Single-hop Communication Research Articles

Distributed Least Absolute Deviations Estimation

Distributed algorithms are essential for reducing communication costs, computational complexity, and memory requirements while performing collaborative estimation using multi-agent systems. Additionally, robustness in estimators is important to prevent performance degradation when the measurement noise is non-Gaussian. Least absolute deviations estimators are known to be robust in the presence of gross errors or outliers in the measurements. To this end, we develop the distributed least absolute deviations (D-LAD) estimator for linear systems whereby the agents iteratively exchange information with their immediate neighbors via single-hop communications to gain a network-wide consensus on the estimates. Additionally, the D-LAD algorithm is implemented in a nonlinear framework to solve the problem of distributed orbit determination of a target body using a formation of spacecraft. Numerical simulations demonstrating the effectiveness of the D-LAD estimator in linear and nonlinear settings are provided.

An overview of NFC Technology for Wireless Communication

This article discusses about wireless communication technologies such as IEEE 802.15.4, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) and Near Field Communication (NFC) technologies are described. The part of industry and everyday life could be significantly impacted by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a collection of sensor nodes that communicate with one another using wireless technologies. These nodes gather data and send it to the gateway across the Internet, the informal cloud. In a WSN, node-to-node communication may be multi-hop or direct. Every new concept or technology attempts to be integrated into the WSN in order to increase efficiency, improve user experience, and consume less power. Near Field Communications (NFC), a type of wireless networking technology allows to establish simple, secure and interactive communication. iPack is a technology that focuses on integrating NFC into pre-existing systems to create a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) that supports NFC. Furthermore, data from a sensor node can be transferred to devices with a single touch by using this method. NFC with WSN is a single hop communication. The NFC interface also offers a safe wireless connection.

A real-time path planning for reducing vehicles traveling time in cooperative-intelligent transportation systems

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) have the potential to enable efficient real-time path planning applications capable of handling congestion traffic problems using vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communications. However, path planning applications are facing the biggest challenges related to the increase in communication cost caused by redundant communications, which has a destructive impact on the overall network performance. So, the communication design should be carefully adjusted to avoid this problem. In this paper, we propose an effective real-time path planning strategy based on a cooperative information-sharing approach between vehicles and RSUs, which takes into account the communication cost by using a shortest path-based relaying of communications between RSUs to avoid communication redundancy. First, the assigned roles for each item in the network are revised to reduce communication cost, for example, vehicles can share travel time information with RSUs by adopting only single hop communications, especially since each RSU can cover a set of road segments in its surrounding region. Next, we propose a simple shortest path-based routing, which is partially similar to Geographic Source Routing (GSR), but it differs from GSR in the way the vehicles relay communications between each other in road segments as we use the weighted p-persistence broadcasting method to reduce unneeded communication redundancy, while under disconnectivity, a carry-and-forward mechanism is used to allow information sharing with next hop RSUs. Both the proposed path planning strategy and the communication architecture are evaluated according to several scenarios and performance metrics. The simulation results show that our strategy can significantly improve vehicles’ traveling time on the road as well as decreasing communication cost.

EAM-LoRaNet: Energy Aware Multi-hop LoRa Network for Internet of Things

LoRa Technology is one of the devices used on Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN), which is a viable alternative wireless communication technology for the Internet of Things (IoT). The LoRa device is meant to traverse a large distance while using minimal power. However, because it uses single-hop communication, the Gateway's farthest nodes will die prematurely as a result of the increased energy usage. This research attempts to improve the range of LoRa networks utilizing multi-hop uplink communication while also reducing energy consumption by adjusting the LoRa transmission power to the lowest possible dBm in each hop. As a network model, a star topology-based tree made of some rings with a gateway as the central point is chosen. The performance of two forms of uplink communication, single-hop and multi-hop models was tested in terms of energy consumption and coverage. The results show that the network structure in the multi-hop uplink model can extend coverage over a greater distance while using less energy than the single-hop uplink model. This model can be used as a supplement to the LPWAN's uplink communication in the IoT to enhance the network's coverage range and lifetime.

