Single Factor Research Articles

The Effect of Exercise-Induced Central Fatigue on Cervical Spine Joint Position Error, Strength, and Endurance.

Fatigue is common in sports, impairing performance and increasing injury risk, yet little is known regarding fatigue and concussion. Impaired neck neuromuscular function may contribute to concussion at baseline, where central fatigue may further impair neck function resulting in increased concussion risk. These effects may be magnified in athletes with a history of concussion. To determine the effect of exercise induced central fatigue on neck joint position error, strength, and endurance in healthy subjects and those with a history of concussion. The investigators hypothesized that EICF would have a negative effect on all variables. Healthy subjects were examined using a single factor, within-subjects repeated measures design. Concussion history subjects were examined using a single-subject design. Nineteen healthy subjects and five subjects with a history of concussion were recruited for the study. Cervical joint position error, muscle strength, and neck flexor endurance were tested before and after exercise induced fatigue. There was a significant increase in constant (p = 0.0027) and absolute joint position error (JPE) (p < 0.001); decrease in neck flexor endurance (p < 0.001); and decrease neck strength into cervical flexion (p = 0.01) in healthy subjects following fatigue. Among concussion history subjects, five demonstrated a significant increase in absolute and constant JPE (p < 0.05); four demonstrated a significant decrease in neck flexor endurance (p < 0.05); one in neck flexion muscle strength (p < 0.05); and three in neck extension and rotation muscle strength (p < 0.05) following fatigue. Cervical neuromuscular function deteriorated following fatigue in healthy subjects. Resulting impairments may affect force alterations in cervical control, potentially increasing concussion risk. Concussion history subjects descriptively demonstrated similar results, however further research should examine formal comparisons involving subjects with and without concussion history. 3b.

Combined high light and salt stress enhances accumulation of PsbS and zeaxanthin in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.

The performance and acclimation strategies of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under stress conditions are typically studied in response to single stress factors. Under natural conditions, however, organisms rarely face only one stressor at a time. Here, we investigated the impact of combined salt and high light stress on the photoprotective response of C. reinhardtii. Compared to the single stress factors, the combination of both stressors decreased the photosynthetic performance, while the activation of energy dissipation remained unaffected. However, the PsbS protein was strongly accumulated and the conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin was enhanced. These results support an important photoprotective function of PsbS and zeaxanthin independently of energy dissipation under combined salt and high light stress in C. reinhardtii.

Spatial differences, dynamic evolution and influencing factors of China's construction industry carbon emission efficiency

Improving the construction industry carbon emission efficiency (CICEE) is crucial for achieving sustainable development. To promote low-carbon development in the construction industry, it is essential to measure carbon emission efficiency (CEE) and analyze spatial differences, dynamic evolution, and influencing factors. This study measures CICEE in 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2019 and evaluates CEE using the minimum distance to a strong efficient frontier (MinDS) model with undesirable outputs. Subsequently, the Dagum Gini coefficient and its decomposition, as well as spatial autocorrelation analysis, are used to explore the sources of spatial differences and the spatial clustering pattern of CEE. The dynamic trend of CEE is analyzed through kernel density estimation, traditional and spatial Markov chains. Finally, geographical detectors are used to detect the explanatory factors and their interactions on spatial differences in CEE. The results of this study show that the CICEE presents an increasing and then decreasing trend, with the highest CEE in the eastern region, followed by the central and northeastern regions, and the lowest in the western region. Additionally, the eastern region exhibits the highest intra-regional differences and the highest inter-regional differences with the western region. Meanwhile, CEE shows a positive spatial correlation, with high-high (H-H) clustering in the eastern region and low-low (L-L) clustering in the western and northeastern regions. Polarization has been evident throughout the entire country and its four regions in recent years. It is challenging to achieve the CEE transfer through rapid advancement, and the efficiency of neighboring provinces will influence the potential transfer of the local province. Finally, factors such as enterprise scale, economic development level, degree of openness to the outside world, innovation level, industrial structure, and energy consumption structure all affect the spatial differences in CEE, with the interaction effect being higher than the single factor. This study presents a novel computational model to measure CICEE, analyzes the structural factors contributing to the spatial differences in CICEE, and provides theoretical support for the synergistic improvement of CEE across different regions. Combining with spatial autocorrelation analysis, the spatial distribution characteristics of CICEE are analyzed from the static level. This study provides a comprehensive examination of the evolution trend of CICEE, focusing on its dynamic evolution characteristics and the long-term transfer dimension. Additionally, geographical detector technology is introduced for the first time to analyze the influencing factors of spatial differences in CICEE. providing scientific evidence for the sustainable and coordinated development of different regions in China's construction industry. Furthermore, this study also contributes to the development of varied strategies for improving CICEE in China.

