Single Frequency Technique Research Articles

Intermolecular contributions, filtration effects and signal composition of SIFTER (single-frequency technique for refocusing).

To characterize structure and molecular order in the nanometre range, distances between electron spins and their distributions can be measured via dipolar spin-spin interactions by different pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance experiments. Here, for the single-frequency technique for refocusing dipolar couplings (SIFTER), the buildup of dipolar modulation signal and intermolecular contributions is analysed for a uniform random distribution of monoradicals and biradicals in frozen glassy solvent by using the product operator formalism for electron spin . A dipolar oscillation artefact appearing at both ends of the SIFTER time trace is predicted, which originates from the weak coherence transfer between biradicals. The relative intensity of this artefact is predicted to be temperature independent but to increase with the spin concentration in the sample. Different compositions of the intermolecular background are predicted in the case of biradicals and in the case of monoradicals. Our theoretical account suggests that the appropriate procedure of extracting the intramolecular dipolar contribution (form factor) requires fitting and subtracting the unmodulated part, followed by division by an intermolecular background function that is different in shape. This scheme differs from the previously used heuristic background division approach. We compare our theoretical derivations to experimental SIFTER traces for nitroxide and trityl monoradicals and biradicals. Our analysis demonstrates a good qualitative match with the proposed theoretical description. The resulting perspectives for a quantitative analysis of SIFTER data are discussed.

A novel and disposable GP- based impedimetric biosensor using electropolymerization process with PGA for highly sensitive determination of leptin: Early diagnosis of childhood obesity

This study presents a novel, single-use electrochemical biosensor for the leptin biomarker, which may have potential use for early diagnosis of childhood obesity. The graphite paper working electrode was used for the first time in impedimetric biosensors. All immobilization procedure, investigation of the optimal parameters and characterization of biosensors were followed and evaluated using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was utilized to visualize the morphology of the electrode surface during the immobilization steps of the immunosensor. Moreover, the characterization of the interactions between anti-leptin and leptin was investigated by using Single Frequency Technique (SFI). The applicability of the designed biosensor for real serum samples was tested for clinical use. It was observed that the biosensor allows high sensitivity in the analyte detection (leptin) in real serum samples. Moreover, it was suggested that the developed biosensor presents advantages such as long shelf life (5% loss of activity after 8 weeks and 60% loss after 10 weeks), ability to determine analyte concentrations at picogram level (0.2 pg mL−1 -20 pg mL−1), low limit of detection (0.00813 pg mL− 1), reproducibility, reusability (12 times) and high sensitivity.

Fast wideband scattering analysis of large-scale finite-sized periodic arrays with planar cells using ASED basis function and interpolation technique

ABSTRACTIn this paper, the accurate sub-entire-domain (ASED) basis function method is combined with the interpolation technique to efficiently analyze the wideband electromagnetic scattering from the large-scale finite-sized periodic arrays with planar cells. Comparing with the conventional method of moments (MoM), the ASED basis function method can tremendously reduce the number of unknowns. Thus, the computational complexity can be tremendously reduced. It is a single-frequency technique. The impedance matrix needs to be calculated repeatedly at each frequency. The interpolation technique can speed up the wideband simulation because the impedance matrices can be efficiently obtained using the interpolation technique. To validate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method, several numerical examples are carried out. Simulation results show that the results of the proposed technique agree well with those of the ASED bases. Both the CPU time and the memory cost are significantly reduced by using the proposed method.

A label-free electrochemical biosensor for direct detection of RACK 1 by using disposable, low-cost and reproducible ITO based electrode

In this study we designed an ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for RACK 1 detection using 11-cyanoundecyltrimethoxysilane (11-CUTMS) as a immobilization matrix to immobilize biorecognition element. The used silane agent (11-CUTMS) provides a favorable platform for efficient loading of anti-RACK 1 antibody. The effective loading of the biorecognition element on the 11-CUTMS matrix was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra. The electrochemical characterization of the immunosensor was performed by using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Moreover, biorecognition interaction between anti-RACK1 antibodies and RACK1 antigens was monitored by using single frequency technique (SFI). The operating conditions, calibration curves obtained during optimization of experiments and reproducibility of the proposed impedimetric RACK1 biosensor are also investigated and discussed. The electrochemical immunosensor illustrated a sensitive response to RACK 1 antigen with detection limit of 10.8 fg/mL and in the linear range of 0.036–2.278 pg/mL (R2 = 0.999). Owing to high specificity, good reproducibility, long stability and reusability, the fabricated immunosensor will provide a sensitive, selective approach to RACK 1 detection. Furthermore, the practical applicability in human serum samples were investigated with a satisfactory result.

