Single Incident Research Articles

An Efficient Network Attack Visualization Using Security Quad and Cube

Security quad and cube (SQC) is a network attack analyzer that is capable of aggregating many different events into a single significant incident and visualizing these events in order to identify suspicious or illegitimate behavior. A network administrator recognizes network anomalies by analyzing the traffic data and alert messages generated in the security devices; however, it takes a lot of time to inspect and analyze them because the security devices generate an overwhelming amount of logs and security events. In this paper, we propose SQC, an efficient method for analyzing network security through visualization. The proposed method monitors anomalies occurring in an entire network and displays detailed information of the attacks. In addition, by providing a detailed analysis of network attacks, this method can more precisely detect and distinguish them from normal events.

Longitudinal dependence of lightning-induced electron precipitation

[1] Observations of lightning-induced electron precipitation (LEP) events at three geographic regions show characteristics which systematically vary with both longitude and hemisphere. These observations are quantitatively interpreted using a novel atmospheric interaction model designed to predict the characteristics of LEP events at any longitude and midlatitude L-shell by accounting for the effects of precipitating electrons which are backscattered from the atmosphere. The model of atmospheric backscatter (ABS) calculates atmospheric backscatter responses for individual monoenergetic electron beams with a single incident pitch angle using a Monte Carlo model of atmospheric interactions. The ABS model also includes an asymmetric (non-ideal dipole) geomagnetic field model in calculations of the pitch angle of backscattered electrons entering the conjugate hemisphere. Using a realistic distribution of precipitating electrons, the results of this backscatter calculation at three separate longitudes are compared with VLF remote sensing data collected on nearly north-south great circle paths (GCPs). Results predicted by the model and confirmed by data indicate that all four primary LEP characteristics exhibit longitudinal and hemispheric dependence which can be explained in terms of precipitating electrons backscattered from the atmosphere. By combining these effects with previously calculated radiation belt electron loss rates due to lightning at a single location it is possible to estimate the global loss of radiation belt electrons due to lightning.

지향 오차 추정과 적응 배열 입사방향 추정 방법에 대한 연구

레이더에서 목표물을 예측하기위해서 입사 방향 추정 방법을 사용한다. 본 논문에서는 적응 배열 입사 방향 방법과 단일 지향 오차 입사 방향 추정방법을 사용하여 목표물에 대한 입사방향을 추정하였다. 적응 배열 입사 방향 방법으로 주엽 재밍과 부엽 재밍을 제거하여 목표물에 대한 신호 입사 방향을 추정하였다. 단일 지향 방법은 신호 입사 방향의 지향오차가 크기 때문에 목표물의 정확한 추정은 어렵다. 원하는 목표 신호를 수신하기 위해서는신호의 입사 방향과 지향방향사이에 지향오차가 거의 없어야 한다. 입사 방향 추정시 공분산을 구하기 위해서 생기는 지연 시간문제와 단일 지향조건을 이용하여 발생하는 지향오차 문제를 감소시켰다. 본 논문에서는 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안된 입사 방향 추정방법이 기존의 방법에 비해 목표물 추정면에서 우수함을 보인다. It is using to incident angle estimation technique in order to target estimation in radar. This paper was estimated incident angle estimation for target using adaptive array incident angle and single look error incident angle estimation technique. We estimated signal incident angle of target to removal main lobe and side lobe to adaptive array incident angle technique. It is difficult to correctly target estimation because single look technique increase direction error of signal incident angle. In order to receive a desired target signal must be not almost look error between signal incident angle and look angle. we had decreased to occur a look error using delay time and single look condition to calculation a covariance when incident angle estimate. Through simulation, we show that the proposed incident angle estimation technique improves the performance of target estimation compared to previous method.