Occupation-specific risk estimates for suicide and non-fatal self-harm from a Swedish cohort of male construction workers followed 1987–2018

ObjectivesWhile suicidal behaviour has become less prevalent in non-manual workers in recent decades, rates have increased in manual workers. We aimed to identify occupations within the construction industry with excess...

The growth factor multimodality on treating human dental mesenchymal stem cells: a systematic review

BackgroundEnsuring the quantity, quality, and efficacy of human dental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has become an urgent problem as their applications increase. Growth factors (GFs) have low toxicity, good biocompatibility, and regulate stem cell survival and differentiation. They bind to specific receptors on target cells, initiating signal transduction and triggering biological functions. So far, relatively few studies have been conducted to summarize the effect of different GFs on the application of dental MSCs. We have reviewed the literature from the past decade to examine the effectiveness and mechanism of applying one or multiple GFs to human dental MSCs. Our review is based on the premise that a single dental MSC cannot fulfill all applications and that different dental MSCs react differently to GFs.MethodsA search for published articles was carried out using the Web of Science core collection and PubMed. The study was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. This review considered studies from 2014 to 2023 that examined the effects of GFs on human dental MSCs. The final selection of articles was made on the 15th of July 2023.ResultsThree thousand eight hundred sixty-seven pieces of literature were gathered for this systematic review initially, only 56 of them were selected based on their focus on the effects of GFs during the application of human dental MSCs. Out of the 56, 32 literature pieces were focused on a single growth factor while 24 were focused on multiple growth factors. This study shows that GFs can regulate human dental MSCs through a multi-way processing manner.ConclusionMultimodal treatment of GFs can effectively regulate human dental MSCs, ensuring stem cell quality, quantity, and curative effects.

ADHD Symptoms Among Adolescents: Factor Structure Based on Mother and Adolescent Self-Ratings

Background:: At present, there is little data on the factor structure of ADHD symptoms in adolescents, especially as they are organized in the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) or the recently proposed ADHD S-1 bifactor model. This study aimed to analyze how mother and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms align with these models. Methods:: This study utilized confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) on a group of 300 adolescents (ages ranging from 11 to 17 years) to examine the factor structure in terms of mother ratings and adolescent self-ratings of ADHD symptoms (inattention [IA], hyperactivity [HY], and impulsivity [IM]) presented in the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale (DBRS). Based on existing theory, the study examined five structural ADHD models: (1) DSM-5/ICD-10 one-factor model (with all symptoms loading on a single factor); (2) DSM-5 two-factor model (with IA and HY/IM factors); (3) ICD- 10 three-factor model (with IA, HY, and IM factors); (4) DSM-5 bifactor S – 1 model (with HY/IM as the reference indicators for the general factor); and (5) ICD-10 bifactor S – 1 model (with IM as the reference indicators for the general factor). Additionally, mothers and adolescents completed the five-item hyperactivity scale in the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results:: The results showed the most support for the ICD-10 three-factor model, with all three factors in this model showing adequate discriminant validity, good omega coefficient reliability values, and significant and positive association with SDQ hyperactivity. Furthermore, it is speculated that the ADHD structure in adolescents might involve a general ADHD factor alongside an IA-specific factor, omitting an HY component. Since the general factor was marked by the IM symptoms, this suggests that ADHD at a latent level could be typified by IA and IM symptoms, excluding HY symptoms. Conclusion:: The theoretical implications of the findings are discussed.