Efficient Wideband Computation of Electromagnetic Scattering by Finite Periodic Structures Combining ASED Basis Function With Frequency-Independent Reaction

An efficient wideband electromagnetic scattering analysis method for finite periodic structures by combining the accurate subentire-domain (ASED) basis function with the frequency-independent reaction (FIR) is presented. The ASED basis function is suitable for analyzing finite periodic structures with less unknowns than the conventional method of moments (MoM). Its efficiency is very high. However, it is a single-frequency technique and is still time-consuming for frequency sweep. The FIR can accelerate the frequency sweep, in which the exponential of the Green function is expanded in Taylor series. The impedance element is formulated as the sum of the series, where each term is the product of the geometry-dependent element and the phase factor. Recomputation of the former one is unnecessary during frequency sweep. Thus, it is very efficient. To test the accuracy of the proposed algorithm, several examples are implemented. Numerical results show that the results obtained using the proposed method agree well with those computed using the ASED basis function and conventional MoM. The efficiency of the proposed technique is also validated.

Remote in‐building motion detection using single frequency technique

A new method for simple and robust in-building motion detection is introduced. The proposed technique relies on a single frequency continuous wave (CW) signal and can therefore be integrated with inexpensive commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components.

A sensitive and disposable indium tin oxide based electrochemical immunosensor for label-free detection of MAGE-1

MAGE-1 (MAGE, for melanoma antigen), was identified by virtue of its processing and cell surface expression as a tumor-specific peptide bound to major histocompatibility complexes which was reactive with autolytic T cells. 3-Glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (3-GOPS) is frequently employed for the preparation of dense heterometal hybrid polymers which are used, e.g., for hard coatings of organic polymers and contact lens materials in the optical industry.In this study, we have improved a new immunological biosensor with indium tin oxide (ITO). Then, Anti-MAGE-1 antibody was covalently immobilized with 3-GOPS which formed a self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on modified ITO electrodes. Analytical characteristics such as square wave voltammetry, linear determination range, repeatability, reproducibility and regeneration of biosensors are determined. All characterization steps are monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV).The developed biosensor has wide determination range (0.5fg–15fg/mL). To investigate long shelf life of the fabricated biosensor, the immunosensors were stored at 4°C for periods ten weeks. Futhermore, binding kinetics of MAGE1 to antiMAGE-1 is monitored by single frequency technique in real time. Additionally, Kramer's-Kronig transform was used to understand whether the impedance spectra of biosensor system are affected from the variation that occurred because of external factor. Morphological characteristics of constructed biosensor were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Real human serum samples were also analyzed by the proposed biosensor, successfully. A commercial ELISA kit was also used as a reference method to validate the results obtained by the biosensor.Finally, this biosensor was tried in real blood sample and that showed it could be utilized in clinical applications. This biosensor can be preferred due to it has a wide linear range and it can be prepared easily.

A novel label free immunosensor based on single-use ITO-PET electrodes for detection MAGE1 protein

This study is aimed to design a label free biosensor based on transparent ITO-PET (Indium tin oxide- polyethylene terephthalate) electrode to determine MAGE1 protein. Firstly, indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes were modified with NH4OH/H2O2/H2O to obtain the OH groups on the surface. Later, the surface of ITO electrodes were treated with 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane (3-GOPE). After SAM formation, anti- MAGE1 protein was covalently immobilized on modified ITO electrodes. The parameters such as SAMs concentration, the concentration and incubation time of anti-MAGE1 solution were optimized. For determining the immobilization steps and optimization of the biosensor, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were utilized. To determine analytical characterization of designed biosensor; linear range, repeatability, reproducibility, regeneration processes were studied. In optimum conditions, the linear range of the biosensor was determined as 0.01pg–1.28pgmL−1. Square wave voltammetry technique was applied to the biosensor. These steps were realized in K3 [Fe (CN)6]/K4 [Fe(CN)6] redox probe. Moreover, Single frequency technique was used to understand the interaction between antiMAGE-1 and MAGE-1 protein. This step was realized in pH7 phosphate buffer. And also, shelf life of designed biosensor was investigated. SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) technique was used to determine the morphology of the surface in every step. The other important parameter for this study was Kramer's Kronig transform. It is used to determine whether the impedance spectra of the designed biosensor are affected from the deviation obtained because of external factors. Lastly, the designed biosensor was applied to real human serum and the results were compared with ELISA (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) test.

