Single Hand Research Articles

One or two handed horse riding: Does it make a difference?

The effect of riders and handlers on horses has come under increasing scrutiny as the technology to measure physical horse human interaction has become more readily available. Reins are commonly used to deliver signals and instruction to horses through the application and release of tension and pressure. To date all rein tension studies, such as those examining the influence of physical attributes of reins and their use in different gaits, have relied on 2-handed rein use. Since effective rein use is crucial for the delivery of clear, distinguishable signals and subsequently discernible release of pressure when the required response is given by the horse, the aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of rein use when held in 2 hands as most riding instruction dictates or when held in a single hand as required in some equestrian disciplines. Twenty female riders (28.2 ± 10.1 years), self-rated as novice or experienced, representing a wide range of equestrian disciplines sat in a general purpose saddle secured on stationary fixed saddle stand with the stirrups set at their usual riding length. Centaur Rein Tension gauges were fixed to a solid box at horse head height and fitted with a standard pair of leather 5 × 20 mm wide reins. Participants were asked to take up the rein tension that they would use when riding in trot. This was repeated 3 times per condition (using both hands and one-handed, using the riders natural hand of choice) using a cross-over design with a 30-minute wash-out period. Rein tension data (N) were analyzed using parametric paired t tests. No significant differences were evident between left and right hand rein tension when using 2 hands (t59 = 1.89; P > 0.05; left = 4.73 ± 2.65 N; right = 4.91 ± 2.63N) or 1 hand (t59 = 0.20; P > 0.05; left = 4.21 ± 2.32 N; right = 4.17 ± 2.91 N). Comparison of left:right hand difference in rein tension for 2-handed versus 1-handed test conditions was also nonsignificant (t38 = 0.63; P > 0.05). Although there was less absolute difference between left and right hand rein tension when riding with one hand than with 2 hands, the holding of the left and right reins was slightly less consistent with 1 hand than with 2, but not significantly so. Greater understanding of the direct effect of how riders hold the reins on clarity of signals relayed and pressure-release achieved is essential to safeguard horse welfare. Reliable rein tension studies that include different riding styles are required to improve understanding of the rider's effect on the horse in order to bring about changes in practice that will improve the welfare of horses used in equestrianism.

Do Multiple Political Representatives Add Value?

Should political institutions concentrate power in more hands or a single hand? This paper provides microeconomic evidence on the relationship between multiple elected representatives and economic growth. We find that increasing the number of politicians governing an area leads to greater firm entry and real economic activity. The identification strategy exploits uneven overlap of electoral and administrative boundaries, leading to a quasi-random variation in the number of politicians governing adjacent administrative units. This setup allows us to implement a geographic regression discontinuity design across boundaries separating a split (multiple politicians) unit from an unsplit (single politician) unit. Greater state efficiency, lower regulatory costs, and reduced cronyism due to increased checks and balances among multiple non-aligned politicians is the primary driver of higher firm entry.

Future Smartphone: MIMO Antenna System for 5G Mobile Terminals

In this article, an inverted L-shaped monopole eight elements Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna system is presented. The multi-antenna system is designed on a low cost 0.8 mm thick FR4 substrate having dimensions of 136×68 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> resonating at 3.5GHz with a 6dB measured bandwidth of 450MHz, and with inter element isolation greater than 15 dB and gain of 4 dBi. The proposed design consists of eight inverted L-shaped elements and parasitic L-shaped strips extending from the ground plane. These shorted stripes acted as tuning stubs for the four inverted L-shaped monopole elements on the side of chassis. This is done to achieve the desired frequency range by increasing the electrical length of the antennas. A prototype is fabricated, and the experimental results show good impedance matching with reasonable measured isolation within the desired frequency range. The MIMO performances, such as envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and mean effective gain (MEG) are also calculated along with the channel capacity of 38.1bps/Hz approximately 2.6 times that of 4×4 MIMO system. Due to its simple shape and slim design, it may be a potential chassis for future handsets. Therefore, user hand scenarios, i.e. both single and dual hand are studied. Also, the effects of hand scenarios on various MIMO parameters are discussed along with the SAR. The performance of the proposed system in different scenarios suggests that the proposed structure holds promising future within the next generation radio smart phones.