TLD optimal vibration control for elevated concrete water towers

Considering the influence of earthquake and wind on the water tower, the analysis model of the elevated concrete water tower and its foundation is established. The dynamic response model and damping measures considering liquid–solid-soil interaction are determined. The influence of two kinds of circular tuned liquid dampers on dynamic response of elevated concrete water tower is studied. The results show that the peak values of displacement, acceleration and stress under the simultaneous action of wind field and earthquake exceed the peak superposition under the single factor of wind field and earthquake. However, the peak value of the liquid sloshing amplitude of the water tower under the earthquake-wind coupling does not exceed the sum of the wave peak values under the action of earthquake and wind alone. In addition, both circular TLDS have significant damping effect on elevated concrete water towers, but the damping effect of saturated salt water as TLD tempering fluid is better than that of pure water.

Pro-Inflammatory Diet as a Risk Factor for Stomach Cancer: Findings from a Multicenter Study in Central and Western China.

We conducted a multicenter cross-sectional study in central and western China to explore the association between inflammatory diet and stomach cancer odds. Participants from five hospitals in the central and western regions were collected. All participants completed the questionnaire we provided before the gastroscopy examination, which includes inquiries about risk factors for stomach cancer and food frequency. All participants underwent gastroscopy, and a mucosal biopsy was confirmed pathologically. Pathological findings were classified as chronic gastritis group, precancerous lesions group and stomach cancer group. Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores were calculated based on the frequency of food occurrences in the questionnaire, and finally SPSS was used to calculate the correlation between variables. A total of 1162 patients were included in this study, including 668 cases of chronic gastritis, 411 cases of precancerous lesions, and 83 cases of cancer. A single factor analysis was conducted to examine the risk factors of stomach cancer, revealing a significant association between a pro-inflammatory diet and the stomach cancer odds (p value < 0.05). The results of binary classification analysis further confirmed that a pro-inflammatory diet is a risk factor for stomach cancer 【odds ratio (OR) =7.400)】. Moreover, correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between the severity of gastric mucosal diseases and an inflammatory diet (including anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory diets) (rs=0.274, p-value < 0.001). Pro-Inflammatory diet is a risk factor for stomach cancer, and may accelerate the progression of stomach mucosal disease.

Enhancing Leaf Flavonoid Production in Indian Camphorweed (Pluchea indica Less.) through the Provision of Chicken Manure

Indian camphorweed (Pluchea indica Less.) leaves exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities, indicating significant potential for the pharmaceutical industry. This research aimed to determine the optimal rates of chicken manure for enhancing leaf and total flavonoid production in Pluchea indica. The study took place at the IPB Experimental Station in Bogor, Indonesia,spanning from July to October 2023. A completely randomized block design with a single factor (chicken manure doses) was employed: 0, 2.5, 5, or 7.5 kg per plant. Each treatment comprised three replications, each consisting of 20 plants. The results revealed that the application of chicken manure at 2.5 kg per plant led to significantly taller plants, more leaves, and tertiary branches compared to the control group. Specifically, the 2.5 kg dosage significantly increased the nitrogen content of the 7th leaf and the potassium content of the 3rd leaf. Meanwhile, the application of 5 kg of chicken manure per plant significantly boosted phosphorus content in the 3rd and 7th leaves and potassium content in the 5th and 7th leaves. However, no significant differences were observed in total flavonoid and antioxidant activity across all leaf positions with chicken manure application. Plants receiving 5 kg of manure demonstrated the highest fresh leaf weight (81.64 g) and dry weight (38.27 g), which were significantly greater than those receiving 2.5 kg per plant or no manure. Despite these variations, flavonoid production per plant did not show a significant difference with manure application.

