Single Irrigation Research Articles

Modern Drip Irrigation Technology on Tomato and Head Cabbage Production and Its Economic Feasibility at Misrak Silti District, Siltie Zone, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia various techniques were applied to improve on-farm irrigation water management under surface irrigation, especially on furrow irrigation system for last many years, however, it was very difficult to achieve threshold limit of water use efficiency, wisely use of scarce water resources in irrigated field, crop water productivity, precisely controlled application of irrigation water to plant roots, uniform water delivery to all plants, crop yield and its quality, regulate flow, deliver optimum crop water requirement, field water losses, groundwater withdrawal and save labor. It is great practical significance and series of measures using drip irrigation system to solve mentioned problems in irrigated field, because the irrigated agriculture is largest water-consuming sector in this area. This study was aimed to demonstrate drip irrigation technology, prove its economic feasibility and create skills of farmers and extension experts on implementation of the drip system on tomato (Galila 555) and head cabbage (Copen Hagen) productions within groundwater source area on Balo koriso main station in Misrak Silti woreda, Siltie zone, southern Ethiopia. The activity was done for four consecutive years (2019 to 2022 G. C) on fixed plot of 2500 square meter area in collaboration with Agricultural Research Institute and Techno serve project. During demonstration all the costs were considered to economic feasibility including initial investment cost. The study found that the use of drip irrigation saved 3690 m<sup>3</sup>/ha of water compared with use of furrow irrigation. This saved water may irrigate additional 2ha area of land by drip irrigation. This study also revealed that, a net income of 313066.04 ETB/ha in single irrigation season was obtained using modern drip irrigation technology. The farmers and local experts recognized noticeable saving water, fuel cost, irrigating time and labour, good crop performance from demonstrated drip irrigation system and shown interest to use the technology abundantly. Therefore, scaling up locally manageable drip irrigation system around the study area through comprehensive training of farmers and supportive staffs and allowing sufficient local market for drip kits and incentives or loan will be economically feasible and affordable to increase income and saves irrigation water.

Effects of long-term saline water irrigation on soil salinity and crop production of winter wheat-maize cropping system in the North China Plain: A case study

Fresh water shortage is a major problem for grain production in the low plain around Bohai Sea in the North China Plain. Relative abundance of shallow saline groundwater could serve as an alternative water resource for use during dry seasons. A continuous 8-year field study was conducted from 2015 to 2023 to assess the effects of salt content in irrigation water on soil salt accumulation and crop production. Fresh water (FW) with electrical conductivity (EC) at 1.6 dS/m and three levels of saline water (SW) with EC at 4.7 (SW1), 6.3 (SW2) and 7.8 dS/m (SW3) were used for irrigation. Results showed that a single irrigation event at the jointing stage of winter wheat increased grain production averagely by 18.6 %, 22.5 %, 12.9 % and 9.5 % compared with a rain-fed treatment (RF) under FW, SW1, SW2 and SW3, respectively. With an additional irrigation applied at flowering stage, both irrigations using FW increased the yield by 28.6 %, and both irrigations using SW2 increased the yield by 19.3 % compared with RF. Negative effects of salt on winter wheat overshadowed the positive effects of increased water supply under two irrigations both using SW. With an irrigation at maize sowing and the subsequent summer rainy season, the yield of maize following winter wheat was not affected by a one-time SW irrigation to the previous crop, but showed a 5.3 % yield reduction when two irrigations of SW were applied. There was no apparent salt accumulation in the top 1 m of the soil profile, but a slight increasing trend in the salt content in the 1–2 m layer of the soil profile under SW2 and SW3 irrigation. No apparent changes in soil physical properties were observed for continuous application of SW. It was suggested that SW with EC not exceeding 6.3 dS/m should be applied for a single irrigation during the winter wheat season. This practice could alleviate the fresh water shortage in this region and allow for the maintenance of a relatively stable yield of winter wheat and maize without the risk of salt accumulation in the soil.