A QoS-Aware Machine Learning-Based Framework for AMI Applications in Smart Grids

The Internet of things (IoT) enables a diverse set of applications such as distribution automation, smart cities, wireless sensor networks, and advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). In smart grids (SGs), quality of service (QoS) and AMI traffic management need to be considered in the design of efficient AMI architectures. In this article, we propose a QoS-aware machine-learning-based framework for AMI applications in smart grids. Our proposed framework comprises a three-tier hierarchical architecture for AMI applications, a machine-learning-based hierarchical clustering approach, and a priority-based scheduling technique to ensure QoS in AMI applications in smart grids. We introduce a three-tier hierarchical architecture for AMI applications in smart grids to take advantage of IoT communication technologies and the cloud infrastructure. In this architecture, smart meters are deployed over a georeferenced area where the control center has remote access over the Internet to these network devices. More specifically, these devices can be digitally controlled and monitored using simple web interfaces such as REST APIs. We modify the existing K-means algorithm to construct a hierarchical clustering topology that employs Wi-SUN technology for bi-directional communication between smart meters and data concentrators. Further, we develop a queuing model in which different priorities are assigned to each item of the critical and normal AMI traffic based on its latency and packet size. The critical AMI traffic is scheduled first using priority-based scheduling while the normal traffic is scheduled with a first-in–first-out scheduling scheme to ensure the QoS requirements of both traffic classes in the smart grid network. The numerical results demonstrate that the target coverage and connectivity requirements of all smart meters are fulfilled with the least number of data concentrators in the design. Additionally, the numerical results show that the architectural cost is reduced, and the bottleneck problem of the data concentrator is eliminated. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed framework is evaluated and validated on the CloudSim simulator. The simulation results of our proposed framework show efficient performance in terms of CPU utilization compared to a traditional framework that uses single-hop communication from smart meters to data concentrators with a first-in–first-out scheduling scheme.

BTA-MM: Burst traffic awareness-based adaptive mobility model with mobile sinks for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks

Using mobile sink increases the coverage time and energy expenditure when there is a burst traffic condition in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Hence, it is essential to handle burst traffic using mobile sinks in an energy-efficient mobility manner. In most studies, mechanisms of the clustering and routing have not taken into account burst traffic. In fact, the number of studies with integrated mobile sink nodes, burst traffic awareness, multi-criteria cluster head (CH) selection, and mobile sink routing is negligible. For this purpose, a novel burst traffic awareness adaptive mobility scheme is proposed based on heterogeneous clustered WSNs, namely Burst Traffic Awareness-Mobility Model (BTA-MM). In the proposed scheme, the network area is first divided into two cluster groups. The CH selection is performed for each round by the average residual energy an d node load, taking into account the network coverage. An adaptive Gauss–Markov-burst traffic combination model is proposed in the study. In the proposed model, the mobile sinks collect all data in a single-hop communication as soon as they join the coverage intersection points (CIPs) of the CHs. The mobility model utilizes the adaptive minimum-weighted cost of the nodes. Once the burst packets are perceived in a CH, the data packets are backed up on the nearest and highest energy node in the cluster. Then, the mobile sink suddenly updates its trajectory towards the node, including the burst data traffic. Performance analysis of the proposed scheme was performed in NS-2 simulation environment. The most notable of the performance results is that the proposed method increased the network lifetime 42.5% more than any other method and also reduced the control overhead and average mobile path length by 72.5% and 35.9%, respectively. Also, the simulation results showed that the proposed method significantly reduced the average energy consumption 34.2% more than any other method, and increased the packet delivery rate 4.5% more than any other method, even in burst traffic.

A channel estimation method for wireless communication in HPLC&RF dual mode system

With application of high-speed power line carrier communication (HPLC), some problems are emerging such as network outliers, low success rate of power outage reporting and short single hop communication distance. Wireless communication (RF) can effectively solve these problems and thus become an effective complement to HPLC. For OFDM based wireless communication in HPLC&RF dual mode system, a channel estimation method is proposed. Compared with LTF-based and pilot-based channel estimation methods applicable to cases with few and multiple physical layer load symbols respectively, the proposed method can be applied in all cases. When the number of symbols is small, it outperforms pilot-based method by 2~3 dB and is still better than LTF-based method. When the number of symbols is large, it outperforms LTF-based method by 2~5 dB and still better than pilot-based method.

A New Association Scheme for Handling Node Mobility in Cluster-Tree Wireless Sensor Networks.

Node mobility in multi-hop communication environments is an important feature of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-based monitoring systems. It allows nodes to have freedom of movement, without being restricted to a single-hop communication range. In IEEE 802.15.4 WSNs, nodes are only able to transfer data messages after completing a connection with a coordinator through an association mechanism. Within this context, a handover procedure needs to be executed by a mobile node whenever there is a disconnection from a coordinator and the establishment of a connection to another one. Many applications, such as those found in health monitoring systems, strongly need support for node mobility without loss of data during the handover. However, it has been observed that the time required to execute the handover procedure is one of the main reasons why IEEE 802.15.4 cannot fully support mobility. This paper proposes an improvement to this procedure using a set of combined strategies, such as anticipation of both the handover mechanism and the scan phase enhancement. Simulations show that it is possible to reduce latency during the association and re-association processes, making it feasible to develop WSN-based distributed monitoring systems with mobile nodes and stringent time constraints.