Analysis of soil erosion changes and influencing factors based on the CSLE model and GeoDector in Dongjiang River Basin of China

AbstractSoil and water conservation and protection are of great importance to China, as the source of the Pearl and Xiang Rivers, and the main rare earth mining area, the ecology of Dongjiang River Basin, is very fragile. In this paper, the Chinese soil loss equation and the Geodetector method are used to analyze the spatial and temporal patterns and the impact factors of soil erosion in this area from 2016 to 2020. The results show that (1) Soil erosion intensity in the Dongjiang River Basin from 2016 to 2020 is mainly mild, with the soil erosion intensity in the Dongjiang River Basin in 2016 being the largest in five years. (2) The erosion modulus shows an increasing trend with the increase of slope. In terms of vegetation, when the vegetation cover is &lt;30%, the soil erosion modulus is the largest, which is easy to induce soil erosion. When the vegetation cover is &gt;60%, the soil erosion modulus is the smallest, which effectively slows down the occurrence of soil erosion. Rainfall is proportional to the soil erosion modulus and soil erosion. (3) The results of Geodetector indicate that the single factor sizes are land use &gt; vegetation &gt; slope &gt; precipitation, and interaction factors all show a nonlinear enhancement. (4) The proper allocation of land use types, the prohibition of steep slopes for cultivation, and the restoration of forestry can effectively prevent and control soil erosion in the area.

Associations between the resting EEG aperiodic slope and broad domains of cognitive ability.

Recent studies suggest that the EEG aperiodic exponent (often represented as a slope in log-log space) is sensitive to individual differences in momentary cognitive skills such as selective attention and information processing speed. However, findings are mixed, and most of the studies have focused on just a narrow range of cognitive domains. This study used an archival dataset to help clarify associations between resting aperiodic features and broad domains of cognitive ability, which vary in their demands on momentary processing. Undergraduates (N = 166) of age 18-52 years completed a resting EEG session as well as a standardized, individually administered assessment of cognitive ability that included measures of processing speed, working memory, and higher-order visuospatial and verbal skills. A subsample (n = 110) also completed a computerized reaction time task with three difficulty levels. Data reduction analyses revealed strong correlations between the aperiodic offset and slope across electrodes, and a single component accounted for ~60% of variance in slopes across the scalp, in both eyes-closed and eyes-open conditions. Structural equation models did not support relations between the slope and specific domains tapping momentary processes. However, secondary analyses indicated that the eyes-open slope was related to higher overall performance, as represented by a single general ability factor. A latent reaction time variable was significantly inversely related to both eyes-closed and eyes-open resting exponents, such that faster reaction times were associated with steeper slopes. These findings support and help clarify the relation of the resting EEG exponent to individual differences in cognitive skills.

Development of specific competencies in gymnastics in specialized higher education

Background and Study Aim. The modernization of the curriculum in higher education, through its importance and significance, aims to ensure optimal conditions in the creation and continuous improvement of the personality of the student/future teachers of physical education. The purpose of the study was the comparative analysis of the academic programs for development of specific competencies in the specialized higher education. Material and Methods. Three groups of subjects participated in the research: group A (Grade - A1, A2, A3) with a number of 83 students (the class of 2017-2020) from the Physical and Sports Education study program of the Physical Education and Sport Faculty (ROU). Group B (Grade – B1, B2) is formed of 18 students (the class 2017-2020) while group C (Grade – C1, C2) is formed of 20 students (the class 2018-2021). The subjects of groups B and C are students of the Faculty of Pedagogy (MD). The research was carried out depending on the status of the discipline ”Gymnastics” within the curriculum of both study programs. Grade A1: first year – fundamental discipline ”Basic Gymnastics”. Grade A2: second year – bachelor’s degree discipline ”Theory and practice in the branches of gymnastics – Artistic gymnastics”. Grade A3: third year - specialization discipline ”Methods of teaching gymnastics in school”. Grades B1 and C1: ”Didactics of gymnastics I” (first semester). Grades B2 and C2: ”Didactics of gymnastics II” (second semester). Each discipline provides data about the subject matter, estimated total time, total of study hours per semester and individual study, conditions of carrying out and weighting of the evaluation criteria. The Single Factor Analysis of Variance was used to compare the average differences between groups. The nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis Test was used for the differences between groups. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05. Results. The comparative analysis of the study programs reveals differences in the status of disciplines (fundamental, bachelor’s degree and specialization – ROU and component of orientation towards a specialty - MD). The results of the comparative analysis between grades in the program ROU highlights the decrease of the mean by 0.24 points at Grade A2 and 0.36 points at Grade A3. There are significant differences at p&lt;0.001 and at ANOVA Factor insignificant differences p&gt;0.05. The results of the difference between groups in MD highlights the increase of performances in Grade C1 by 0.73 points and by 0.41 points at Grade C2. As for the comparison of the performances between grades, significant differences were observed between Grade C1 with Grade A2 and Grade A3, p&lt;0.05. Regarding the other comparisons, the differences are insignificant at p&gt;0.05, which shows that there are the same curricular approaches between contents and performances. Conclusions. The comparative analysis carried out between the training programs of gymnastics specific competencies revealed different contents, different weightings of the number of hours and number of credits. The insignificant differences between programs in terms of grades highlight the same curricular approaches between contents and achieved performances.