Complications After Clinic-Based Wide Awake Local Anesthesia No Tourniquet Hand Surgery at a Single Private Practice.

This study was designed to analyze the results of all wide awake local anesthesia no tourniquet (WALANT) procedures performed on the hand and wrist at a single practice hand surgery practice with a focus on quantifying and qualifying complications. This retrospective chart review included 424 patients who underwent WALANT hand procedures in the minor procedure room of our private practice between 2015 and 2017. Patients were divided into groups based on the type of procedure, including carpal tunnel release, A1 pulley release, first dorsal compartment release, extensor tendon repair, mass excision, and foreign body removal. Data pertaining to patient demographics and complications were recorded. The overall complication rate for all procedures was 2.8% for 424 patients: A1 pulley release (n = 314, 2.5%), first dorsal compartment release (n = 11, 9%), extensor tendon repairs (5.5%), and mass excision (4%). The carpal tunnel release and foreign body removal groups experienced no complications. No adverse events (arrhythmias, vasovagal, etc.) were observed during the use of the WALANT technique. Clinic-based WALANT hand surgery procedures are equally safe compared to the same procedures performed in the operating room at an ambulatory surgery center or hospital.

RGB2Hands

Tracking and reconstructing the 3D pose and geometry of two hands in interaction is a challenging problem that has a high relevance for several human-computer interaction applications, including AR/VR, robotics, or sign language recognition. Existing works are either limited to simpler tracking settings ( e.g. , considering only a single hand or two spatially separated hands), or rely on less ubiquitous sensors, such as depth cameras. In contrast, in this work we present the first real-time method for motion capture of skeletal pose and 3D surface geometry of hands from a single RGB camera that explicitly considers close interactions. In order to address the inherent depth ambiguities in RGB data, we propose a novel multi-task CNN that regresses multiple complementary pieces of information, including segmentation, dense matchings to a 3D hand model, and 2D keypoint positions, together with newly proposed intra-hand relative depth and inter-hand distance maps. These predictions are subsequently used in a generative model fitting framework in order to estimate pose and shape parameters of a 3D hand model for both hands. We experimentally verify the individual components of our RGB two-hand tracking and 3D reconstruction pipeline through an extensive ablation study. Moreover, we demonstrate that our approach offers previously unseen two-hand tracking performance from RGB, and quantitatively and qualitatively outperforms existing RGB-based methods that were not explicitly designed for two-hand interactions. Moreover, our method even performs on-par with depth-based real-time methods.

Constraining dense hand surface tracking with elasticity

Many of the actions that we take with our hands involve self-contact and occlusion: shaking hands, making a fist, or interlacing our fingers while thinking. This use of of our hands illustrates the importance of tracking hands through self-contact and occlusion for many applications in computer vision and graphics, but existing methods for tracking hands and faces are not designed to treat the extreme amounts of self-contact and self-occlusion exhibited by common hand gestures. By extending recent advances in vision-based tracking and physically based animation, we present the first algorithm capable of tracking high-fidelity hand deformations through highly self-contacting and self-occluding hand gestures, for both single hands and two hands. By constraining a vision-based tracking algorithm with a physically based deformable model, we obtain an algorithm that is robust to the ubiquitous self-interactions and massive self-occlusions exhibited by common hand gestures, allowing us to track two hand interactions and some of the most difficult possible configurations of a human hand.

A self-report questionnaire to detect hand dermatitis in nurses.

Hand dermatitis is highly prevalent among nurses due to their frequent exposure to wet work. Providing cost-effective dermatological health surveillance for this occupational group presents a challenge to health service providers. To ascertain the predictive value of nurses' self-assessment of whether they had current hand dermatitis using a screening questionnaire when compared with the assessment made by a dermatologist of the nurses' hand photographs. We conducted a cross-sectional study comparing the self-report decision made by student and intensive care nurses using a single hand dermatitis screening question with the clinical assessment of their hand photographs made by dermatologists using a standardized photographic guide. We analysed data collected at study baseline (n = 1599). The results showed that the screening question had a high negative predictive value (91%; 95% CI 89-93), but a low positive predictive value (39%; 95% CI 34-45). It demonstrated acceptable accuracy in distinguishing those with and without the disease (area under the receiver operator curve = 0.7) and had a high specificity (86%; 95% CI 84-88) but a sensitivity of only 52% (95% CI 46-59) in identifying hand dermatitis. We found that nurses were able to accurately self-assess themselves as not having any signs of hand dermatitis. By contrast, they were less able to accurately self-assess positive cases suggesting under-recognition of early disease. We propose that a questionnaire containing a single hand dermatitis screening question should be considered as a tool for screening out clear cases as part of a workplace health surveillance programme for detecting hand dermatitis.