Optimization of maize irrigation strategy in Xinjiang, China by AquaCrop based on a four-year study

Global water scarcity has become a non-negligible problem that threatens the sustainable development of agriculture. In order to alleviate the contradiction between grain demand and water resource constraints, it is particularly important to explore appropriate irrigation strategy so as to synergistically increase grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE). The AquaCrop model were locally calibrated to simulate optimal irrigation amount for different hydrological years using a four-year field measurements (from 2017 to 2020) of maize with two irrigation levels (2400 m3/ha and 4800 m3/ha) in Shihezi, Xinjiang, China. On this basis, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) strategies were optimized based on the variation of water consumption and soil water content (SWC) during the maize growth period. Results suggest that the optimal irrigation amount under static strategy (fixed proportion irrigation in growing season) in the wet, normal, and dry years was 4733 m3/ha, 5381 m3/ha, and 6090 m3/ha, respectively. In dynamic strategies, the optimized RDI4 (65% Ir (the amount of water required for each irrigation interval) at R2-R5 stage) and RDI5 strategy (85% Ir at V6-V12 stage and 85% Ir at R2-R5 stage) can save irrigation water while maintaining high yield. Under the premise of basically maintaining high yield (18Mg/ha), compared with each year's irrigation amount of 4800 m3/ha, the RDI4 strategy can reduce the irrigation amount by 4.33% in 2017; although the irrigation amount was slightly increased by 2.77% under the RDI5 strategy in 2018, the yield could be increased by 3.65%; in 2019, the RDI5 strategy can save 49.44% of irrigation water, and the RDI4 strategy will save 24.13% of irrigation water in 2020. From this study, it is recommended that a single irrigation amount of 65% Ir in R2 to R5 stages of maize growth or 85% Ir in V6 to V12 stages and 85% Ir in R2 to R5 stages can save irrigation water while maintaining high yield (18 Mg/ha).

Lipopeptide biosurfactant as a potential root canal irrigation agent: Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm evaluation

ObjectivesLipopeptide Biosurfactant (LB) is a bacteria derived compound able to reduce surface tension between water and hydrophobic substances and exhibit antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effect of a Lipopeptide Biosurfactant (LB) on Enterococcus faecalis, and its potential use in root canal treatment, either as a standalone irrigation solution or in conjunction with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). MethodsLB was extracted from Bacillus clausii isolate and the dry extract was diluted in deionized water. The antimicrobial effect of LB against planktonic E. faecalis was evaluated by determining the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC50). The anti-biofilm effect was evaluated by Minimal Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC50) and Minimal Biofilm Eradication Concentration (MBEC50) assays on biofilm grown on dentin specimen surface. To evaluate the effectiveness of LB as a single irrigation solution and as a pre-irrigation prior to NaOCl, live and dead bacterial cells were quantified using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM), and cell biomass was assessed. ResultsLB exhibited an MIC50 and MBIC50 of 100 ppm, with an MBEC50 of 1000 ppm, resulting in 52.94 % biofilm inhibition and 60.95 % biofilm eradication on dentin specimens. The effectiveness was concentration-dependent, at 500 ppm, LB demonstrated comparable antimicrobial efficacy to 2.5 % NaOCl. Pre-irrigation with LB resulted in lower biofilm biomass compared to NaOCl alone. ConclusionPre-irrigation with LB enhanced the antimicrobial effect when followed by NaOCl irrigation. Consequently, LB shows promise as both a standalone root canal irrigation solution and as an adjunct to NaOCl in root canal treatment. Clinical significanceThe study highlights the potential of Lipopeptide Biosurfactant (LB) as an environmentally friendly irrigation solution for root canal treatment, demonstrating potent antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against Enterococcus faecalis. LB exhibits concentration-dependent efficacy comparable to 2.5 % NaOCl and can be used as a standalone irrigation solution or in conjunction with NaOCl.

Study of the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Dioxidine®, Solution for Topical and External Use, 0.25 mg/ml, in Various Routes of Administration

Topical use of antibacterial drugs as part of complex therapy for purulent-inflammatory infections of the skin and oropharynx can not only eliminate the symptoms but also influence the cause of the disease. Dioxidine® is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug, active against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the bioavailability, pharmacokinetic parameters, and safety profile of Dioxidine®, solution for topical and external use, 0.25 mg/ml, in cutaneous and topical application. Another dosage form of Dioxidine® — a solution for infusion and external use, 5 mg/ml — was used as a comparison drug. The study consisted of 4 stages reflecting different routes of drug administration: rinsing the oropharynx (path A), a single irrigation of the oropharynx using a spray nozzle (path B), back skin irrigation (path C), and intravenous administration (path D — for the reference drug). The results of the study made it possible to determine the absolute dose-normalized bioavailability of the study drug in the indicated routes of administration, as well as to evaluate its safety profile.

