Single Layer Of Columnar Epithelium Research Articles

Structural and organometric changes of the uterus in conditions of dark deprivation

The effect of 30-day dark deprivation (light-dark cycle 24/0 h, artificial illumination 300 Lux) and 14-day correction with melatonin on the endometrium of the uterus was studied in an experiment on mongrel females of 4 months of age. It was found that 30-day dark deprivation leads to hyperplastic processes of the endometrium: an increase in the number of uterine glands (by 18.9 % p 0.05), thickening of the endometrium (by 12.5 %, p 0.05). Morphometric characteristics of the endometrium: single-layer columnar epithelium of the endometrium and uterine glands were corrected by administration of exogenous melatonin for 14 days.

Estrogen receptor alpha regulates uterine epithelial lineage specification and homeostasis

Postnatal development of the uterus involves specification of undifferentiated epithelium into uterine-type epithelium. That specification is regulated by stromal-epithelial interactions as well as intrinsic cell-specific transcription factors and gene regulatory networks. This study utilized mouse genetic models of Esr1 deletion, endometrial epithelial organoids (EEO), and organoid-stromal co-cultures to decipher the role of Esr1 in uterine epithelial development. Organoids derived from wild-type (WT) mice developed a normal single layer of columnar epithelium. In contrast, EEO from Esr1 null mice developed a multilayered stratified squamous type of epithelium with basal cells. Co-culturing Esr1 null epithelium with WT uterine stromal fibroblasts inhibited basal cell development. Of note, estrogen treatment of EEO-stromal co-cultures and Esr1 conditional knockout mice increased basal epithelial cell markers. Collectively, these findings suggest that Esr1 regulates uterine epithelium lineage plasticity and homeostasis and loss of ESR1 promotes altered luminal-to-basal differentiation driven by ESR1-mediated paracrine factors from the stroma.

CRYOTHERAPY AS A METHOD OF TREATMENT FOR CERVICAL ECTOPY

Introduction: Cervical erosion is a common physiological process seen in almost all women of reproductive age group. Cervical erosion/ ectopy is histologically dened as a condition in which the squamous covering of the ectocervix is replaced by single-layer columnar epithelium which is continuous with the lining of the endocervix. This retrospective study was carried out at gynaecology clinic in district Shi Material And Method: vpuri M.P. From December 2017 to April 2022. 69 patients were included in the study. A detailed history including name, age, residence, socioeconomic status, parity, and any inammatory condition in past was taken. Per-speculum & per-vaginal examination was done. After counselling and written consent, all patients with cervical erosion (cytologically negative for intraepithelial lesions) were treated in an outpatient Colposcopy clinic by cryotherapy. After treatment, all patients were asked to come for follow-up th th th after 4 , 8 and 12 weeks. In our study most common age group was 25-40 years (5 Results: 0.72%), most of them were of low socioeconomic status (52.17%) and were from rural areas (79.71%) most of them were para 2 (42.02%). The most common presenting complaint was excessive vaginal discharge (68.11%), followed by intermenstrual bleeding (15.94%) and vaginal itching (4.34%). The most common problem experienced after cryotherapy by patients was Hydrorrhoea (Watery discharge) 81.15% which lasts for 2-4 weeks. In our study, symptomatic cure was found in 85.50% patient. On clinical examination, healing of the cervix [clinical cure (ectopy completely disappeared in maximum patients after 8-12 weeks)]. was found in 89.85% of the patient after 12 weeks of cryotherapy. we concluded that cryotherapy is a safe and effectiv Conclusion: e and acceptable method to treat symptomatic ectopy of the uterine cervix. It is cost effective, as fast acting, easy to acquire therapy and can be practiced by health personnel, and can be used in lowor middle income countries.