Augmenting network lifetime for heterogenous WSN assisted IoT using mobile agent

Wireless sensor networks are network of the large number of sensors having lesser batteries. Such networks and clustering of the nodes for energy efficiency go hand in hand. Clustering protocols like low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy, stable election protocol, improved low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy etc. allow the nodes to grouped together, form clusters and transmit their information to the base station via their leader, i.e. cluster head. Selection of cluster head follows various approaches and vary from protocol to protocol. While some of the approaches use single hop communication of the cluster head with the base station, others opt for multi-hop communication. This paper describes energy effective procedure for heterogeneous network consisting of super, advance and normal nodes. The protocol operates according to the type of the nodes. For the high energy super nodes, the protocol follows centralized procedure and for other nodes it follows decentralized approach. The selection of cluster head among the super nodes is optimized by the use of cost function depending upon distance of the nodes from the centroid of their residual energies and their signal to interference plus noise ratio. The nodes other than super nodes achieve lesser energy consumption by using the mobile agents to transfer their data to the base station. The proposed protocol has shown improvements in terms of throughput and number of dead nodes as equated to other state-of-the-art protocols.

A Novel Mathematical Model to Evaluate the Impact of Packet Retransmissions in LoRaWAN

Internet of Things (IoT) network enabling technologies are expected to support a broad range of applications with significant variations in application requirements. LoRaWAN is intended to address delay tolerant, low-data-rate applications such as agriculture, some of the smart city and smart environment applications, and inventory management systems while facilitating long range transmission of application nodes. Network lifetime, which can be broadly defined as the network operational duration fulfilling application objectives, is one of the most important key network performance indicators for IoT applications. In many real world sensor network applications, a nonrenewable battery is used as the energy source of the nodes and death of essential nodes to perform the meaningful network operation, which is marked by either the complete depletion of energy or unusable residual energy, determines the lifetime of a network. Typically, the furthest nodes in LoRa networks determine network lifetime as single-hop communication remains the trend. While packet retransmission helps recover lost packets and LoRa networks allow up to eight retransmissions, network lifetime can suffer significantly as nodes are required to transmit more packets. In order to strike a deal between expected network lifetime and number of packet retransmissions, it would be important to foresee the impacts of each retransmission in a network.

Improved Self Key Establishment Protocol for Multi Hop Communication under Wireless Device Systems

The wireless device systems are definitely the tiny systems composed of wireless device goods. The device tools catch environmentally friendly information. Information catch, the information receives and data gears are the three main procedures of the device products. The information morals will be sent through the radio rate of recurrence. Protection is the most important obligation for the purpose of the cellular device systems. Necessary administration is extremely important for anyone protection applications. The distribution procedure in administration has been changed drastically over the years. The self-key establishment process for cellular device sites (SKEW) is utilized to handle the crucial administration activities in terms of security. The effective self-key restaurant standard protocol provides essential administration with much less important storage space, conversation, transmitting regularity and computational expenses. The crucial circulation can be performed with minimal message transmitting procedure. The self-key store process with regards to cellular device systems can be the foundation process for everybody protection protocols. The self-key establishment protocol is mainly created for the single-hop communication environment. The proposed platform enhances the self-key organization process for numerous jump conversation environments. The SKEW process can be sustained for unreserved multiple bottom train station environment without groupings. The self-key business process shall be built-in with additional protection protocols to offer a comprehensive option for essential distribution and guaranteed conversation procedure

EGRPM: Energy efficient geographic routing protocol based on mobile sink in wireless sensor networks

A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of nodes, sending sensed data to the base station or sink, either directly or through intermediate nodes. Multi-hop communication results in increased volume of traffic and depleting the energy of nodes adjacent to static sinks. A method of dealing with this challenge is using mobile sinks. Mobile sinks balance the load and distribute energy consumption throughout the network. This paper suggests a method to divide the network into some cells in a geographic way and applies two mobile sinks to gather the data sensed by these cell nodes. Based on the communication between cells and mobile sinks, the cells are divided into two categories: single-hop communication cells (SCCs) and multi-hop communication cells (MCCs). Mobile sinks move over two concentric diamond-shaped orbits in such a way that each half of the network is covered by a sink at a time. Initially, both sinks move in one direction and stay at particular intervals in the corners of the orbits to gather data from sensor nodes. When sinks are stationary, SCCs send data to the sinks directly, but MCCs apply the proposed routing algorithm (EGRPM) to send data to mobile sinks. The proposed approach is simulated by NS2 software. A comparison between the performance of EGRPM and conventional methods shows that applying EGRPM results in a significant decrease in average energy consumption and data delivery delay and causes a substantial increase in packet delivery rate and network lifetime.