Stratified substrates enhance water storage and distribution between irrigation events

AbstractThe specialty crop industry requires copious amounts of water to meet production needs; however, current substrates are highly porous to mitigate risks and are subsequently inefficient with regard to water use. Therefore, more sustainable soilless substrates are needed to ensure the future success/profitability of the horticultural industry, especially as finite fresh water sources become limiting. Substrate stratification (i.e., vertically layering unique substrates atop one another) provides opportunities to augment an existing system by maintaining substrate porosity, while strategically redistributing the air‐ and water‐filled pores, retaining more water when applied, and controlling vertical water distribution. The aim of this research was to further understand the complex stratified systems of hydraulics. Herein, the hydraulic properties of individual substrate components were measured and modeled using HYDRUS 1 d. Furthermore, matric tensions and volumetric water content (VWC) were measured continuously under two different irrigation schedules (single [1×] and cyclic applications [3×]) for 15 days with a fully established Dianthus barbatus ‘Amazon Neon Purple’ crop. The results showed that screened bark particles have more pore homogeneity assessed by steep declines in VWC with small changes in water potential. Moreover, HYDRUS 1 d modeling demonstrated that stratified substrates have more uniform hydraulic gradients (difference in moisture content from the top to the bottom of the substrate profile; 21%) present in the container profile when compared to non‐stratified systems (45%). Non‐stratified upper layers experienced greater diurnal tension fluctuations under single irrigation than in cyclic applications. Stratifying substrates resulted in a significant reduction in these fluctuations in the top layer when compared to non‐stratified systems. Additionally, when both substrate (stratifying) and irrigation (cyclic) management strategies are implemented, tension fluctuations can be even further reduced, and hydraulic gradients become more uniform due to improved moisture infiltration and distribution.

Matric Flux Potential in Time Independent Infiltration Problems from a Single Triangular and a Trapezoidal Irrigation Channel

In this paper, steady infiltration problems into a homogeneous soil from a single triangular and trapezoidal irrigation channel are considered. The governing equation is Richard's equation that represents the movement of water in unsaturated soil. It is a non-linear equation and can be solved by linearizing to become a modified Helmholtz equation. Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Methods (DRBEM) are used in this study to numerically solve the modified Helmholtz equation. Therefore, by using a provided solution, the numerical Matric Flux Potential (MFP) is calculated. This method was applied to the homogeneous soil problem of stationer infiltration from triangular and trapezoidal single irrigation. Both numerical solutions were compared. The result show that the MFP value from the triangular irrigation is higher than the trapezoidal irrigation. This indicates that content water from the triangular irrigation channel is higher than the trapezoidal irrigation channel.

УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ И КАЧЕСТВО КЛУБНЕЙ КАРТОФЕЛЯ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ПРИЕМОВ АГРОТЕХНИКИ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЧЕЛЯБИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The study investigated the effect of balanced mineral fertiliser rates, planting density and single irrigation on the yield and quality of tubers of locally bred potato cultivars. The study was conducted in the forest-steppe zone of Chelyabinsk region. It was established that in the arid conditions of 2021–2022 potato yields depended on mineral nutrition (40 % factor contribution), planting density (32 % factor contribution), irrigation (21 % factor contribution) and genotype (5 % factor contribution). The planned yield of tubers (40 t/ha) was obtained against single irrigation (300 m3 /ha) combined with a thick planting pattern (75 × 14 cm) and an appropriate fertiliser rate (N132P143K158): cultivar Kavaler (49.7 t/ha), cultivar Amulet (41.0 t/ha), cultivar Zakhar (40.5 t/ha), cultivar Kashtak (38.7 t/ha) (cultivar Kavaler had 41.0 t/ha in the planting pattern of 75 × 19 cm). The yield of 60 t/ha was obtained only in cultivar Kavaler (63.4 t/ha) and cultivar Amulet (58.4 t/ha) against fertilisation (N260P260K285) combined with a planting pattern of 75 × 14 cm and single irrigation of plants in the second ten-day interval of July. The tuber quality remained high in all variants of the experiment since the thick planting pattern increased dry matter and starch in tubers; the single irrigation in the second ten-day interval of July (300 m3 /ha) and the balanced rates of mineral fertilisers per a yield of 40 t/ha (N132P143K158) did not have a negative impact on the tuber quality. A slight decrease in dry matter (by 0.7–1.1 %) and starch (by 0.7–0.9 %) compared with the control (without fertilisers) was found in tubers of cultivars Amulet, Zakhar and Kavaler with fertilisers applied per 60 t/ha (N260P260K285). The quality of tubers did not change in cultivar Kashtak against the increased mineral nutrition.