136 Intestinal Barrier Function: Physiological Regulation, Injury, and Repair in Horses and Swine

Abstract Intestinal barrier function is critical to prevent translocation of microorganisms and their toxins from the intestinal lumen to the circulation. This is particularly noteworthy in horses, in which colic may be associated with ischemia and breakdown of the intestinal barrier, and in pigs, in which infectious diseases such as PEDv cause epithelial soughing and loss of intestinal barrier function. The term ‘function’ refers to the ability of a single layer of columnar epithelium that lines the intestinal tract to form a physical and dynamic barrier. This layer of epithelium is linked by a series of interepithelial junctions, most importantly tight junctions, that has to prevent passage of noxious luminal contents, while simultaneously serving to transport electrolytes, water, and nutrients necessary for physiological function of the host. The tight junctions are dynamically regulated by the cytoskeleton via nutrient signaling, and perturbed by reduced oxygen tension and pathogenic organisms. Barrier function also includes the ability to rapidly repair. In the small intestine, villus contraction is the initial phase of repair, followed by crawling of epithelium adjacent to the wound using a mechanism called restitution. In the colon, where there are no villi, restitution is particularly rapid. Following restitution, tight junctions have to be re-sealed to re-establish barrier function, which occurs rapidly by recycling intact tight junction proteins. The intestinal barrier is further disrupted during injury by inflammation, including transmigration of neutrophils that disrupt tight junctions. An additional critical element of barrier function is the continuous renewal of epithelium via proliferation of stem cells contained within the intestinal crypts. Proliferation increases following injury to replace lost epithelium. Collectively, barrier function includes mechanisms to maintain a healthy epithelial barrier, repair in the acute phases of injury and inflammation, and replace epithelium via stem cell activity.

98 Gut Microbiome: Implications on gut Health

Abstract The rumen and the hindgut, which includes cecum and colon, of cattle are inhabited by a diverse microbial community, which is composed mainly of bacteria, but also includes archaea, protozoa, fungi and viruses. Most reside in the lumen, but also colonize the epithelial surface and their compositions are a critical component of the host health. Recent advances in sequencing techniques and biological computational tools have further underscored the complexity of the microbial community. The vast repertoire of the gut microbiome provides the host complementary genetic resources to harvest energy, provide proteins and vitamins, contribute to the development of gut epithelium and gut-associated lymphoid system, and to the overall gut health. The gut epithelium-vascular interface allows secretions, and absorption and metabolism of fermentation products and serves as a selective barrier to prevent translocation and systemic dissemination of microbes, microbial toxins, and immunogens. The barrier function includes protection form mechanical damage caused by feedstuffs, chemical damage from acidity, toxins and microbial invasion, especially pathogens. The mechanisms employed likely differ between the two fermentative regions of the gut, given the dramatic difference in epithelial structures. Rumen is lined by stratified squamous epithelium compared a single layer of columnar epithelium interspersed with mucus-producing goblet cells in the hindgut. The mucus layer is the first barrier the pathogen has to overcome for colonization and translocation. An imbalance in the composition of gut microbiota, called dysbiosis, leads to gut functional disorders. The dysbiosis can range from a change in one to a few species to the perturbation of entire microbial community. The assessment of gut microbial dysbiosis is a challenge because of the complexity and huge variations in the community composition, including animal-to-animal. The gut barrier function determines whether the dysbiotic changes are contained within the lumen or disseminated systemically to affect the health and productivity.

Estrogenic Effect of Salvia officinalis Extract on Reproductive Function of Female Mice and Identification of Its Phenolic Content.