High spatiotemporal asynchrony between water deficit and nitrate accumulation under apple orchards in deep loess deposits

Understanding the relationship between water and nitrate in soils is critical to agricultural production and aquifer vulnerability assessments, especially in regions with intensive agricultural activities and thick unsaturated zones. Deep soils usually record long-term variations in coupling water and nitrate processes, influenced by multiple environmental factors. As such, this study aims to investigate water and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3–−N) contents and their relationships in soil profiles of 13–23 m deep under farmland and neighboring apple orchards with different ages. Soil properties were considered to explore the individual effect of a single factor or combined effects of multiple factors by wavelet analysis and partial least squares path models. Compared with farmland, apple orchards had large water deficit and NO3–−N accumulation due to root water uptake and synthetic fertilizer inputs, with high spatiotemporal asynchrony in deep unsaturated zones. Specifically, water deficit and NO3–−N accumulation were respectively observed in relatively stable (5–15 m) and active layers (0–5 m, spatial asynchrony), with higher water deficit rates under young apple trees (e.g., 12 and 22 years old) but larger NO3–−N accumulation rates under old apple trees (e.g., 23–32 years old, temporal asynchrony), respectively. Under farmland and orchard, soil texture-organic carbon regulated soil water movement, while soil water-organic carbon affected nitrate transport and transformation processes, which further altered soil pH and electric conductivity conditions in deep vadose zones. The growth of apple trees leads to asynchronous water depletion and fertilizer accumulation in soils, and the > 20 years apple trees are limited by insufficient water despite the excessive fertilizer. The dried soil layers not only reduce potential groundwater recharge, but also prolong the residence time of nitrate bombs in thick unsaturated zones. This study provides essential information for sustainable management of vegetation and water resources, and benefits the complicated hydrological and biogeochemical cycles in thick vadose zones.

Preparation, Structural Identification, and Screening of Egg-Derived Peptides with Facilitating Alcohol Metabolism Activity.

The aim of this study was to obtain egg-derived peptides with facilitating alcohol metabolism (EPs) by enzymolysis, to identify their structures, and screen small polypeptides with higher activity by molecular docking. The optimum conditions for preparing EPs with facilitating alcohol metabolism were obtained by a single factor experiment, adding 2% Protamex and performing enzymolysis for 3 h with a liquid-material ratio of 35:1. The dose-response relationship experiment showed that 800 mg/kg·bw EPs played a better role in facilitating alcohol metabolism. EPs contained 40% hydrophobic amino acids (HAA), including 9.24% Leu. Eighty-four peptides were identified by HPLC-MS/MS and four peptides with potential activation of alcohol dehydrogenase were further selected by molecular docking. The tetrapeptide Trp-Ile-Val-Asp (WIVD) with the highest binding energy reached -7.16 kcal/mol. These findings suggest that egg is a good source for the preparation of peptides with facilitating alcohol metabolism activity.

Cumulative ecological risk and cyberbullying among college students: a chain mediation model.