Light-induced bird strikes on vessels in Southwest Greenland

Light-induced bird strikes are known to occur when vessels navigate during darkness in icy waters using powerful searchlight. In Southwest Greenland, which is important internationally for wintering seabirds, we collected reports of incidents of bird strikes over 2–3 winters (2006–2009) from navy vessels, cargo vessels and trawlers (total n=19). Forty-one incidents were reported: mainly close to land (<4km, 78%), but one as far offshore as 205km. Up to 88 birds were reported killed in a single incident. All occurred between 5p.m. and 6a.m. and significantly more birds were involved when visibility was poor (snow) rather than moderate or good. Among five seabird species reported, the common eider (Somateria mollissima) accounted for 95% of the bird casualties. Based on spatial analyses of data on vessel traffic intensity and common eider density we are able to predict areas with high risk of bird strikes in Southwest Greenland.

Role of ‘low cost Indian implants’ in our practice: our experience with 1,572 pedicle screws

As Indian spine surgeons, we have to choose between 'foreign implants' and 'Indian implants'. An Indian four pedicle screw rod construct costs 330 US dollars (one-third that of a similar foreign construct). About 60% of patients cannot afford expensive foreign implants. There is little written data evaluating how these Indian implants fare. The purpose of our study was to evaluate implant failure rate with Indian implants and compare it to foreign implants. We analysed results of 1,572 titanium pedicle screws used in 239 patients with a minimum 1-year follow-up. Patients were divided into Indian and foreign implant groups. Radiological failures were classified as (1) surgery and disease failure, (2) bone failure and (3) implant failure. The null hypothesis was that there is no difference between implant failure rate for Indian and foreign implants. A total of 128 (53.56%) of patients could not afford foreign implants. We used 679 foreign and 893 Indian pedicle screws. In foreign implant group, there was a single incident of implant failure (0.15%). In Indian implant group, there were five such incidents (0.56%). (1) Rate of failure for 'low cost' Indian implants is very low (approximately 1 implant complication for every 200 screws). (2) There is no statistically significant difference in failure rates for Indian implants and foreign implants (P-value = 0.2438). We recommend that Indian implants are a safe and viable option to make spine surgery cost effective in the Indian scenario.

Nonlocality of a single photon: Paths to an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-steering experiment

A single photon incident on a beam splitter produces an entangled field state, and in principle could be used to violate a Bell-inequality, but such an experiment (without post-selection) is beyond the reach of current experiments. Here we consider the somewhat simpler task of demonstrating EPR-steering with a single photon (also without post-selection). That is, of demonstrating that Alice's choice of measurement on her "half" of a single photon can affect the other "half" of the photon in Bob's lab, in a sense rigorously defined by us and Doherty [Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 140402 (2007)]. Previous work by Lvovsky and co-workers [Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 047903 (2004)] has addressed this phenomenon (which they called "remote preparation") experimentally using homodyne measurements on a single photon. Here we show that, unfortunately, their experimental parameters do not meet the bounds necessary for a rigorous demonstration of EPR-steering with a single photon. However, we also show that modest improvements in the experimental parameters, and the addition of photon counting to the arsenal of Alice's measurements, would be sufficient to allow such a demonstration.

A study of planar Richtmyer-Meshkov instability in fluids with Mie-Grüneisen equations of state