Natural Phytoestrogens present in plants are effective hormonal replacement therapy. They are converted to estrogenic substances in the gastrointestinal tract, which is considered as the natural alternative to estrogen substitute treatment for postmenopausal women. Salvia officinalis, a herb traditionally used to ameliorate postmenopausal complications, can provide a safe alternative to synthetic pharmaceuticals for the treatment of menopause. Therefore, it is conceivable to detect the possible estrogenic effect of Salvia Officinalis extract as an estrogen replacement therapy in female mice. Phytochemical, pharmacological, and immune histopathological techniques are adopted in this study. HPLC is used for the identification of extracted constituents of sage herb. The uterotrophic activity of the extract was determined in immature female mice. Moreover, the mean thickness and luminal epithelium and the photomicrographs of the luminal epithelium of the uterus were also studied. HPLC revealed that quercetin is the major extracted constituent (28.6%) of the total components. Saliva officinalis extract produced a significant increase in the uterine dry weight of equal potency to estrogen. The uterus exhibited a significant increase in luminal epithelial cell height (43.3 ± 6.1μm and 36.5 ± 2.5μm) for estradiol and sage extract, respectively, compared with the control group (18.2 ± 3.5μm). Furthermore, the endometrium showed the lining epithelium formed of a single layer of columnar epithelium. The stroma seemed more voluminous with dilated vasculature. Conversely, the myometrium within the uterus was not affected in any of the experimental groups. The sage herbs induced proliferative changes in the uteri of treated mice, which suggest possible estrogenic properties. Saliva officinalis extract can be used as a hormonal replacement for women during menopause and could be further explored for contraceptive use.

Harderian gland of flying and non-flying birds: morphological, histological, and histochemical studies

BackgroundThe aim of the present study is to describe the morphological and histological features of Harderian gland (HG) in long-legged wadding bird (ibis) and different domestic birds (duck, goose, and pigeon). The HG of forty adult male and female from the four avian species constituted the material of the study.ResultThe HG extended from the optic nerve to the rostral part of the eyeball presents two extremities, one posterior and other anterior, from which the excretory duct was arisen. Between two extremities of the gland, middle groove is present in case of duck and geese, while middle isthmus is present in case of ibis. In pigeon, the gland appeared pointed oval in shape. Microscopically, the HG was multilobular; each lobule was composed of secretory acini that were lined by a single layer of columnar epithelium. In all studied birds, a single duct located centrally with an irregular lumen. In goose, there were crypts along the duct while in duck, the central lumen had villi-like folds projected into the central canal of the tubules. In ibis, the irregular lumen was narrow and elongated while in pigeon, the gland had a central cavity that collected the secretion from tubules arranged radially around the cavity; also, the gland mainly contained both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides.ConclusionThis work revealed that the histological structure of HG in the four avian species showed characteristic features and thus explained the relationship between their habits and behavior on the structure of this gland.

Morphological Features of the Digestive Tube in Sand Lizards, Lacerta agilis (Sauria, Lacertidae)

The features of the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) digestive tube morphology are presented in the article. It has been found that the sand lizard gastrointestinal tract includes oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cloaca. The mucous membrane of the oral cavity is lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. The esophagus is represented by an extensible canal; the distinction between the esophagus and the stomach is not expressed. The availability of a large number of ventricular fossae have stipulated a large area of the gastric mucosa and its cellular structure. The stomach is separated from the duodenum by a well-developed annular fold (pylorus). Villi of the duodenal mucosa are narrow, of different heights, covered with a single layer of columnar epithelium. The jejunum villi are of a more elongated shape, with more goblet cells and fewer crypts, the ileum villi are short. Small clumps of lymphoid cells are observed in the mucous membrane of the small intestine. The mucous membrane of the large intestine is lined with ordinary columnar epithelium containing goblet cells. Lymphoid aggregates are found in the wall of the large intestine. The cecum, as a distinct morphological section of the large intestine, is not presented.

The unique uterine structure of the basal monogenean Chimaericola leptogaster (Monogenea: Polyopisthocotylea), an ectoparasite of the relictual holocephalan fish Chimaera monstrosa.