Cyberbullying among college students has been receiving increased research attention. Previous studies have focused primarily on the impact of a single risk factor on cyberbullying among college students. However, individual behavior is influenced by multiple ecosystems simultaneously, including family, school, and peers. To explore the effects of a single risk factor alone is not in line with the reality of everyday life, and the effect of the single risk factor can often be overestimated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact of multiple risk factors, namely cumulative ecological risk, on cyberbullying, while analyzing the mediating roles of belief in a just world and moral disengagement. A survey was conducted among 805 college students from two universities in Hebei Province, China, using the cumulative ecological risk questionnaire, the cyberbullying scale, the belief in a just world scale, and the moral disengagement scale. The results showed that: (a) Cumulative ecological risk was positively correlated with moral disengagement and cyberbullying, and negatively correlated with belief in a just world. Belief in a just world was negatively correlated with moral disengagement and cyberbullying. Moral disengagement was positively correlated with cyberbullying; (b) Belief in a just world partially mediated the relationship between cumulative ecological risk and cyberbullying; (c) Moral disengagement partially mediated the relationship between cumulative ecological risk and cyberbullying; (d) Belief in a just world and moral disengagement played a chain mediating role between cumulative ecological risk and college students' cyberbullying. This study provides valuable insight for the reduction of cyberbullying behavior among college students, and offers suggestions on how to create a more favorable online environment.

A Family-Based Study of Inherited Genetic Risk in Lipedema.

Background: Lipedema is a progressive condition involving excessive deposition of subcutaneous adipose tissue, predominantly in the lower limbs, which severely compromises quality of life. Despite the impact of lipedema, its molecular and genetic bases are poorly understood, making diagnosis and treatment difficult. Historical evaluation of individuals with lipedema indicates a positive family history in 60%-80% of cases; however, genetic investigation of larger family cohorts is required. Here, we report the largest family-based sequencing study to date, aimed at identifying genetic changes that contribute to lipedema. Methods and Results: DNA samples from 31 individuals from 9 lipedema families were analyzed to reveal genetic variants predicted to alter protein function, yielding candidate variants in 469 genes. We did not identify any individual genes that contained likely disease-causing variants across all participating families. However, gene ontology analysis highlighted vasopressin receptor activity, microfibril binding, and patched binding as statistically significantly overrepresented categories for the set of candidate variants. Conclusions: Our study suggests that lipedema is not caused by a single exomic genetic factor, providing support for the hypothesis of genetic heterogeneity in the etiology of lipedema. As the largest study of its kind in the lipedema field, the results advance our understanding of the disease and provide a roadmap for future research aimed at improving the lives of those affected by lipedema.

Characteristic analysis and fermentation optimization of a novel Aureobasidium pullulans RM1603 with high pullulan yield

A high-yielding microbial polysaccharide-producing strain, named RM1603, was isolated from rhizosphere soil and identified by morphological and phylogenetic analysis. The extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) were identified by thin-layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The fermentation conditions were optimized by single factor experiments in shake flasks and a 5-L fermentor. The results of morphological and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that RM1603 was a strain of Aureobasidium pullulans. Its microbial polysaccharide was identified as pullulan, and the EPS production capacity reached 33.07 ± 1.03gL-1 in shake flasks. The fermentation conditions were optimized in a 5-L fermentor, and were found to encompass an initial pH of 6.5, aeration rate of 2 vvm, rotor speed of 600rpm, and inoculum size of 2%. Under these conditions, the pullulan yield of RM1603 reached 62.52 ± 0.24gL-1. Thus, this study contributes RM1603 as a new isolation with high-yielding pullulan and potential application value in biotechnology.

Lens and solution properties in patients with and without midday fogging.

