Single-factor Experiments Research Articles

Process optimization and modeling of Acer truncatum seed oil deacidification by molecular distillation

Acer truncatum seed oil (ATO) is a unique woody oil resource, but its high acid value resulting from traditional pressing methods falls short of meeting the necessary food standards. In this research, molecular distillation (MD) was employed for the deacidification of ATO and compared with conventional techniques such as alkali refining and solvent extraction. Predictive models for MD deacidification were established through single-factor experiments, orthogonal experimental design (OED), response surface methodology (RSM), and genetic algorithm - back propagation artificial neural network (GA-BP-ANN). Using RSM, a fitting model was obtained with R = 0.999 and Rpre = 0.990 through multiple linear regression. The constructed BP-ANN model (3-9-1) exhibited R = 0.998 and Rpre = 0.998, indicating slightly higher prediction accuracy. With GA-BP-ANN, the optimal process conditions are an evaporator temperature of 190 °C, condensation temperature of 40 °C, scraper speed of 324 rpm, yielding an acid value of refined ATO at 0.240 ± 0.001 mg g−1. Therefore, under appropriate conditions, the MD deacidification method can produce high-quality refined ATO. The developed orthogonal, RSM, and GA-BP-ANN models demonstrated excellent capabilities in optimizing and predicting the MD deacidification process, meeting even the strictest food regulations.

Preparation, Modification and Property Characterization of Nano-TiO2

Abstract In view of the strong polarity and easy agglomeration of nano TiO2 in practical applications, its excellent performance cannot be fully exerted. In this paper, nano titanium dioxide was prepared by liquid phase hydrolysis method using TiCl4 and oxalic acid as raw materials, and then the surface modification of nano TiO2 was carried out with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate(SDS). The optimal modification process conditions were obtained through single-factor experiment and orthogonal experiment. The products before and after modification were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, particle size analysis. The results indicated that the modified nano titanium dioxide adsorbed a certain amount of modifier on the surface, with small and uniform particles that are not easily agglomerated. This greatly improved its dispersibility and stability in media, providing better guarantee for its application in various fields.

Utilizing incineration bottom ash-infused steel fiber-reinforced concrete: An analysis of compressive strength and carbonation durability

This study has developed concrete with moderate strength, and excellent carbonation resistance, by blending incineration bottom ash with steel fibers into the concrete mixture. Through single-factor experiments, investigate the effects of bottom ash content and steel fiber volume fraction on the mechanical properties and carbonation resistance of concrete. The results indicate that the addition of steel fibers effectively reduces the adverse effects of incineration bottom ash content on the compressive strength and carbonation level of concrete. When the bottom ash content is 20 % and the steel fiber content is 2 %, the compressive strength of concrete reaches 56.1 MPa, and the carbonation depth drops to 4.19 mm after 28 days. In addition, a carbonation depth prediction model was established based on the compressive performance of concrete, accurately predicting the carbonation depth at different carbonation stages.

Study on the friction and wear properties of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy enhanced by milling and ultrasonic impact treatment

This study investigates the effects of milling parameters on the surface friction behavior of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy subjected to ultrasonic impact treatment. A three-dimensional milling and friction-wear model was developed using ABAQUS finite element analysis, examining the influence of milling speed, depth, and feed rate on the coefficient of friction, wear volume, and surface morphology through single-factor experiments. Results indicate that milling parameters affect the friction coefficient in the following order: Vc > f > ap. Specifically, increasing milling speed from 35 m/min to 59 m/min raises the average friction coefficient from 0.305 to 0.387, a 26.88 % increase. At a milling speed of 83 m/min, the friction coefficient and wear volume reach their lowest values of 0.305 and 0.977 mm³, respectively. The wear volume decreases with increasing milling speed and feed rate, while milling depth has a minor effect. The most significant reduction in wear volume, from 5.76 mm³ to 0.977 mm³ (an 83.04 % decrease), occurs as milling speed increases from 35 m/min to 83 m/min. Maximum longitudinal slip during the reciprocating motion primarily occurs at the ends, with both positive and negative peak offsets. Surface damage from 304 stainless steel balls against the 7075-T6 alloy involves adhesive and abrasive wear. At a milling depth of 35 μm, friction-induced compounds in the transfer film mainly consist of Al, C, Fe, Zn, Mg, and Cr.