Ultrastructural studies of the monogenean uterus are few in number and no non-polystomatid polyopisthocotyleans have been investigated. The uterus of Chimaericola leptogaster, a basal polyopisthocotylean monogenean, has several unusual features, including six reflexed loops comprising four ascending and three descending, longitudinally oriented, linear sections. At the ultrastructural level, three readily distinguishable uterine regions and other distinctive characteristics are apparent. One novel feature occurs in the proximal uterus, where the lining forms a so-called 'single-layered multi-rowed cellular epithelium', which includes two types of cells, tall (ca. 14-19μm in height) and short (ca. 6-9μm in height) cells, both lying on the basement membrane. Although known from other bilaterian groups, this is the first record of this type of epithelium in the Neodermata. The lining of the middle uterine region comprises a single regular layer of columnar glandular epithelial cells, which produce numerous rounded, electron-dense granules associated with Golgi complexes. The presence of the uterine glands in the middle region of the uterus is an unusual feature for a monogenean, having previously been described only for basal orders of the Cestoda, i.e. the Gyrocotylidea, Caryophyllidea and Spathebothriidea. Seen in cross-section, the epithelium of the distal uterus contains three areas of tall single-layered columnar epithelium (ca. 30μm deep) interspersed by three areas of flattened epithelium (ca. 0.2-0.9μm deep). Such a pattern is quite different from those reported for other monogeneans and, indeed, other neodermatan groups. The investigation has shown that the outer layer of the fully formed eggshell is assembled from epithelial secretions in the middle uterine lumen, but is modified in terms of its shape in the distal uterus. Possible phylogenetic implications arising from the unusual features described are discussed in relation to other neodermatan groups and recent molecular phylogenies of the Bilateria.

Colonic epithelial nodular hyperplasia associated with strongyloidiasis in cats in the Amazon region, Pará State, Brazil

ABSTRACT: Strongyloides spp. are intestinal parasites that affect several animal species. Four species of the genus have been reported in domestic cats: S. felis, S. planiceps, S.stercoralis and S. tumefaciens . Reports describing infection by these nematodes in domestic cats in Brazil are scarce. This study aimed to describe the pathological features of Strongyloides spp. parasitism in two cats in the Amazon region, state of Pará, Brazil. During the necropsy of the two cats, numerous whitish nodules approximately 0.2cm in diameter were observed in the wall of the large intestine. The nodules were conspicuous in the colonic mucosa and exhibited a punctate aperture facing the center of the lumen. Microscopically, these nodules were formed by projections of the mucosal epithelium into the submucosa, which formed tubules lined with a single layer of columnar epithelium, with high cellularity and rare goblet cells, characterizing epithelial hyperplasia of the crypts. Adult nematodes and eggs observed in the lumen of the tubules were morphologically compatible with Strongyloides spp. Numerous larvae were also observed in the interstitium adjacent to the nodule. A mild lymphocytic infiltrate was observed neighboring the hyperplastic nodules. The histological changes are consistent with those described for S. tumefaciens infection.

乌鳢消化管的形态学及组织学观察

本研究采用解剖学和组织学方法观察了乌鳢消化管的结构。结果表明，乌鳢消化管包含口咽腔、食道、胃、幽门盲囊及肠道五个部分。消化管由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层及外膜四部分组成。口咽腔和食道的粘膜上皮为复层扁平上皮，胃、幽门盲囊和肠道的粘膜上皮为单层柱状上皮，胃粘膜上皮说有少量粘液细胞分布，其他消化管粘膜上皮中有大量杯状细胞分布。本文旨在丰富乌鳢生物学的研究内容，为乌鳢人工养殖奠定基础。 The anatomical and histological methods were used to observe the structures of the digestive tract in Ophicephalus argus. The digestive tract in Ophicephalus argus is composed of oral-pharyngeal cavity, the esophagus, the stomach, the pyloric caecum, and intestine, and the digestive tract with four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. The stratified epithelium of buccopharynx and oesophagus was located with numerous goblet cells. A single-layered columnar epithelium of the pyloric caecum, and intestine were located with many goblet cells too. A single-layered colum-nar epithelium of the stomach was located with fewer goblet cells. The study enriched the research content of the Ophicephalus argus. It is the foundation of artificial breeding of the Ophicephalus argus.