Graphene oxide based electrochemical label free immunosensor for rapid and highly sensitive determination of tumor marker HSP70

In this study, it is aimed to design a label free immunosensor for determination of HSP70 (heat shock protein 70). Glassy carbon electrode was used as a working electrode. Graphene oxide was covered on the working electrode surface. AntiHSP70 as a biorecognition element of the biosensor was covalently immobilized onto the graphene oxide layer by using EDC/NHS chemistry. The immobilization of antiHSP70 and binding of HSP70 protein onto the electrode surface were monitored by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Single frequency technique was also utilized to monitor binding characterization of HSP70 and antiHSP70. Surface morphology was defined by using scanning electron microscopy. All important fabrication steps of the biosensor were optimized to prepare an ultrasensitive biosensor. Under optimum conditions, analytical studies such as linearity, repeatability, and reproducibility were also experienced. A linear detection range of HSP70 was determined between 12 and 144fg/mL. Moreover, Kramer's Kronig transform was applied on impedance data. Finally, the biosensor was applied with real human blood serum samples and hopeful results were obtained.

Femtosecond kinetics of reflection of mirrors with saturable absorption

The kinetics of mirrors with saturable absorption is investigated by a pump-probe singlefrequency technique in reflection of femtosecond pulse radiation with the central wavelength of 1040 nm. The double modulation method with probe radiation detection at the summary frequency allows suppressing the scattered pump radiation contribution and reaching the reflection change sensitivity at a level of 10−5. The kinetics of recovery of the linear reflectivity of the mirror including resonant quantum wells with nanostructured barriers is studied for the surface density of photons in pump pulses of (0.3–5.8) · 1014 cm−2. The time of electron-hole recombination (7.8 ps) is found to be appreciably shorter than in samples with quantum wells separated by thick barriers; the time of ionization of excitons localized in quantum wells (0.2–0.4 ps) increases with the pump intensity.

A Compressive-Sensing-Based Approach for the Detection and Characterization of Buried Objects

The problem of determining and understanding the nature of buried objects by means of nondestructive and noninvasive techniques represents an interesting issue for a great variety of applications. In this framework, the theory of electromagnetic inverse scattering problems can help in such an issue by starting from the measures of the scattered field collected on a surface. What will be presented in this communication is a two-dimensional (2-D) technique based on the so-called Born approximation (BA) combined with a compressive sensing (CS) approach, in order to improve reconstruction capabilities for a proper class of targets. The use of a multiview-multistatic configuration will be employed together with a multifrequency approach to overcome the limited amount of data due to the single-frequency technique. Therefore, after a first numerical analysis of the performance of the considered algorithm, some numerical examples for 2-D aspect-limited configurations will be presented. The scenario is composed of a simplified scene, which consists of two half-spaces, and with the probes located close to the interface between the two media. As proposed in the following, it is easy to observe that the use of CS for this kind of problems may improve reconstruction capabilities, confirming the validity of the presented approach.

Simultaneous and accurate measurement of the dielectric constant at many frequencies spanning a wide range

We present an innovative technique which allows the simultaneous measurement of the dielectric constant of a material at many frequencies, spanning a four orders of magnitude range chosen between 10(-2) Hz and 10(4) Hz. The sensitivity and accuracy are comparable to those obtained using standard single frequency techniques. The technique is based on three new and simple features: (a) the precise real time correction of the amplification of a current amplifier, (b) the specific shape of the excitation signal and its frequency spectrum, and (c) the precise synchronization between the generation of the excitation signal and the acquisition of the dielectric response signal. This technique is useful in the case of relatively fast dynamical measurements when the knowledge of the time evolution of the dielectric constant is needed.