Stability Analysis of Relay Access Protocol (RAP) using Fuzzy Logic in Wireless Sensor Networks

Cluster Head (CHs) determination is critical whereas the combination of input parameters is expected to play an important role. However, each WSN’s protocol uses a different combination of input parameters based on residual energy and several other input parameters, which produce different amount of energy consumption. Besides, most of the previous works on cluster heads selection do not take received signal strength indication (RSSI) into consideration. As a result, the sensor nodes with bad RSSI can be elected as CHs which lead to an increase in energy consumption. Moreover, the CHs use single-hop communication to forward their sensed data to the Base Station (BS). This results in high energy consumption and consequently, decrease the network lifetime. In this case, the inter-node distances may degrade the performance of the network due to long distance. Thus, this paper proposed a Relay Access Protocol (RAP) in order to reduce energy consumption in cluster-based wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The RAP protocol is a 2-tier protocol used for energy efficiency by selecting Cluster Heads (CHs) based on Fuzzy Logic (FL). The performance of the proposed protocol was evaluated under two different scenarios and compared with existing protocols through simulations. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme outperformed the existing protocols in terms of First Node Dead (FND) and Last Node Dead (LND) in all of the scenarios.

Smartphone-Based Platform for Secure Multi-Hop Message Dissemination in VANETs.

Vehicular ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are recognized as a cornerstone of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to enable the exchange of information among vehicles, which is crucial for the provision of safety-related and entertainment applications. However, practical useful realizations of VANETs are still missing, mainly because of the elevated costs and the lack of a final standardization. In this regard, the feasibility of using smartphones as nodes in VANETs has been explored focusing on small-scale deployments to mainly validate single-hop communication capabilities. Moreover, existing smartphone-based platforms do not consider two crucial requirements in VANETs, namely, multi-hop communication and the provision of security services in the message dissemination process. Furthermore, the problem of securing message dissemination in VANETs is generally analyzed through simulation tools, while performance evaluations on smart devices have not been reported so far. In this paper, we aim to fill this void by designing a fully on-device platform for secure multi-hop message dissemination. We address the multi-hop nature of message dissemination in VANETs by integrating a location-based protocol that enables the selection of relay nodes and retransmissions criteria. As a main distinction, the platform incorporates a novel certificateless cryptographic scheme for ensuring data integrity and nodes’ authentication, suitable for VANETs lacking of infrastructure.

Distributed mobile sensor load balancing deployment algorithm based on probability coverage model

Load imbalance of distributed mobile sensors in distributed mobile sensor networks can easily lead to premature death of low-energy nodes, resulting in network partition and even network collapse, thus reducing the practicability of the network. Therefore, a distributed mobile sensor load balancing deployment algorithm based on Probabilistic Coverage Model (PCM) is proposed to deal with the relationship between residual energy of nodes and transmission power. With PCM as load balancing deployment condition, Lyapunov second method is used to deploy load balancing. The proposed distributed control law minimises the load difference among nodes. The algorithm only needs the relative location information of single hop neighbour nodes, and only carries out single hop communication. Therefore, the delay and communication load are small, and the scalability is strong. It confirms that the power system control module has a stable solution. The simulation results show that the algorithm can balance the load and energy consumption of nodes and improve the practicability of the network.

Distributed mobile sensor load balancing deployment algorithm based on probability coverage model

Load imbalance of distributed mobile sensors in distributed mobile sensor networks can easily lead to premature death of low-energy nodes, resulting in network partition and even network collapse, thus reducing the practicability of the network. Therefore, a distributed mobile sensor load balancing deployment algorithm based on Probabilistic Coverage Model (PCM) is proposed to deal with the relationship between residual energy of nodes and transmission power. With PCM as load balancing deployment condition, Lyapunov second method is used to deploy load balancing. The proposed distributed control law minimises the load difference among nodes. The algorithm only needs the relative location information of single hop neighbour nodes, and only carries out single hop communication. Therefore, the delay and communication load are small, and the scalability is strong. It confirms that the power system control module has a stable solution. The simulation results show that the algorithm can balance the load and energy consumption of nodes and improve the practicability of the network.