We present a numerical comparison study of planar Richtmyer-Meshkov instability with the intention of exposing the role of the equation of state. Results for Richtmyer-Meshkov instability in fluids with Mie-Grüneisen equations of state derived from a linear shock-particle speed Hugoniot relationship (Jeanloz, J. Geophys. Res. 94, 5873, 1989; McQueen et al., High Velocity Impact Phenomena (1970), pp. 294–417; Menikoff and Plohr, Rev. Mod. Phys. 61(1), 75 1989) are compared to those from perfect gases under nondimensionally matched initial conditions at room temperature and pressure. The study was performed using Caltech’s Adaptive Mesh Refinement, Object-oriented C++ (AMROC) (Deiterding, Adaptive Mesh Refinement: Theory and Applications (2005), Vol. 41, pp. 361–372; Deiterding, “Parallel adaptive simulation of multi-dimensional detonation structures,” Ph.D. thesis (Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus, September 2003)) framework with a low-dissipation, hybrid, center-difference, limiter patch solver (Ward and Pullin, J. Comput. Phys. 229, 2999 (2010)). Results for single and triple mode planar Richtmyer-Meshkov instability when a reflected shock wave occurs are first examined for mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) and molybdenum modeled by Mie-Grüneisen equations of state. The single mode case is examined for incident shock Mach numbers of 1.5 and 2.5. The planar triple mode case is studied using a single incident Mach number of 2.5 with initial corrugation wavenumbers related by k1=k2+k3. Comparison is then drawn to Richtmyer-Meshkov instability in perfect gases with matched nondimensional pressure jump across the incident shock, post-shock Atwood ratio, post-shock amplitude-to-wavelength ratio, and time nondimensionalized by Richtmyer’s linear growth time constant prediction. Differences in start-up time and growth rate oscillations are observed across equations of state. Growth rate oscillation frequency is seen to correlate directly to the oscillation frequency for the transmitted and reflected shocks. For the single mode cases, further comparison is given for vorticity distribution and corrugation centerline shortly after shock interaction. Additionally, we examine single mode Richtmyer-Meshkov instability when a reflected expansion wave is present for incident Mach numbers of 1.5 and 2.5. Comparison to perfect gas solutions in such cases yields a higher degree of similarity in start-up time and growth rate oscillations. The formation of incipient weak waves in the heavy fluid driven by waves emanating from the perturbed transmitted shock is observed when an expansion wave is reflected.

S29-03 30-Month Follow-up Study of Psychological Symptoms and Effects on Quality of Life in Children Exposed to Single Incident of Trauma

To analyze whether qualitative themes in breast cancer patients’ self-presentations predicted symptoms of psychological distress and depression in order to improve the consultation process.Ninety-seven breast cancer patients gave unstructured, 10-min self-presentations at their first consultation in a clinical registered trial (CRT identifier: NCT00990977). Self-presentations were categorized thematically and the most prevalent themes investigated as predictors for scores on the symptom check-list 90-revised (SCL-90-R) and the center for epidemiological studies depression scale (CES-D).Among the qualitative themes, only the percentage of words spent on talking about ‘Acceptance-based psychological coping’ was related to symptoms. In regression models controlling for age, education and time since diagnosis, a stronger focus on acceptance-based coping predicted less psychological distress and depression, respectively. A cross-validation including only the first few minutes of speech per patient confirmed these results and supported their practical utility in health consultations.Patients’ focus on acceptance-based coping significantly predicted decreased psychological distress and depression, respectively. No other qualitative themes predicted symptoms. Doctor–patient studies may benefit from combined qualitative–quantitative methods.While quantitative symptom assessment is important for a consultation, health care providers may improve their understanding of patients by attending to patients’ presentations of acceptance-based psychological coping.

SU-C-211-03: X-Ray Imaging Properties of Two Highly Granular Spectroscopic Pixel Detectors Intended for Small Animal Imaging

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the X‐ray imagingproperties of two spectroscopic pixel detectors of the Medipix2 kind operated with 1 mm thick cadmium telluride (CdTe) sensors. With pixel pitches of 110 and 165 um and sizes of 2.8 × 2.8 cm2 and 4.2 × 2.8 cm2, these devices seem well suited for small animal imaging. Particular emphasis was placed on determining energy response functions (ERFs), modulation transfer functions(MTFs), and detective quantum efficiencies (DQEs). Methods: ERFs were measured for both pixel pitches using 60 keV monochromatic photons. The full widths at half maximum (FWHMs) of the corresponding photopeaks were calculated. The sensors' presampling MTFs were determined using a tilted wedge technique for three different values of the detectors' low energy threshold (10, 25 and 50 keV). Zero frequency DQEs were measured for photonenergies of 60 and 122 keV by determining the average number of pixels responding to a single incident photon. Results: For the 110 and 165 um pixel pitches, FWHMs of 2.2 and 2.3 keV were found for a bias voltage of 500 V. However, the corresponding ERFs are heavily biased especially for the smaller pixel size due to charge sharing and characteristic X‐rays. The 5% levels of the MTF were measured to be 5.7, 7.2 and 9.0 / mm for the three energy thresholds chosen. The DQEs found were 0.77 (110 um, 60 keV), 0.84 (165 um, 60 keV), 0.37 (110 um, 122 keV) and 0.38 (165 um, 122 keV). Conclusions: The generation of characteristic X‐rays in the sensor by the incident beam leads to a distortion of the detector's response to radiation, because a significant amount of these fluorescence photons are detected in neighbor pixels. Another consequence is that the spatial resolution can be effectively increased by discarding low energy events.