Irrigation Scheduling and Nitrogen Management Practices Affected the Nutrient Concentration of Moth Bean under Arid Ecosystem

Efficient utilization of water and fertilizers is important for maximizing yield for moth bean production through improvement the nutrient use efficiency under arid ecosystem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizers on growth, yield and nutrient content of moth bean in the western zone of Rajasthan during 2020 & 2021. Treatments included three levels of nitrogen (N1:15 kg N as basal + foliar spray of urea (2%) at flowering stage, N2: 15 kg N + foliar spray of urea (2%) at pod development stage and N3: 15 kg N + foliar spray of urea (2%) at flowering and pod development stages) and levels three levels of irrigation (I1: single irrigation at branching stage, I2: two irrigation at branching + pod development stages and I3: two irrigation at flowering + pod development stages) were laid down in factorial combinations of randomized block design with three replications. The results revealed that 15 kg N + foliar spray of urea (2%) at flowering and pod development stage recorded significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in seed and haulm over 15 kg N + foliar spray of urea (2%) at flowering stage and 15 kg N + foliar spray of urea (2%) at pod development stage. However, the phosphorus content in seed and haulm was not significantly influenced by N3 and statistically equivalent with N2 and N1 during 2020 and 2021. Potassium content in seed showed significant enhancement under N3, while K content in haulm was not affected significantly during 2020 and pooled basis. Further, irrigation management practices did not show any significant improvement on N, P, K content in seed and haulm during years of 2020 and 2021. While, N content in seed and haulm was significantly improved under I2 over I3 and I1 on pooled basis. Thus, 15 kg N as basal application + foliar spray of urea (2%) at flowering and pod development stages with two irrigations at branching + pod development stages improved the nutrient content in moth bean in arid condition.

A meta-analysis of labyrinth channel emitter clogging characteristics under Yellow River water drip tape irrigation

Emitter clogging restricts the promotion and application of drip irrigation technology for Yellow River water. The influence degree of water quality, flow path structure, and operation time on emitter clogging varies. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to examine the impact of sediment concentration, sediment particle size, flow path structure [including length (L), width (W), depth (D), minimum cross-sectional size (min (W, D)), and cross-sectional area (A) of flow path], rated flow rate (Q), and operation time on emitter clogging in drip irrigation using Yellow River water to identify viable strategies for alleviating emitter clogging in Yellow River water drip irrigation. The results showed that using drip irrigation with Yellow River water is feasible, and it is important to vigorously develop efficient agricultural irrigation technologies such as drip irrigation in the Yellow River basin. Sediment concentration is the main factor affecting emitter clogging in the Yellow River water drip irrigation. For sediment concentrations below 0.5 g/L, effective operation could be maintained for up to 450 h. The sediment concentration of Yellow River water drip irrigation should not exceed 1.3 g/L to prevent severe clogging. In addition, irrigation methods should involve short single irrigation times and high frequencies, with increased lateral flushing measures. The traditional assumption that a larger W, D, min (W, D), A, or Q leads to superior anti-clogging performance did not hold universally. Across different sediment concentration and operation time combinations, the emitter’s anti-clogging ability first increased and then decreased with increasing min (W, D), and anti-clogging ability gradually decreased with increasing L. The high anti-clogging min (W, D) is 0.64 mm, and L should be 30–50 mm to reduce the clogging risk while playing a role in energy dissipation. These research findings offer valuable insights for selecting emitters and developing anti-clogging strategies specific to Yellow River water drip irrigation, serving as a solid theoretical basis for enhancing the efficiency and reliability of high sediment-laden water drip irrigation systems worldwide.

Method and technology for drug repurposing based on changes in the physicochemical properties of dosage forms: experience of use in Russia