Optimal Coverage Multi-Path Scheduling Scheme with Multiple Mobile Sinks for WSNs

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are usually formed with many tiny sensors which are randomly deployed within sensing field for target monitoring. These sensors can transmit their monitored data to the sink in a multi-hop communication manner. However, the ‘hot spots’ problem will be caused since nodes near sink will consume more energy during forwarding. Recently, mobile sink based technology provides an alternative solution for the long-distance communication and sensor nodes only need to use single hop communication to the mobile sink during data transmission. Even though it is difficult to consider many network metrics such as sensor position, residual energy and coverage rate etc., it is still very important to schedule a reasonable moving trajectory for the mobile sink. In this paper, a novel trajectory scheduling method based on coverage rate for multiple mobile sinks (TSCR-M) is presented especially for large-scale WSNs. An improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) combined with mutation operator is introduced to search the parking positions with optimal coverage rate. Then the genetic algorithm (GA) is adopted to schedule the moving trajectory for multiple mobile sinks. Extensive simulations are performed to validate the performance of our proposed method.

A data fusion privacy protection strategy with low energy consumption based on time slot allocation and relay in WBAN

Wireless body area network (WBAN) can collect and analyze human health signs data of various modes in real time by virtue of low-energy consumption high-precision sensing technology, and it needs to protect health sensitive data related to personal privacy in the process of data transmission. In order to solve the important problem of reliable data transmission in wireless body area network, a new strategy is proposed in this paper. From the two levels of single-hop communication and two-hop communication, the channel characteristics and node data rate in WBAN are fully considered. The reliable data transmission in wireless body area network is realized by using time slot allocation and relay strategy. The introduction of TDMA mechanism of dynamic time slot allocation improves the energy efficiency of strategy and avoids the energy consumption caused by competition, while dynamic time slot allocation satisfies the change of node flow. Time slot allocation strategy based on channel condition and data traffic, exist some nodes in the practical use of the status of the data transmission reliability not guaranteed, we use the relay for this strategy to improve its, meet the requirements of the reliability of data transmission in the network, to bring the additional energy consumption, and strategy information dynamic relay selection depend on the channel information and energy, so that improve the energy efficiency, its energy consumption is reduced. Simulation results show that our transmission strategy can significantly improve the transmission success rate and reduce packet loss, and can adjust the channel changes to improve the reliability of data transmission.

Energy-efficient and secure mobile node reauthentication scheme for mobile wireless sensor networks

Mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs) are a relatively new type of WSN where the sensor nodes are mobile. Compared to static WSNs, MWSNs provide many advantages, but their mobility introduces the problem of frequent reauthentication. Several mobile node reauthentication schemes based on symmetric key cryptography have been proposed to efficiently handle frequent reauthentication. However, due to security weaknesses such as unconditional forwarding or low-compromise resilience, these schemes do not satisfy the security requirements of MWSNs. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient and secure mobile node reauthentication scheme (ESMR) for MWSNs that satisfies the security requirements of MWSNs by addressing the security weaknesses of previous studies. ESMR prevents unconditional forwarding by allowing a foreign cluster head to authenticate mobile nodes, providing high-compromise resilience because it limits the use of cryptographic keys for different purposes. Security analysis shows that ESMR meets security requirements and can prevent relevant security attacks. Performance evaluation shows that ESMR is suitable for multi-hop communication environment, where the number of hops between the mobile node and cluster head is two or more. Specifically, ESMR requires less than 6% increased total energy consumption and 3% increased reauthentication latency compared with previous studies; hence, it introduces negligible performance overhead. Considering both performance and security aspects, ESMR also can be applied to single-hop communication environment.

Probability-based cluster head selection and fuzzy multipath routing for prolonging lifetime of wireless sensor networks

In this paper, we propose a new power-aware routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based on the threshold rate and fuzzy logic for improving energy efficiency. The cluster heads are elected based on the probability values of every node in WSN, which are calculated from the remaining energy of every node. Cumulative remaining node energy is used to calculate mean energy of the whole network of the current phase. The nodes with high probability will have more chances to be selected as the cluster head, which gathers packets from the cluster member via single hop communication. The cluster head forwards the gathered data to sink by using fuzzy control with multi-hop communication. Fuzzy control takes three parameters namely queue length of a node, the distance of a node from the base station, and the remaining energy of node. The evidence from experiments suggest that the proposed energy efficient cluster-based routing protocol method (called MLSEEP) gives better results than the existing protocols by the supplement of those techniques.