Clinicopathologic analysis of low grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm

The clinicohistological features of 12 patients with low grade appendiceal mucinous neoplasm admitted from July 2011 to July 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Ten patients complained lower abdominal pain, 5 cases presented space occupying lesions or abscess in appendix with ultrasound or CT examination, 2 cases presented cystic space occupying lesions in ileocecus on medical examination. The patients were generally characterized by enlargement of appendix, and cystic formation filled with jelly material. Histopathology showed appendix cavity expansion, lining single-layer mucus columnar epithelium with mild atypia and local papillary hyperpasia; appendix cavity partly bursted, and a large amount of mucus filled with appendix wall. Calcifications were found in 6 cases, floating broken epithelioid cells in 2 cases, calcified schistosome eggs in 2 cases. It is significant to understand the clinical and pathological features of LAMN. Key words: Appendiceal neoplasms; Mucus; Clinicopathologic features

Sexual violence and HIV transmission: summary proceedings of a scientific research planning meeting.

This summarizes proceedings of a Scientific Research Planning Meeting on Sexual Violence and HIV transmission, convened by the Social Science Research Council on 19–20 March 2012 at the Greentree Foundation in New York. The Meeting brought together an interdisciplinary group of basic, clinical, epidemiological and social science researchers and policy makers with the aim of: (1) examining what is known about the physiology of sexual violence and its role in HIV transmission, acquisition and pathogenesis; (2) specifying factors that distinguish risks throughout the maturation of the female genital tract, the reproductive cycle and among post-menopausal women; and (3) developing a research agenda to explore unanswered questions. The Meeting resulted in a consensus Research Agenda and White Paper that identify priorities for HIV research, policy and practice as it pertains to the role of sexual violence and genital injury in HIV transmission, acquisition and pathogenesis, particularly among women and girls.

Role of gonococcal infection and its forms associated with other sexually transmitted infections in the development of clinical and morphological changes in the cervix

Studied the clinical and morphological features of the mucous membrane of the cervix during gonococcal infection and its association with other sexually transmitted mainly through sexual contact. Established clinical features of inflammatory changes in cervical mucus and the peculiarities of its structure and state of repair processes in it for women with gonococcal and in association with her chlamydia and trichomoniasis infections. Revealed that the destructive changes in cervical mucus, and decreased reparative features a single-layered columnar epithelium are most pronounced in women with combined forms of gonococcal infections: gonococcal-chlamydial and gonococcal-trichomoniasis.

A study of morphology and histology of the alimentary tract of Glyptosternum maculatum (Sisoridae, Siluriformes)

Xiong, D., Zhang, L., Yu, H., Xie, C., Kong, Y., Zeng, Y., Huo, B. and Liu, Z. 2011. A study of morphology and histology of the alimentary tract of Glyptosternum maculatum (Sisoridae, Siluriformes). —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 92: 161–169. The structure of alimentary tract has been studied in a cold water fish Glyptosternum maculatum, an endemic teleost species of notable economic importance and with high potential for controlled rearing of the species in Tibet, by light and electron microscope. Glyptosternum maculatum has short oesophagus, large caecal-type stomach and short intestine, and the digestive tract with four layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and serosa. Taste buds were found in the epithelium of lips, buccopharynx and oesophagus. The stratified epithelium of buccopharynx and oesophagus was located with numerous goblet cells. The U-shaped stomach has three parts, corresponding to mammalian cardiac, fundus and pyloric portion, lined with a single-layered columnar epithelium, and tubular gastric glands are present in cardiac and fundic portion, but absent in pyloric portion. No pyloric caeca was detected. The intestine is separated from the stomach by a loop valve. The intestine epithelium is composed of simple columnar cells with a distinct microvillus brush border and many goblet cells. Meanwhile, the intestinal coefficient was 0.898. At the ultrastuctural level, three type cells (mucous, glandular and endocrine cell) were found in the stomach, and glandular cell with a great amount of pepsinogen granules. The enterocytes of the intestinal mucosa display abundant endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and well-developed microvilli. Congxin Xie, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China. E-mail: xiecongxin@mail.hzau.edu.cn or dreamsail_2005@yahoo.com.cn