Weakly Supervised Learning for Single Depth-Based Hand Shape Recovery.

Recent emerging technologies such AR/VR and HCI are drawing high demand on more comprehensive hand shape understanding, requiring not only 3D hand skeleton pose but also hand shape geometry. In this paper, we propose a deep learning framework to produce 3D hand shape from a single depth image. To address the challenge that capturing ground truth 3D hand shape in the training dataset is non-trivial, we leverage synthetic data to construct a statistical hand shape model and adopt weak supervision from widely accessible hand skeleton pose annotation. To bridge the gap due to the different hand skeleton definitions in the existing public datasets, we propose a joint regression network for hand pose adaptation. To reconstruct the hand shape, we use Chamfer loss between the predicted hand shape and the point cloud from the input depth to learn the shape reconstruction model in a weakly-supervised manner. Experiments demonstrate that our model adapts well to the real data and produces accurate hand shapes that outperform the state-of-the-art methods both qualitatively and quantitatively.

Assessment of force control improvement induced by sinusoidal vibrotactile stimulation in dominant and non-dominant hands

Vibrotactile stimulation has been shown to improve sensorimotor integration in the central nervous system, thereby enhancing motor performance in several conditions. Here we aim to address two questions: (1) Would lateral asymmetries yielding handedness influence the force control improvement induced by sinusoidal vibrotactile stimulation? (2) Does the force control improvement depend on finding an optimum stimulus intensity? Eleven participants performed a visually guided force-matching task, while different intensities of sinusoidal vibrations were applied to the index finger skin. Tasks consisted of abductions of the index fingers of dominant and non-dominant hands at 5% of their maximal voluntary contractions. The force coefficient of variation (CoV) in the condition without vibration was used as the reference (control) for later comparison with five vibration intensities. Also, force CoV in the control condition was compared with those obtained from the optimal vibration selected either from both hands or from a single hand (the one that started the experiment). Despite the known sensory asymmetries in cortical and spinal circuits, handedness did not significantly influence the improvement of force control induced by sinusoidal vibrotactile stimulation during low-intensity contractions. Moreover, there was a significant reduction in force variability irrespective of the criteria used to select the vibration intensity. These findings add to the current knowledge on the effects of sinusoidal vibrotactile stimulation on force control and have potential implications for the development of wearable motor enhancer devices.

Combined Use of Passive Acoustic and Infrared Thermometry for Monitoring Uhf Heating

Controlling deep temperature in parts of the human body is necessary for hyperthermia and thermal ablation used in oncology. UHF heating of single hands of patients was chosen as the model for this procedure. For the control, a plastisol cylinder was heated in the same manner: a substance with acoustic and thermophysical properties close to those of soft tissues of the human body. Passive acoustic thermometry was used to measure the deep temperature of the hand, and infrared thermometry was used to measure the surface temperature. After 5 min of UHF heating, the deep temperature of the hand increased by an average of 0.7 ± 0.6°C, and the surface temperature, by 0.8 ± 0.6°C. The same methods, as well as independent measurements, were used to determine the plastisol temperature. After the same procedure, the deep temperature of the plastisol increased by 4.3 ± 0.4°C; the surface temperature, by 3.2 ± 0.2°C; the temperature measured with a thermometer at the center of the object, by 3.3 ± 0.5°C. The smaller heating of the hand compared to the model object is related to effect of blood flow, which should be adequately taken into account in further studies. The noninvasive methods indicated in the study can be used to control temperature in oncology during hyperthermia and thermal ablation under the effect of a high-frequency electromagnetic field.

