium ion and up to six water molecules have been determined with density functional (DFT) and Hartree-Fock (HF) at the RB3LYP/631G(d,p) levels of theory. The possible formed structures are found to be 23 Li+(H2O)n complex for n=1–6. The primary solvation shell in the gas phase is confirmed to be tetrahydrated in aqueous environment. Very important role of intermolecular hydrogen bond in determining the stability of solvation process of different ions is confirmed by theoretical studies. The calculated gas phase coordination number in the first solvation sphere of a hydrated lithium metal ion is found to be four and the same is also confirmed by the experimental findings. The equilibrium lithium–oxygen distance of 1.970Å at the present B3LYP level of study is in excellent agreement with the X-ray diffraction result of 1.980Å and neutron scattering study with a result of 1.90Å for a tetrahydrated lithium cluster. NBO was analyzed and discussed.

Single lithium-ion conducting solid polymer electrolytes: advances and perspectives.

Electrochemical energy storage is one of the main societal challenges to humankind in this century. The performances of classical Li-ion batteries (LIBs) with non-aqueous liquid electrolytes have made great advances in the past two decades, but the intrinsic instability of liquid electrolytes results in safety issues, and the energy density of the state-of-the-art LIBs cannot satisfy the practical requirement. Therefore, rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have been intensively investigated considering the high theoretical capacity of lithium metal and its low negative potential. However, the progress in the field of non-aqueous liquid electrolytes for LMBs has been sluggish, with several seemingly insurmountable barriers, including dendritic Li growth and rapid capacity fading. Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) offer a perfect solution to these safety concerns and to the enhancement of energy density. Traditional SPEs are dual-ion conductors, in which both cations and anions are mobile and will cause a concentration polarization thus leading to poor performances of both LIBs and LMBs. Single lithium-ion (Li-ion) conducting solid polymer electrolytes (SLIC-SPEs), which have anions covalently bonded to the polymer, inorganic backbone, or immobilized by anion acceptors, are generally accepted to have advantages over conventional dual-ion conducting SPEs for application in LMBs. A high Li-ion transference number (LTN), the absence of the detrimental effect of anion polarization, and the low rate of Li dendrite growth are examples of benefits of SLIC-SPEs. To date, many types of SLIC-SPEs have been reported, including those based on organic polymers, organic-inorganic hybrid polymers and anion acceptors. In this review, a brief overview of synthetic strategies on how to realize SLIC-SPEs is given. The fundamental physical and electrochemical properties of SLIC-SPEs prepared by different methods are discussed in detail. In particular, special attention is paid to the SLIC-SPEs with high ionic conductivity and high LTN. Finally, perspectives on the main challenges and focus on the future research are also presented.