Midday fogging is a complication of scleral lens (SL) wear that interrupts clear vision during the course of wear. SLs can be made with a variety of gas permeable materials, sizes and surface treatments, and various solutions are available for storing the lenses and for filling them before application on the eye. Many of these factors have been implicated as possible contributors to midday fogging. This study explored the lens and solution properties in habitual SL wearers with and without midday fogging. In this prospective study, 48 habitual SL wearers were evaluated and asked to report whether they experienced midday fogging and if they removed their lenses during the day. They completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), which is a validated tool for dry eye assessment. Lens parameters (material, coatings and diameter) and lens storage and filling solutions were documented. Backward elimination of regression terms evaluated the lens and solution properties in those with and without fogging. OSDI scores were compared using the Mann-Whitney analysis. Collectively, the lens properties and solutions accounted for 27.7% of the variance related to midday fogging. None of the factors alone hada significant impact upon midday fogging. The median (interquartile range) OSDI score for those with fogging [37 (35)] was significantly different from those without fogging [10 (15)], with the scores corresponding to severe dry eye and normal eyes, respectively. SL wearers with midday fogging exhibited similar symptoms to patients with severe dry eye. Lens and solution characteristics may play a small role in patients with midday fogging, although changing just a single factor is not likely to impact its presence.

Clinical study of constructing nomogram model based on multi-dimensional clinical indicators to predict prognosis of knee osteoarthritis

To analyze the factors affecting the prognosis of patients with knee osteoarthritis, and to construct a nomogram prediction model in conjunction with multi-dimensional clinical indicators. The clinical data of 234 patients with knee osteoarthritis who were treated in our hospital from January 2015 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, including 126 males and 108 females；age more than 60 years old for 135 cases, age less than 60 years old for 99 cases. Lysholm knee function score was used to evaluate the prognosis of the patients, and the patients were divided into good prognosis group for 155 patients and poor prognosis group for 79 patients according to the prognosis. The clinical data of the subjects in the experimental cohort were analyzed by single factor and multiple factors. The patients were divided into experimental cohort and verification cohort, the results of the multiple factor analysis were visualized to obtain a nomogram prediction model, the receiver operating characteristic curve（ROC）, calibration curve and decision curve were used to evaluate the model's discrimination, accuracy and clinical benefit rate. The results of multivariate analysis showed that smoking, pre-treatment K-L grades of Ⅲ to Ⅳ, and high levels of interleukin 6 （IL-6） and matrix metallo proteinase-3 （MMP-3） were risk factors for the prognosis of patients with knee osteoarthritis. ROC test results showed that the area under the curve of the nomogram model in the experimental cohort and validation cohort was 0.806[95%CI（0.742, 0.866）] and 0.786[（95%CI（0.678, 0.893）], respectively. The results of the calibration curve showed that the Brier values of the experimental cohort and verification cohort were 0.151 points and 0.134 points, respectively. When the threshold probability value in the decision curve was set to 31%, the clinical benefit rates of the experimental cohort and validation cohort were 51% and 56%, respectively. The prognostic model of patients with knee osteoarthritis constructed based on multi-dimensional clinical data has both theoretical and practical significance, and can provide a reference for taking targeted measures to improve the prognosis of patients.

Study of oscillation characteristics for quartz crystal oscillators based on equivalent multi‐physics model

AbstractIn recent years, high‐performance quartz‐crystal oscillators (XOs) for integrated circuits have been receiving considerable attention due to their featuring low voltage and high‐frequency stability. However, recent studies tend to focus solely on the impact of temperature as a single factor on crystal oscillator circuits, overlooking the circuit structure of the crystal oscillator itself. In this paper, a novel four‐parameter crystal model of XOs is detailed demonstrated, and analyzed to interpret typical XO oscillation characteristics at room temperature. The relationship between the RLC circuit and the oscillation was investigated. Meanwhile, the study delves into the various factors that influence oscillation behavior, paving the way for a comprehensive understanding of XOs' performance characteristics. temperature sweep simulations were induced to verify the theory and found that the parameter drift and thermal perturbation are close to the theory we proposed, which can be applied in temperature‐compatible XOs. The significance of this study lies not only in its contribution to the design and implementation of compact footprint XOs in the oscillator circuit platform but also in its provision of experimental evidence for fabricating wide temperature range compensated XO devices. The results show that the capacitance in the equivalent model of a crystal oscillator plays a dominant role in shaping the output waveform and exhibits relatively good temperature stability characteristics and serve as a valuable resource for engineers and researchers working on improving the performance and reliability of XOs, ultimately enabling the development of more advanced and efficient integrated circuits.