Controlled local hyperthermia and hypothermia are important factors in drug pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics because changing the temperature of drugs changes their physicochemical properties. In this regard, a controlled change in the temperature of the drug and/or the body part with which the drug interacts, relative to the level of human body temperature (hyperthermia or hypothermia) forms the basis of temperature pharmacology. To analyze the authors publications on the problem of methodology and technology for repurposing drugs based on changes in the physicochemical properties of dosage forms. A controlled change in the temperature of the drug and/or the part of the body with which the drug interacts; a change in acid (alkaline), osmotic activity, and the degree and quality of carbonation and/or oxygen-forming activity of medicinal solutions; and a change in the concentration of medicinal solution ingredients. On the basis of the used methods, the reprofiling of a number of drugs has been achieved. The author proposed reprofiling a 4% potassium chloride solution from the group of macroelements and microelements used to regulate acid-base balance with a resorptive effect (when administered intravenously to the whole body) into a group of vasoconstrictive drugs used to stop bleeding when applied to by a single irrigation of the bleeding surface. Cooling certain drugs and tissues at their interaction sites to 18C20C (via an ice pack or its substitute) inhibits metabolism and function, ensuring the conversion of many drugs into anti-ischemic drugs by reducing the need for tissues in oxygen. A targeted change in the physicochemical properties of known drugs combined with local hyperthermia allows them to be converted into expectorant, pyrolytic (astringent), hemolytic, thrombolytic (hemostatic), detergent, bleaching, cleaning, and other drugs, including antiseptic and cauterizing (necrotizing) drugs, very reliably, quickly, and inexpensively. Thus, 40 years ago, pharmacologists of the Russian Federation established the foundation for a novel method of drug development known today as repurposing of existing drugs. Today, it is evident that reprofiling may rapidly, inexpensively, and effectively give existing drugs a new purpose.

RESPONSIVENESS OF POTATO VARIETIES TO BALANCED MINERAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION RATES

The effectiveness of applying balanced rates of mineral fertilisers for potatoes was studied in the forest-steppe zone of the Southern Urals, taking into account potato varieties and agronomic practices. It was established that the crucial factor affecting the formation of planned tuber yields is the level of mineral nutrition, which accounted for 67% of the yield variation in 2019, 40% in 2020, 45% in 2021, and 39% under the conditions of 2022. For comparison, the planting density determined the variation by 8.4%, 41.5%, 37.2%, and 23.2%, respectively, and the genotype accounted for 15.2%, 10.9%, 14.3%, and 13.2% of the total tuber yield variation. In 2022, single irrigation of potatoes determined 20.4% of this parameter's variance. The fertiliser rate calculated to achieve the planned yield of 40 t/ha led to an average increase in tuber yield for the Zakhar variety by 8.16 t/ha, Kashtak by 9.08 t/ha, Amulet by 7.76 t/ha, and Cavalier by 9.75 t/ha. The fertiliser rate calculated for a 60 t/ha yield increased by 13.56, 12.92, 14.71, and 18.33 t/ha, respectively. The target tuber yield of 40 t/ha was achieved by the Zakhar (39.8 t/ha) and Kashtak (41.8 t/ha) varieties in 2019 (correlation coefficient 0.91), Amulet (39.1 t/ha) in 2020 (correlation coefficient 0.85) with a planting scheme of 75 x 19 cm, Cavalier (38.7 t/ha) in 2021 (correlation coefficient 0.39), and Amulet (41.8 t/ha) in 2022 with a planting scheme of 75 x 14 cm. The planned yield of 60 t/ha was achieved by the studied varieties only in 2022 with single irrigation (300 m3/ha) and a dense planting scheme (75 x 14 cm) for Amulet (60.9 t/ha) and Cavalier (58.4 t/ha), also with a planting scheme of 75 x 19 cm. The formation of planned potato yields in the forest steppe of the Chelyabinsk region can be ensured by cultivating adaptive varieties of local selection (Zakhar, Kashtak, Amulet, and Cavalier) and regulating the water regime through critical irrigation. In 2022, potato irrigation increased the average yield by 11.1 t/ha for Cavalier, 10.7 t/ha for Kashtak, 10.6 t/ ha for Zakhar, and 10.1 t/ha for Amulet compared to the rain-fed variant, thereby increasing the profitability of mineral fertilisers with an additional tuber yield by 1.5 to 2 times.

Production potential of short duration rice (Oryza sativa) in relation to age of seedlings, date of transplanting and crop geometry

An experiment was conducted at the research farm of Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab during 2018 and 2019 to determine the production potential of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in relation to age of seedlings, date of transplanting and crop geometry. The results revealed that growth and productivity of short duration rice crop were improved by transplanting younger seedlings of 3 and 4 weeks age (nursery sown on June 12 and June 19) as compared to the older ones 5 and 6 week old seedlings (nursery sown on May 29 and June 5). Transplanting of rice at 25th June and 10th July with 20 cm × 15 cm crop geometry recorded better growth, yield attributes and higher yield as compared to 15 cm × 15 cm crop geometry. Rice transplanted on 10th July required fewer irrigations (14 and 17) as compared to the crop transplanted on June 25 (16, 19) in 2018 and 2019, respectively. This led to a water saving of 12.5 and 10.5% during those respective years, without compromising the yield. It is worth noting that a single irrigation was applied at a depth of 7.5 cm. For higher saving in irrigation water, nursery of PR 126 can be sown up to June 20 and 25–30 days old seedlings can be transplanted up to July 10 at 20 cm ×15 cm spacing.