Mucosal epithelial barrier repair to maintain pig health

Mucosal barrier function is critical to prevent translocation of microorganisms and their toxins. The intestinal barrier is made up of a single layer of columnar epithelium that can be readily breached by enteric infections, but has a tremendous capacity to repair. Thus, mucosal epithelial repair is one of the most critical elements of maintaining an intact barrier. In the small intestine, villous contraction is the initial phase of repair. Subsequent events include crawling of healthy epithelium adjacent to the wound, referred to as restitution. However, restoration of a continuous layer of epithelium is insufficient to restore barrier function. Recent ex vivo studies of porcine small intestine have revealed the importance of closure of the interepithelial tight junctions and the paracellular space. The critical role of tight junction closure is underscored by the prominent contribution of the paracellular space to measures of barrier function such as transepithelial electrical resistance. The net result of reparative mechanisms is remarkably rapid closure of mucosal wounds in porcine tissues to prevent the onset of sepsis.

The endometrial–myometrial junction: a fresh look at a busy crossing

The endometrial–myometrial junction: a fresh look at a busy crossing

Rectal microbicides: a new focus for HIV prevention

Rectal microbicides are needed for individuals who engage in unprotected anal intercourse (UAI). It is apparent that UAI occurs at a significant level in both men who have sex with...

Vocal Sac of Rana ridibunda: A Morphological and Immunohistochemical Study

The goal of this study is to investigate the structure of the vocal sac in males of Rana ridibunda and to detect the presence of prolactin receptor immunohistochemically under light microscopy in its components The vocal sac of Rona ridibunda were bilaterally localized on each side of the mouth and contained two different layers, namely an internal and an external sheath. External and internal sheaths were formed with multilayered squamous keratinized epithelium and single layered columnar epithelium with rarely ciliated cells, respectively. The connective tissue under the epithelium in the internal sheath possessed predominantly skeletal muscle fibers. Furthermore, the prolactin receptor immunoreactivity was observed in the uppermost cell layer of the epidermis in the external sheath. This paper is one of the first studies for the purpose of displaying the morphological aspects of the bilaterally located vocal sac and its hormonal interaction. In our opinion, this study also contributes to the field of amphibian reproductive biology.

Osmoregulation in elephant fishCallorhinchus milii(Holocephali), with special reference to the rectal gland

Osmoregulatory mechanisms in holocephalan fishes are poorly understood except that these fish are known to conduct urea-based osmoregulation as in elasmobranchs. We, therefore, examined changes in plasma parameters of elephant fish Callorhinchus milii, after gradual transfer to concentrated (120%) or diluted (80%) seawater (SW). In control fish, plasma Na and urea concentrations were about 300 mmol l(-1) and 450 mmol l(-1), respectively. These values were equivalent to those of sharks and rays, but the plasma urea concentration of elephant fish was considerably higher than that reported for chimaeras, another holocephalan. After transfer to 120% SW, plasma osmolality, urea and ion concentrations were increased, whereas transfer to 80% SW resulted in a fall in these parameters. The rises in ion concentrations were notable after transfer to 120% SW, whereas urea concentration decreased predominantly following transfer to 80% SW. In elephant fish, we could not find a discrete rectal gland. Instead, approximately 10 tubular structures were located in the wall of post-valvular intestine. Each tubular structure was composed of a putative salt-secreting component consisting of a single-layered columnar epithelium, which was stained with an anti-Na(+),K(+)-ATPase serum. Furthermore, Na(+),K(+)-ATPase activity in the tubular structures was significantly increased after acute transfer of fish to concentrated SW (115%). These results suggest that the tubular structures are a rectal gland equivalent, functioning as a salt-secreting organ. Since the rectal gland of elephant fish is well developed compared to that of Southern chimaera, the salt-secreting ability may be higher in elephant fish than chimaeras, which may account for the lower plasma NaCl concentration in elephant fish compared to other chimaeras. Since elephant fish have also attracted attention from a viewpoint of genome science, the availability of fish for physiological studies will make this species an excellent model in holocephalan fish group.