Synthesis and Adsorption of Lead Ions by Chitosan–LDHs

Abstract With MgCl2 and AlCl3 as raw materials, nano Mg/Al LDHs were synthesized in situ during the process of chitosan gel formation, and then CS/LDHs composite multilayer hydrogels were prepared and characterized. After calcination at high temperature, they were used to adsorb Pb2+. The concentration of Pb2+ was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy to investigate the adsorption performance of the composite material. The effects of pH value, initial concentration, and adsorption time on the adsorption efficiency were studied through single factor and orthogonal experiments. The results showed that the optimal process conditions for the adsorption of Pb2+ were pH=5, initial concentration of 2.5g/L, adsorption time of 30 minutes, removal rate of 70.65% at adsorption equilibrium, and adsorption capacity of 1150.32mg/g.

In vitro cluster buds regeneration and control of shoot tip necrosis in tissue cultures of Trichosanthes cucumerina L.

Trichosanthes cucumerina L. is a medicinal vine with great potential that can be used as a vegetable. In this study, an efficient in vitro regeneration system of T. cucumerina was established by inducing adventitious buds and controlling Shoot Tip Necrosis (STN) in the in vitro culture. The results of hormone single factor and orthogonal experiments showed that 6-BA had a significant effect on inducing adventitious buds. The best medium for bud proliferation was MS + 6-BA 3.0 mg·L− 1 + KIN 2.0 mg·L− 1 + NAA 0.5 mg·L− 1, and the proliferation capacity was 14.68. However, after three consecutive subcultures, a higher incidence of STN (78.86%) was observed. The results of the STN control experiment showed that reducing the concentration of inorganic salt, shortening the subculture interval, and increasing the Ca2+ in the medium could effectively control the occurrence of STN. However, reducing the concentration of inorganic salt and shortening the subculture interval excessively reduces the proliferation capacity significantly. Considering both the incidence of STN and proliferation capacity, the measures proposed in this study to alleviate STN were to keep the concentration of inorganic salt unchanged, adjust the subculture interval from 45 days to 40 days, and increase the Ca2+ concentration in the medium to 480 mg·L− 1. When the subculture interval was 40 d, the stem segments obtained the lowest STN incidence (8.3%) and higher shoot proliferation capacity (10.02) on the medium of MS + 3.0 mg·L− 1 6-BA + 2.0 mg·L− 1 KIN + 0.5 mg·L− 1 NAA + 360.36 mg·L− 1 Ca2+ (360 mg·L− 1 is the concentration of additional calcium to be added, and after this addition, the total calcium concentration in the MS medium was 480.48 mg·L− 1). The best rooting medium for stem segments was MS + 0.50 mg·L− 1 NAA; the rooting rate was 100%, and no STN occurred. After acclimation, the survival rate of the rooted plantlet reached 95% after 40 days in the soil matrix of coconut husk: humus soil: perlite = 2: 2: 1 (v/v). The results of this study not only reveal the mechanism of STN in T. cucumerina, but also provide technical support and a theoretical basis for its further breeding and cultivation.

Environmentally Friendly Chemical–Magnetorheological Finishing Method for Ti–6Al–4V Biological Material Based on Fe3O4@SiO2, Oxaloacetate Acid and H2O2

Titanium alloy is extensively utilised in various advanced equipment across multiple industries, especially in biological implantable devices. The surface machining of such devices is required to provide a finished surface with high precision and gloss. This study presents an established ecofriendly slurry for a hybrid polishing process utilising a highly efficient chemical and magnetorheological fluid (C-MRF) to obtain ultraprecise surface quality. This slurry incorporated Fe3O4@SiO2 abrasive particles, oxaloacetate acid (C4H6O5), deionised water and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidiser. Ti–6Al–4V workpieces polished with C-MRF based on Fe3O4@SiO2 abrasives and polishing performance were used to investigate the influence of the oxidising agent H2O2 and oxaloacetate acid (monitored with a pH indicator) on the surface finish of Ti–6Al–4V biomaterial. In contrast to the traditional mechanical and chemical polishing methods for titanium alloys that often include strong bases and acids along with chemicals that endanger the environment and humans, the proposed polishing process based on the newly developed ecofriendly magnetic composite leveraged the advantages of magnetorheological fluid with chemical reactions to create an ultra smooth surface. Experiments were performed to investigate the influence of different polishing durations and factors on the quality of polished surfaces, thereby optimising technological parameters, reducing time and improving surface quality. Various technological parameters were evaluated through single-factor and orthogonal experiments to assess their distinct effects on surface quality and material removal capability. This work proposed an environmentally friendly C-MRF method for finishing Ti–6Al–4V biomaterial with high efficiency and industrial applicability.