Entanglement and Drowning of a Magellanic Penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) in a Gill Net Recorded by a Time-Depth Recorder in South-Central Chile

Abstract. Various mitigation measures have been implemented to reduce incidental seabird mortality in longline and trawl fisheries but little attention has been given to artisanal fishing. In the 2008/09 breeding season, during a study of foraging of Humboldt, Spheniscus humboldti, and Magellanic Penguins, S. magellanicus, breeding on Punihuil islets, southern Chile, a Magellanic Penguin equipped with a time-depth recorder became entangled and subsequently drowned in a gill net set for Corvina Drum (Cilus gilberti). The device was returned by fishermen and the data appear to be the first documented case of such a drowning in a marine, air-breathing vertebrate. According to the data, while diving to a depth of more than 50 m, the bird became entangled and drowned, remaining below 60 m for nearly 21 hours until the net was hauled. Although only a single incident is reported, there are indications that incidental mortality of penguins, other seabirds and marine mammals is more common in artisanal fisheries t...

ANALYSIS OF SOLITON FISSION OVER A SUBMERGED STRUCTURE USING "NONLINEAR FOURIER TRANSFORM (NLFT)†

When a single incident solitary wave passes over a submerged reef, it disintegrates into a train of solitons (soliton fission), followed by a train of oscillatory waves. One of the major problems in the analysis of the recorded time series is the uncertain identification of the number of solitons N in the transmitted wave train behind the reef due to the difficulties to distinguish between solitons and oscillatory waves, especially in the case of breaking waves. With the "nonlinear Fourier transform (NLFT)†, an application of the inverse scattering transform (IST) of the Korteweg-de Vries equation, a powerful analysis method is proposed to analyse nonlinear wave processes. Application of the NLFT to the transmitted waves of systematic numerical tests with breaking and non-breaking solitary waves behind a submerged structure (reef) with finite width br allows to separate distinctly solitons and oscillatory waves. The paper gives an overview over the first NLFT analysis results for the determination of the number of solitons N behind the reef. The influence of relative submergence depth dr/h, relative reef width br/Li and relative incident wave height Hi/dr is examined. First recommendations for the distinct identification of the number of solitons arising from the fission using NLFT will also be provided, including the limitations of the method.

In-vehicle extremity injuries from improvised explosive devices: current and future foci

The conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have been epitomized by the insurgents' use of the improvised explosive device against vehicle-borne security forces. These weapons, capable of causing multiple severely injured casualties in a single incident, pose the most prevalent single threat to Coalition troops operating in the region. Improvements in personal protection and medical care have resulted in increasing numbers of casualties surviving with complex lower limb injuries, often leading to long-term disability. Thus, there exists an urgent requirement to investigate and mitigate against the mechanism of extremity injury caused by these devices. This will necessitate an ontological approach, linking molecular, cellular and tissue interaction to physiological dysfunction. This can only be achieved via a collaborative approach between clinicians, natural scientists and engineers, combining physical and numerical modelling tools with clinical data from the battlefield. In this article, we compile existing knowledge on the effects of explosions on skeletal injury, review and critique relevant experimental and computational research related to lower limb injury and damage and propose research foci required to drive the development of future mitigation technologies.