Pulsed EPR dipolar spectroscopy at Q- and G-band on a trityl biradical.

Pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is a valuable technique for the precise determination of distances between paramagnetic spin labels that are covalently attached to macromolecules. Nitroxides have commonly been utilised as paramagnetic tags for biomolecules, but trityl radicals have recently been developed as alternative spin labels. Trityls exhibit longer electron spin relaxation times and higher stability than nitroxides under in vivo conditions. So far, trityl radicals have only been used in pulsed EPR dipolar spectroscopy (PDS) at X-band (9.5 GHz), Ku-band (17.2 GHz) and Q-band (34 GHz) frequencies. In this study we investigated a trityl biradical by PDS at Q-band (34 GHz) and G-band (180 GHz) frequencies. Due to the small spectral width of the trityl (30 MHz) at Q-band frequencies, single frequency PDS techniques, like double-quantum coherence (DQC) and single frequency technique for refocusing dipolar couplings (SIFTER), work very efficiently. Hence, Q-band DQC and SIFTER experiments were performed and the results were compared; yielding a signal to noise ratio for SIFTER four times higher than that for DQC. At G-band frequencies the resolved axially symmetric g-tensor anisotropy of the trityl exhibited a spectral width of 130 MHz. Thus, pulsed electron electron double resonance (PELDOR/DEER) obtained at different pump-probe positions across the spectrum was used to reveal distances. Such a multi-frequency approach should also be applicable to determine structural information on biological macromolecules tagged with trityl spin labels.

Broadband spin echoes and broadband SIFTER in EPR

Applications of broadband pulses for EPR have been reported for FID, echo detection and inversion pulses recently. Here we present a broadband Hahn, stimulated and refocused echo sequence derived from adiabatic pulses. The formation of echoes is accomplished by using variable chirp rates and pulse lengths. In all three broadband echo experiments the complete spectral shape of a nitroxide (about 70 Gauss at X-band frequency) could be recovered by Fourier transformation of the quadrature detected echo signals. Such broadband echoes provide an exciting opportunity to optimize pulse sequences where a full excitation of the spectrum is mandatory for an optimum performance. We applied our pulses to the SIFTER (single frequency technique for refocusing dipolar couplings) experiment, a solid echo based pulse sequence to measure the dipolar coupling between two unpaired electron spins. By employing our broadband Hahn echo sequence on a nitroxide biradical we could achieve an artifact free dipolar evolution time trace in the SIFTER experiment with 95% modulation depth at X-band frequency and of 10% modulation depth at Q-band frequency.

Band excitation in scanning probe microscopy: sines of change

In the three decades since scanning probe microscopy (SPM) methods have entered the scientific arena, they have become one of the main tools of nanoscale science and technology by offering the capability for imaging topography, magnetic, electrical and mechanical properties on the nanometre scale. The vast majority of force-based SPM techniques to date are based on single-frequency sinusoidal excitation and detection. Here, we illustrate the intrinsic limitations of single-frequency detection that stem from the fundamental physics of dynamic systems. Consequently, many aspects of nanoscale materials functionality including quantitative mechanical, magnetic and electrical measurements, as well as probing dissipative interactions, remain unexplored. Band excitation is illustrated as a universal alternative to traditional single-frequency techniques that allows quantitative and reliable studies of dissipative and conservative phenomena, and can be universally applied to all ambient and liquid SPM methods.

Antennas and Propagation in the Presence of Metamaterials and Other Complex Media: Computational Electromagnetic Advances and Challenges

There have been significant advances in computational electromagnetics (CEM) in the last decade for a variety of antennas and propagation problems. Improvements in single frequency techniques including the finite element method (FEM), the fast mulitipole moment (FMM) method, and the method of moments (MoM) have led to significant simulation capabilities on basic computing platforms. Similar advances have occurred with time domain methods including finite difference time domain (FDTD) methods, time domain integral equation (TDIE) methods, and time domain finite element (TD-FEM) methods. Very complex radiating and scattering structures in the presence of complex materials have been modeled with many of these approaches. Many commercial products have been made available through the efforts of many individuals. The CEM simulators have enabled virtual EM test ranges that have led to dramatic improvements in our understanding of antennas and propagation in complex environments and to the realization of many of their important applications.