The Association Between Electrodiagnostic Severity and Treatment Recommendations for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Our study aimed to evaluate the relationship between electrodiagnostic study (EDS) severity and utilization of treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) as well as the duration of time between EDS and carpal tunnel release (CTR). We conducted a retrospective medical chart review at a single tertiary hand center to evaluate CTS-related care that patients received after EDS. We recorded patient age, sex, race/ethnicity, insurance type, CTS-related surgical and nonsurgical healthcare utilization after EDS testing, and number of days between EDS and CTR. Among all patients with an eventual diagnosis of CTS who received EDS (n= 210), nearly half had normal or mild severity (23%, n= 48; and 28%, n= 58, respectively) and the other half had moderate or severe EDS findings (26%, n= 55; and 23%, n= 49, respectively). Patients with severe findings had the highest rate of receiving surgery (53%) compared with patients with mild and moderate findings (33% vs 46%, respectively). Among the patients who received CTR (n= 73), patients with severe EDS findings had the shortest time to CTR (59.5 days; interquartile range [IQR], 30-81), compared with mild severity (170 days; IQR, 87-415) and moderate severity (77 day; IQR, 42-292). Moderate and severe EDS findings were associated with significantly higher odds of receiving CTR in adjusted analyses (odds ratio, 2.48, 95% confidence interval, 1.04-5.93 and odds ratio 3.79, 95% confidence interval, 1.51-9.50, respectively) compared with patients with mild EDS findings. However, the odds of receiving steroid injection and hand therapy/orthosis were not significantly different based on severity. Electrodiagnostic study severity had a direct relationship to the probability of receiving surgery but did not correlate with use of nonsurgical treatment. The study findings signal a need to evaluate the value of nonsurgical treatments in patients with severe EDS findings. Prognostic II.

Eight Element Side Edged Framed MIMO Antenna Array for Future 5G Smart Phones.

This paper presents a novel design of a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antenna system for next generation sub 6 GHz 5G and beyond mobile terminals. The proposed system is composed of a main board and two side boards. To make the design cost-effective, FR4 is used as a substrate. The design is based on a unit monopole antenna etched at the side substrate. The single element is resonating at GHz attaining a 10 dB bandwidth of 200 MHz and a 6 dB bandwidth of 400 MHz. The single element is then transformed into an MIMO array of 8-elements with an overall dimension of 150 mm × 75 mm × 7 mm, providing pattern diversity characteristics and isolation better than dB for any two radiating elements. A number of studies such as effects of human hand on the system that includes single hand mode and dual mode scenarios and the effects of Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) over the principal performance parameters of the system are presented. The envelop correlation coefficient (ECC) is computed for all the scenarios and it is found that ECC is less than for any case and maximum channel capacity is bps/Hz within the band of interest. The main advantage of the proposed design over available designs in the literature is that almost all of the main substrate is empty providing wide space for different sensors, systems, and mobile technology components. A brief literature comparison of the proposed system is also presented. To validate the proposed model, a prototype is fabricated and results are presented. This design can be applied on higher frequencies to future micromachines for on chip communications using same theocratical approach as the space for higher frequencies in mmwave spectrum has been reserved. The simulated results are in an excellent agreement with the measured results. All the main performance parameters of the design are calculated and compared with the measured results wherever possible.

A novel approach for ISL alphabet recognition using Extreme Learning Machine

Deaf and dumb people use sign language as a tool for communication. As per the 2011 census in India, hearing impaired and speech disabled population is 1,998,692 and 5,072,914 respectively (Disabled persons in India, https://www.mospi.gov.in ). Normal hearing people do not learn sign language and thus there is a big communication gap between them and deaf and dumb people. Sign language interpreters can fill this gap but it is a very costly affair to hire them. Indian Sign Language (ISL) consists of signs which are made with two hands while other sign languages like American Sign Language consists of signs made with single hand. This work proposes an automatic and efficient computer vision based system to recognize ISL alphabet which can assist this communication. It can further be used as a module of complete ISL recognition system. Phases in ISL alphabet recognition are image acquisition, preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction and classification. All 26 ISL alphabet have been considered for testing with average accuracy of 80.76%. Results show that the accuracy of 100% is achieved when similar alphabet {C, L, M, N, R, U,Y} are excluded from testing dataset.