Lessons Learned From a Policy Decision to Coordinate a Multijurisdiction H1N1 Response With a Single Incident Management Team

This case review describes the creation of a single incident management team by 5 independent local public health agencies to respond to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic. It focuses at the policy level, describing relationship building between local public health agency leaders and the conditions required to support such a response. Readers will understand the precursors that allowed for this regionalized response, how the response was implemented, the lessons learned, and recommendations for future responses. As local health jurisdictions and tribes review and update their emergency response plans, they should consider forming a regionalized public health incident management team to conserve overhead resources and to ensure coordinated policies and public messaging for public health incidents that cross geopolitical boundaries.

Network Security Alerts Management Architecture for Signature-Based Intrusions Detection Systems within a NAT Environment

Internet is providing essential communication between an infinite number of people and is being increasingly used as a tool for commerce. At the same time, security is becoming a tremendously important issue to deal with. Different network security solutions exist and contribute to enhanced security. From these solutions, Intrusion detection systems (IDS) have become one of the most common countermeasures for monitoring safety in computer systems and networks. The purpose of IDSs is distinguishing between intruders and normal users. However, IDSs report a massive number of isolated alerts. These isolated alerts represent low-level security-related events. Many of these isolated alerts are logically involved in a single multi-stage intrusion incident and a security officer often wants to analyze the complete incident instead of each individual simple alert. Another problem is that IDSs cannot work correctly with an environment managed with a NAT technique (Network Address Translation) since the host information (IP address and port number) are affected by the NAT devices. In order to address these limitations, the paper proposes a well-structured model to manage the massive number of isolated alerts and includes the NAT information in the IDS analysis. In fact, our solution permits to determine the real identities of entities implicated in security issues and abstracts the logical relation between alerts in order to support automatic correlation of those alerts involved in the same intrusion and to construct comprehensible attacks scenarios.

Learning from radiation incidents: the new OTHEA website

OTHEA is the name of a new website (www.othea.net), created by the Health ProtectionAgency (UK) and the Centre d’étude sur l’évaluation de la protection dans le domainenucléaire (CEPN, France), and supported by several other stakeholders including nationalsocieties and associations. The website is bi-lingual (French and English) and the purposeis to share the lessons learnt from radiological incidents that have occurred inthe industrial, medical, research and teaching, and other non-nuclear sectors.OTHEA contains a collection of incident reports, categorised according to thesector and the type of application, and a search facility. The reports can be freelydownloaded and printed, for example for use in radiation protection training activities.To encourage dissemination, the incident reports have been made anonymous, i.e. anyinformation that could identify a particular individual, organisation or site has beenremoved. Each report contains a brief summary of the incident, the radiologicalconsequences, and the lessons learnt. The aim is not to capture every single incident, but toprovide a range of reports selected according to the value of the lessons learnt.For OTHEA to be a long-term success, it needs to be sustained with new reports.Therefore users are encouraged to submit incident reports that can be considered forinclusion in OTHEA.This note summarises the background to OTHEA, and provides a description of theoperating features and content at its launch in summer 2010.

Interpersonal victimization patterns and psychopathology among Latino women: Results from the SALAS study.

Research on the victimization of Latino women and the subsequent psychological impact has been limited by focusing on individual forms of victimization, primarily partner violence or sexual assault. Another deficiency includes mainly using convenience and/or geographically restricted samples, which impacts the generalizability of the results. To overcome these research limitations, the Sexual Assault Among Latinas (SALAS) study aimed to evaluate the broader scope of victimization among Latino women. The study surveyed a national sample of 2,000 Latino women using random digit dial methodology. Women were asked about various forms of victimization in childhood and adulthood including physical assaults, sexual assaults, stalking, threats, and witnessed violence, as well as psychological symptomatology including depression, anxiety, anger, and dissociation. This analysis found that victimized women were more likely to experience some form of polyvictimization and/or revictimization throughout their lives, with only 36% of victimized women experiencing one form of victimization in childhood or adulthood alone. Furthermore, multiple victimization experiences significantly increased the proportion of women who experienced psychological distress symptoms in the clinical range. For almost all evaluated symptoms, the multiple forms of victimization or varying victimization patterns significantly predicted clinical levels of psychological distress over any specific form or single incident of victimization. The results suggest that victimized Latino women experience multiple forms of victimization and that the evaluation of a broader spectrum of victimization better accounts for pathological symptomatology. Clinical implications for Latino women and future research directions are discussed.