Wastewater-derived contaminants of emerging concern: Concentrations in soil solution under simulated irrigation scenarios

In response to declineing natural water sources, treated wastewater has been introduced into the water cycle as a new water source for irrigation. However, this practice exposes the agricultural environment to various contaminants of emerging concern. To better understand their fate in the soil and to effectively predict their bioavailability for plant uptake, there is a need to quantify their concentrations in soil solutions. In this study, we examined the concentrations of treated wastewater-derived ​contaminants of emerging concern in soil solutions under three scenarios: (1) shifting from irrigation with freshwater to treated wastewater (FW→TWW scenario), (2) long-term continuous irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW→TWW scenario), and (3) prolonged irrigation with treated wastewater followed by freshwater (TWW→FW scenario). Contaminants of emerging concern including carbamazepine, 1H-benzotriazole, lamotrigine, venlafaxine, and thiabendazole were ubiquitous in the treated wastewater (mean concentrations of 125, 945, 180, 3630, and 90 ​ng/L, respectively) and irrigated soils. Interestingly, their concentrations in the soil solutions were different (higher or lower) from the corresponding concentrations in the irrigation water. In both the freshwater to wastewater (FW→TWW) and treated wastewater to freshwater (TWW→FW) irrigation scenarios, lower contaminant concentrations were observed in soil solutions compared to the prolong treated wastewater irrigation scenario (TWW→TWW), indicating that a steady state condition was not achieved after a single irrigation season. For example, the concentrations of 1H-benzotriazole in Nir Oz soil solutions were 638, 310, and 1577 ​ng/L for the three irrigation scenarios, respectively. Moreover, the ​contaminants concentrations in soil solutions were slightly lower in the TWW→FW irrigation scenario compared to the TWW→TWW scenario. Our data suggest that rain-fed crops are also exposed to treated wastewater-derived contaminants of emerging concern released from the adsorbed phase into the soil solution. The readily-available contaminants concentration in soil solution depends on the physicochemical properties of the molecule, the water type used for irrigation and the irrigation history, the contaminant concentration in the irrigation water, and soil characteristics.

Dual effectiveness of a novel all-in-one endodontic irrigating solution in antibiofilm activity and smear layer removal.

The continuous destruction of dental hard tissues increases the risk of bacterial invasion, which leads to pulp infections. Irrigation is critical for successful root canal treatment in terms of infection control. However, no single irrigant covers all of the functions demanded, including antibiofilm and tissue-dissolving activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial properties of Triton, an all-in-one irrigant, on Enterococcus faecalis and multispecies oral biofilms in dentin canals, as well as its ability to remove the smear layer. Dentin blocks (192 specimens) were prepared from single-root human teeth and then assigned to 48 groups (24 groups for each biofilm type). Serial centrifugation was used for bacterial introduction into dentinal tubules. After 3weeks, half of the specimens were created a uniform smear layer. The following treatments were applied: short time (separate): Triton, 6% NaOCl, 2% NaOCl, and water (all for 3min); short time (combined): Triton (3 + 1min), 6% NaOCl +17% EDTA (3 + 1 or 2 + 1min), and 2% NaOCl +17% EDTA (3 + 1min); and long time: Triton (3 + 3min), 6% NaOCl (5min), 6% NaOCl +17% EDTA (5 + 1min), and water (3 + 3min). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were employed to examine the antimicrobial activity and smear layer removal, respectively. The results revealed that despite the absence or presence of the smear layer, Triton (3 + 3min) showed the highest killing for both tested biofilms (61.53%-72.22%) among all groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the smear layer was removed by Triton after 3 + 3min, exposing open dentin canals. These findings demonstrated that Triton can provide dual benefits of antibiofilm and smear layer removal capabilities simultaneously, indicating a simplified and effective strategy for application in root canal treatment.