Advances in Finger and Partial Hand Prosthetic Mechanisms

Approximately 70% of the upper extremity amputations refers to partial hand loss with the involvement of one or more fingers. Historically, this type of limb amputation has been addressed adopting simple opposition designs that use the movement of the residual digit for grasping against a fixed device. Nevertheless, in the last few years, technological advances, and the introduction of modern computer-aided tools for the synthesis and functional design of mechanisms have led to the development of smaller, more robust systems that are constantly improving body-powered and electrically-powered prototypes. This paper surveys cutting-edge solutions proposed in research or available on the market for single finger or partial hand prostheses. First, the main design requirements are outlined. Then, a wide number of prototypes are detailed underlying advantages and drawbacks. The overall goal is to create a solid starting point for the study and development of the next generation of prostheses that can be developed to advance the current state-of-the-art.

Return to Activities After Simultaneous Bilateral Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release.

Approximately 56% of patients diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome present with bilateral symptoms; however, few studies have investigated bilateral simultaneous endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR) and postoperative effect on return to activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the length of recovery in patients who received bilateral simultaneous ECTR, including pain medication requirements, return to activities of daily living, return to work, and return to recreational activities. A retrospective analysis was performed on patients who underwent bilateral ECTR by a single hand fellowship-trained surgeon from 2013 to 2019. Demographic, operative, and clinical outcomes were collected via chart review and a telephone interview. Student t tests and χ2 tests were conducted for analysis. Eighty patients were included in the study; 40 were successfully contacted for telephone interview follow-up. Patients reported an average of 2 days of use of postoperative narcotic pain medication and an average of 5, 7, and 19 days of return to activities of daily living, work, and recreational activities, respectively. Female patients reported more days of narcotic pain medications (1 day vs 3 days, P = .0483) and an average of longer return to work than men (9 days vs 5 days, P = .0477). Manual laborers reported longer return to work (9 days vs 5 days, P = .0500). Older patients (aged >65 years) reported longer return to recreational activities (39 days vs 11 days, P = .0189). Simultaneous bilateral ECTR is a successful procedure with shorter recovery times than reported previously. Female patients, manual laborers, and older patients experience a longer recovery and should be counseled appropriately.

Virtuality and subjective realities: A freedom-based ergon for the modern African parent

ABSTRACT Schmidt introduces the Aristotelian term “koinonia” as denoting a political community which aims to achieve a common good for society as a whole. A good that promotes the flourishing of every party involved. In addition, Schmidt adopts further insight about the term by engaging more thoroughly in discourse about it, realising that this easily extends to the term taking on tenets of communities such as a family. Within family, the terms address even more specific relationships, such as husband and wife, parents and children, sibling relationships, etc. Essentially, Aristotle’s premise of common good persists even in these specific relationships, so much so that Schmidt highlights the pillars which sustain the pursuit of the common good. These pillars are justice, fairness and reciprocity, all grounded in good will and fellowship. This goodwill and fellowship among African parents in a community is to assist each other in raising children in the community and ensure they are grounded in African values, hence the African proverb “a single hand cannot raise a child”. In fact, biological parents may draw from the knowledge of the elderly in the community who can assist in instilling values in the youth. The importance of this is that the elderly in African communities are valued not only as those who sustain order in the community, but are also the custodians of African value systems which younger generations should ideally be grounded in. With the introduction of technology, the digital divide seems to be presenting a challenge when it comes to the solidarity of African parents, as a village, raising their children. Hence, a strategy is required for modern African parents to not abandon this solidarity afforded by their cultural values. The communal way of raising their children should persist in order to preserve the African value of parental solidarity in raising children, even in the midst of what technology and the digital divide presents to the African community.

Seeing Motherhood through the Lenses of Gendered Society in Buchi Emecheta’s Second Class Citizen

Mothering and motherhood are two different concepts. Motherhood is glorified in the world history whereas mothering is generally ignored . Motherhood is imposed upon women by the society convincing her to believe in its valour but during the whole process of motherhood, the challenges of mothering are never counted Mothering. Motherhood is an institution defined by hegemonic groups to exert power on women. Motherhood, a monolithic term, emphasizes on the process of socialization of the future generation only by mother. During this process her own subjectivity and personal experiences are ignored and she is degraded to mere an object for catering the needs of her children. Her identity is not what she asserts but her identity is perceived as a mother. Buchi Emecheta, an eminent womanist writer has raised the issue of challenging motherhood in her novel Second Class Citizen. My article aims to analyze the novel on the grounds of conceptualized motherhood and its impact on the self-identity of the protagonist who single handedly raises her children.