Ossicular Bone Modeling in Acute Otitis Media

A number of middle ear diseases are associated with pathologic bone modeling, either formative or resorptive. As such, the pathogenesis of a sclerotic mastoid has been controversial for decades. Experimental studies on acute middle ear infection have shown progressive osteoneogenesis in the bone structures surrounding the middle ear cavity, and a few studies have reported acute changes of the ossicular chain. However, detailed qualitative and quantitative information on ossicular bone modeling dynamics has not been accounted for and is thus the purpose of this study. The histopathology of the middle ear bone tissue structures was studied longitudinally in a rat model of acute pneumococcal otitis media, from Days 1 to 28 postinoculation. Resorptive and formative activity was semiquantitated for the ossicles and the bone tissue structures surrounding the middle ear cavity. Qualitative and semiquantitative histopathology revealed initial osteoresorption, followed by increasing apposition of new bone in the middle ear cavity. Equivalently, the ossicular chain and joints were subject to initial resorption and subsequent new bone formation, but the changes occurred were delayed and to a far lesser extent. A single incident of acute otitis media changes the osseous structures of the middle ear, which may alter properties of ossicular chain conduction. Modeling of ossicular bone is postponed compared with the bone tissue surrounding the middle ear cavity, and to a much lesser extent. The differentiated modeling pattern suggests that ossicular bone tissue possesses biologic properties resistant to morphologic changes.

Testing Implicit Assumptions and Explicit Recommendations: The Effects of Probability Information on Risk Perception

When people underestimate a risk, often probability information is communicated because of the implicit assumption that it will raise people's risk estimates as a result of these objective facts. Also, scientific literature suggested that stressing the cumulative aspects of a risk might lead to higher susceptibility perceptions than only emphasizing the single incident probability. Empirical evidence that supports the effectiveness of these strategies, however, is lacking. In two studies, we examined whether cumulative and single incident probability information on sexually transmitted infections leads to higher perceived susceptibility for Chlamydia and HIV. Contrary to assumptions and recommendations, results showed that both types of probability information may result in people feeling less susceptible toward Chlamydia and having less intention to reduce the risk. For HIV, no effects were found. These results contradict implicit assumptions and explicit recommendations concerning the effects of probability information on risk perceptions.

Domoic acid induced seizures progress to a chronic state of epilepsy in rats

The emergence of an epilepsy syndrome in sea lions poisoned by domoic acid (DA) draws striking parallels to the single case study of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) that developed in an 84 yr old man one year after being poisoned by DA. To establish a basis for understanding this disease in sea lions and humans that appears to progress from DA poisoning, we have investigated the potential for a single incident of DA poisoning in rats to progress to spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), the hallmark of epilepsy. We have developed a DA administration protocol to induce a nonlethal status epilepticus (SE) and monitored the animals for SRS by 6 h/week of video recording. We demonstrate that a single episode of SE leads to SRS in 94% of rats (n = 23) in 6 months. These findings indicate that DA induced SE can efficiently translate to epileptic disease.

Buying Health Care, the Individual Mandate, and the Constitution

In Rashomon, a classic film that explores the concept of truth, director Akira Kurosawa presents a story about a single incident retold by four narrators, leaving the audience to figure out what is real. Litigation has a Rashomon-like quality to it: two sides meet in a courtroom and each presents its case, arguing not only that abstract legal principles favor its cause, but equally important, that its version of the event that gave rise to the dispute should be the filter through which the court decides the matter.Three separate cases raising constitutional challenges to the Affordable Care Act . . .