Antimicrobial Irrigation Solutions in Root Canal Treatment: A Glance at the Past, the Present, and the Future

Background: Many current concepts about irrigation solutions have evolved over time; a historical perspective of irrigation solutions and the reasons for their introduction to endodontic treatment is required. The authors of this work believe that a large number of unrecognised published works from the 20th century need to be brought to light so that researchers can acquire some important hints and insights into how those solutions were developed and used in the past. In this paper, we investigate historical attempts to develop the optimal irrigation solution as well as the evolution of the scientific community's views on how to achieve this aim. Methods: A review of the literature related to irrigation solutions in endodontics was conducted using Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. Historical articles were identified through tracking citations of included articles and were obtained via the library of the University of Dundee. Results: Without the attempts of the past, we wouldn't be where we are today, including the role that several irrigation solutions played in endodontics before they were phased out. The observation that none of the currently available solutions had all of the properties that would make them ideal when used on their own led to the conception of the notion of mixing multiple types of irrigation systems, an idea that has since become widely popular. Conclusion: This study suggests pursuing two lines of inquiry: first, finding the best companion to sodium hypochlorite that produces no undesirable reaction precipitates; and second, maintaining the effort toward the development of a single irrigation solution that can effectively disinfect the canal without endangering the vital tissues. In general, and for some different possible combinations, there appears to be some light at the end of the tunnel, which is something that will hopefully be uncovered in the not-too-distant future.

Biomass partitioning, yield and economic performance of green gram (Vigna radiate L.) genotypes as influenced by different irrigation levels

A field experiment was conducted during the Kharif season of2020 with four main plot treatments consisting of irrigation levels (No post sowing irrigation, one irrigation at the flower initiation stage, one irrigation at the pod filling stage and two irrigations each at flower initiation and pod filling stage) and five subplot treatments as genotypes viz., MH 1142, MH 1468, MH 1703, MH 1762 and MH 1871 following split plot design by replicating thrice. Irrigating green gram, irrespective of the growth stage, increased the seed yield significantly. Two irrigations each at the flower initiation and podding stage bring about greater seed economic yield of green gram than 1 irrigation either at each stage. Among single irrigations, flower initiation stage provided significantly superior (8.6 %) seed yield compared to the pod filling stage. During the flower initiation stage, no rain and irrigation at this stage led to more development of crop plants, as is evident from a higher number of branches per plant and, ultimately, a higher number of pods. Two irrigations, i.e., each at flower initiation and podding phase, lead to considerably greater seed output than single irrigation at either growth stage, which may be attributed to the sufficient supply of water, which indirectly provided a smooth supply of nutrients to crop plants. The increase was 18.4 and 28.6 per cent over-irrigation at flowering and podding stage, respectively. Seed yield varied among green gram genotypes, which might be because of variations in the genetic potential of the genotypes. Genotype MH 1871 produced significantly higher seed yield among different genotypes. The cumulative effect of yield traits viz. pods per plant, branches per plant, seed index and seeds per pod attributed to the higher seed yield in MH 1871. This genotype was more efficient in utilizing radiations, as evident from the higher chlorophyll content recorded in this genotype. Genotype MH 1142 was the lowest yielder and MH 1762 although produced. To obtain a higher yield of green gram, genotype MH 1871 be taken with two irrigations each at flower initiation and pod filling stage.

Effects of irrigation regime on soil hydrothermal microenvironment, cotton biomass, and yield under non-film drip irrigation system in cotton fields in southern Xinjiang, China

Non-film drip irrigation cotton planting mode can effectively solve the problem of residual film pollution in arid areas and promote sustainable agricultural development. However, the research on the efficient irrigation regime and soil hydrothermal microenvironment suitable for non-film drip irrigation cotton planting is scarce. Considering this, using the data monitoring technology based on internet of things sensors, we set 3 different irrigation treatments in 2020–2021. In the flowering and boll setting stage, cotton was watered for 4 times (W4), 6 times (W6), and 8 times (W8) with a single irrigation amount of 69 mm for each of these 3 treatments, and the last time irrigation amount under W8 treatment was 52.2 mm. At the seedling stage, the cotton was not irrigated under each treatment. At the squaring stage, the irrigation times and single irrigation amount were the same under each treatment. The results showed that the average soil water content (SWC) in the 50–110 cm soil layer was increased obviously with the increase in the total irrigation amount. Compared with W4 and W8 treatments, W6 treatment exhibited the highest the soil temperature in the 10–30 cm soil layer in the full boll stage and boll opening stage and the highest soil effective accumulated temperature (SEAT) from initial flowering stage to boll opening stage. The reproductive organ allocation rate in two years was 3.6 % and 2 % higher under W6 than under W8, respectively. With the increase of total irrigation amount, the cotton yield was increased, but the irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) was decreased. The highest cotton yield was achieved under W8 treatment, but it was not significantly different from that under W6 treatment, while IWUE was significantly lower under W8 than under W6. The effective air temperature (EAT) had the greatest positive impact on the average effective soil temperature (EST) in 10–50 cm soil layer, while the cumulative irrigation amount (CIA) had a negative impact on average EST in 10–50 cm soil layer. Evapotranspiration (ET) and SEAT were positively correlated with biomass accumulation amount and lint yield. In summary, the irrigation regimes of 2 times of irrigation at the squaring stage with a single irrigation amount of 45 mm and 6 times of irrigation at the flowering and boll setting stage with a single irrigation amount of 69 mm can be applied to the non-film cotton cultivation mode in southern Xinjiang. Our findings provide a reference for the application of agricultural internet of things technology in soil hydrothermal microenvironment of non-film cotton fields in Xinjiang.