Self-powered portable melt electrospinning for in situ wound dressing

BackgroundElectrospun (e-spun) nanofibers for wound dressing have attracted wide attention due to its large specific surface area, large porosity and breathability. Compared with solution electrospinning (e-spinning), melt e-spinning is more bio-friendly without toxic solvent participation, which provides the possibility of in situ e-spinning on wounds directly. However, previously reported melt e-spinning devices were usually bulky and cumbersome due to their necessary heating unit, and different components were separated to avoid electrostatic interference.ResultsIn this article, we report on a self-powered hand-held melt e-spinning gun which can work without any external power supply (outdoors). The problem of electrostatic interference for this integrated device was solved by using a special high heat transfer insulation unit. The apparatus is easy and safe to operate by a single hand due to its small volume (24 × 6 × 13 cm3) and light weight (about 450 g). Some biodegradable polymers, for example, polycaprolactone (PCL) fibers were successful e-spun onto wounds directly by using this dressing gun.ConclusionsPCL fibrous membrane has good biocompatibility and can be in situ electrospun to wound surface as a wound dressing by the portable melt e-spinning gun. Besides wound dressing, this hand-held melt e-spinning gun may be used in 3D printing and experimental teaching demonstration aids.

Functional Electrical Stimulation Controlled by Motor Imagery Brain-Computer Interface for Rehabilitation.

Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)-based brain–computer interface (BCI) controlled Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) has gained importance in recent years for the rehabilitation of motor deficits. However, there still remain many research questions to be addressed, such as unstructured Motor Imagery (MI) training procedures; a lack of methods to classify different MI tasks in a single hand, such as grasping and opening; and difficulty in decoding voluntary MI-evoked SMRs compared to FES-driven passive-movement-evoked SMRs. To address these issues, a study that is composed of two phases was conducted to develop and validate an SMR-based BCI-FES system with 2-class MI tasks in a single hand (Phase 1), and investigate the feasibility of the system with stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients (Phase 2). The results of Phase 1 showed that the accuracy of classifying 2-class MIs (approximately 71.25%) was significantly higher than the true chance level, while that of distinguishing voluntary and passive SMRs was not. In Phase 2, where the patients performed goal-oriented tasks in a semi-asynchronous mode, the effects of the FES existence type and adaptive learning on task performance were evaluated. The results showed that adaptive learning significantly increased the accuracy, and the accuracy after applying adaptive learning under the No-FES condition (61.9%) was significantly higher than the true chance level. The outcomes of the present research would provide insight into SMR-based BCI-controlled FES systems that can connect those with motor disabilities (e.g., stroke and TBI patients) to other people by greatly improving their quality of life. Recommendations for future work with a larger sample size and kinesthetic MI were also presented.

Two Piano Compositions for Left Hand – The Only Ones in Albanian Region

The main purpose of this creation, is to picture up the awareness and implementation of composers idea to create and to get the understanding of the creation methods, harmony, motives, regular and irregular rhythm groups, whom are valuable to be completed all of this composition creating-process with the specifications as those dedicated to Single Hand Piano Compositions. These kind of compositions have enormous requirements from the gamma of skills from the instrument player, while these kind of compositions require high technical knowledge and interpreting skills. Based from the fact of technical skills, required for this composition whom should be performed single handed – left hand, there are not a lot of them seen from number and volume, there are not so many found on music literature. For this reason, to have this work realized perfectly, first of all I have used the research method for these kind of compositions in Kosovo and Region, by asking local and regional Composers and finally I received these kind of piano compositions for single handed in our Country and ever further in Region by the Composer Mr. Zeqirija Ballata. The main purpose of this work, is to present the analysis of compositions for left hand as one of the most specific compositions in t his field and in same time to provide a proper and detailed information of this compositions.