Comparison of MASTER and AUDERA for measurement of auditory steady-state responsesComparación de MASTER y AUDERA para la medición de las respuestas auditivas de estado estable

Two approaches to assess auditory steady-state responses (ASSR) are compared under similar test conditions: a monaural single-frequency technique with a detection method based on phase coherence (AUDERA), and a binaural multiple-frequency technique using the F-test (MASTER). ASSR thresholds at four frequencies were assessed with both methods in both ears of ten normal-hearing and ten hearing-impaired adult subjects, within a test duration of one hour. The test-retest reliability and the influence of prolonging the test duration are assessed. For the total subject group the multiple-frequency technique outperforms the single-frequency technique. In hearing-impaired subjects, however, both techniques perform equally well. Hearing thresholds can be estimated with a standard error of the estimate between 7 and 12 dB dependent on frequency. About 55% of the estimates are within 5 dB of the behavioral hearing threshold, and 94% within 15 dB. Prolonging the test duration improves the performance of both techniques.

Dipolar spectroscopy and spin alignment in electron paramagnetic resonance

Two single-frequency techniques for refocusing (SIFTER) dipolar couplings between electron spins are introduced. The experiments are based on the solid-echo and Jeener–Broekaert sequences, well established in dipolar NMR spectroscopy of solids, and open up new routes to high-resolution two-dimensional EPR spectroscopy with only moderate requirements on the spectrometer. For distances between paramagnetic centres larger than 3 nm, SIFTER provides better resolution than double electron–electron resonance (DEER). Good agreement between distances from SIFTER measurements and force-field computations is found for shape-persistent biradicals with distances up to 5.1 nm corresponding to a dipolar frequency of 390 kHz.

Comparison of Precipitation Estimation Using Single- and Dual-Frequency Wind Profilers: Simulations and Experimental Results

Abstract The advantages and disadvantages of single-frequency (50 MHz) and dual-frequency (50 and 915 MHz) wind profiler drop size distribution retrievals are discussed by comparing retrievals of median volume drop diameter and rain rates. Simulated data, as well as observational data, show that the median volume diameter estimated from the single-frequency technique is biased higher than what is retrieved using the dual-frequency technique. This result is due to the strong 50-MHz Bragg scatter signal that masks the small drop (low fall velocity) part of the precipitation spectrum. The error in the estimation of the median volume diameter increases markedly with increasing vertical air motion spectral width. The error in the estimation of the median volume diameter is minimum for median volume diameters ranging from 0.5 to about 2.5 mm for the dual-frequency technique and 1.2 to about 2.5 mm for the single-frequency technique. The comparison of retrieved rain rates with rain gauge data shows a very good a...

Two-dimensional, regularised inversion of VLF data

Very low frequency electromagnetic (EM) methods using VLF transmitters have found many applications in subsurface geophysical investigations. Surface measurements involving both the vertical component of the magnetic field (VLF-EM or VLF-Z) and of the apparent resistivity (VLF- R) are increasingly common. Although extensive VLF data sets have been successfully used for mapping purposes, modelling and interpretation techniques which asess the third (i.e. depth) dimension appear limited. Given a profile of VLF-R measurements the main purpose of the present study is to demonstrate an automatic method for the construction of a resistivity cross-section. The technique used is one of a new generation of regularised inversion methods. These techniques attempt to overcome the problem of equivalence/non-uniqueness in EM sounding data by constructing the resistivity distribution with the minimum amount of structure that fits the data. VLF data represent a special case of plane-wave EM sounding in that they conform, in practice, to a single-frequency technique. This fact imposes a limitation in the amount of vertical resolution that we can expect using such data. In the case of two-dimensional modelling and inversion, resolution through the cross-section is a resultant attribute from both vertical and lateral resistivity gradients within the subsurface. In order to provide insight into the practical application of regularised inversion techniques to VLF data, both synthetic and field examples are considered. Both sets of examples are primarily concerned with VLF data applied to near-surface fault mapping where the main aim is to assess the location, dip and depth extent of conductive subsurface features.