Effect of glycolic acid as single irrigant versus sodium hypochlorite and EDTA on enterococcus faecalis count and smear layer removal in single-rooted teeth (an in vitro study)

Aim: The study aimed to compare 10% Glycolic acid as a single irrigant versus 2.5% sodium hypochlorite followed by 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) in terms of E. faecalis count reduction and smear layer removal in single-rooted teeth.Methodology: Thirty human extracted mandibular premolars were prepared and inoculated with E. faecalis for one week to evaluate E. faecalis count reduction. Teeth were randomly assigned to two groups (n = 15) according to the irrigation protocol used. Group I: intervention (10% Glycolic acid) and Group II: Control group (Irrigation using 2.5% NaOCl followed by 17% EDTA). After 24 hours of incubation, bacterial count reduction using colony forming units CFUs/ml was determined. For evaluating the ability of irrigants to remove the smear layer, another twenty-two mandibular premolars were chosen and randomized into two groups (n = 11). During “chemo-mechanical” preparations, the root canals were irrigated with different irrigation protocols according to each group. Then, the roots were split longitudinally in the bucco-lingual direction into two halves. A smear layer assessment was conducted on the “coronal, middle, and apical thirds” of the root canal using an Environmental Scanning-Electron Microscope (ESEM) at 1000x magnification.Results: Regarding E. faecalis count reduction, there was “no significant” difference between the two groups (p = 0.14). Regarding the ability to remove the “smear layer”, there was no significant difference between the two groups at coronal, middle and apical. While comparing smear layer scores within the same group, the “apical third” showed a significantly higher smear layer score in the two groups.Conclusion: Glycolic acid can be used as a single irrigant owing to its antibacterial efficacy and the ability to remove the smear layer.

Soil Moisture Regulation under Mulched Drip Irrigation Influences the Soil Salt Distribution and Growth of Cotton in Southern Xinjiang, China.

Water deficiency, together with soil salinization, has been seriously restricting sustainable agriculture around the globe for a long time. Optimal soil moisture regulation contributes to the amelioration of soil water and salinity for crops, which is favorable for plant production. A field experiment with five soil water lower limit levels (T1: 85% FC, T2: 75% FC, T3: 65% FC, T4: 55% FC, and T5: 45% FC, where FC is the field capacity) was conducted in southern Xinjiang in 2018 to investigate the responses of soil water-salt dynamics and cotton performance to soil moisture regulation strategies. The results indicated that in the horizontal direction, the farther away the drip irrigation belt, the lower the soil moisture content and the greater the soil salinity. In the vertical direction, the soil moisture and soil salinity increased first and then decreased with an increase in soil depth after irrigation, and the distribution was similar to an ellipse. Moreover, the humid perimeter of soil water and the leaching range of soil salt increased with a decrease in the soil moisture lower limit. Though more soil salt was leached out for the T5 treatment at the flowering stage due to the higher single irrigation amount, soil salinity increased again at the boll setting stage owing to the long irrigation interval. After the cotton was harvested, soil salt accumulated in the 0-100 cm layer and the accumulation amount followed T3 > T5 > T1 > T2 > T4. Moreover, with a decline of soil moisture lower limit, both plant height and nitrogen uptake decreased significantly while the shoot-root ratio increased. Compared with the yield (7233.2 kg·hm-2) and water use efficiency (WUE, 1.27 kg·m-3) of the T1 treatment, the yield for the T2 treatment only decreased by 1.21%, while the WUE increased by 10.24%. Synthetically, considering the cotton yield, water-nitrogen use efficiency, and soil salt accumulation, the soil moisture lower limit of 75% FC is recommended for cotton cultivation in southern Xinjiang, China.