Production-optimized fermentation of antifungal compounds by bacillus velezensis LZN01 and transcriptome analysis.

Fusarium wilt is one of the major constraints on global watermelon production, and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (Fon) is the causative agent of Fusarium wilt in watermelon and results in severe yield and quality losses worldwide. The enhancement of antifungal activity from antagonistic bacteria against Fon is highly practical for managing Fusarium wilt in watermelon. The aim of this study was to maximize the antifungal activity of Bacillus velezensis LZN01 by optimizing fermentation conditions and analysing its regulatory mechanism via transcriptome sequencing. The culture and fermentation conditions for strain LZN01 were optimized by single-factor and response surface experiments. The optimum culture conditions for this strain were as follows: the addition of D-fructose at 35 g/L and NH4Cl at 5 g/L in LB medium, pH 7, and incubation at 30°C for 72 h. The fungal inhibition rate for strain LZN01 reached 71.1%. The improvement of inhibition rate for strain LZN01 in optimization fermentation was supported by transcriptomic analysis; a total of 491 genes were upregulated, while 736 genes were downregulated. Transcriptome analysis revealed that some differentially expressed genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, oxidation-reduction, fatty acid and secondary metabolism; This optimization process could potentially lead to significant alterations in the production levels and types of antimicrobial compounds by the strain. Metabolomics and UPLC/Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS analysis revealed that the production yields of antimicrobial compounds, such as surfactin, fengycin, shikimic acid, and myriocin, increased or were detected in the cell-free supernatant (CFS) after the fermentation optimization process. Our results indicate that fermentation optimization enhances the antifungal activity of the LZN01 strain by influencing the expression of genes responsible for the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds.

Process optimization and economic estimation of nitric acid dissolution for recycling waste wind blades

With the widespread retirement of wind turbines, many discarded waste wind blades have been generated, and how to handle them efficiently has become a critical issue. This study investigated the dissolution of discarded waste wind blades with nitric acid (HNO3) by varying acid concentration, reaction time, temperature, and HNO3 volume. Based on a series of single-factor experiments, the optimal conditions for low energy and acid consumption were determined, and the separation rate of resin reached 95%. As the cost-benefit analysis results suggested, an economic method to recycle a variety of high-value products was achieved. Furthermore, the implementation of a continuous chemical decomposition strategy for multi-batch processing significantly minimized acid consumption, resulting in a further reduction in recycling costs. This work provided an economically and technologically feasible way for recycling materials from decommissioned wind turbines, in order to answer the challenge of emerging solid waste management.

Extraction and Characterization of Cellulose from Kelp (Laminaria japonica) Residue

Abstract Kelp residue is the byproduct of industrial production of sodium alginate from kelp. An in-depth utilization of kelp residue not only creates higher economic value but also opens up a new pathway for comprehensive utilization of kelp. In this study, a method of first removing acid-soluble ash and then depleting protein was employed to extract cellulose components from kelp residue. Single-factor experiments demonstrated that treating kelp residue with 1.2 mol/L hydrochloric acid at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5 effectively removed acid-soluble ash. Subsequently, further treatment with 3% NaOH at a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10, conducted at 100 °C for 140 minutes, reduced the protein content in the extract to below 1%, with a cellulose yield of 33.5%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed that characteristic peaks attributed to cellulose existed in the extractive, while electron microscopy observations indicated that the extracted kelp residue cellulose exhibited irregular thin-sheet structures. The cellulose obtained in this study lays the foundation for its further utilization and processing into cellulose-derived products.

Preparation of eco-friendly and high-strength ceramsite by granite scraps, granite fine mud, and phosphogypsum: Response surface methodology optimization, environmental safety assessment

Granite scraps (GS), Granite fine mud (GFM), and phosphogypsum (PG) are solid wastes containing harmful substances produced during the processing of granite and the production of phosphate fertilizer. Their resourceful and harmless utilization holds great significance in reducing environmental pollution. This study explores the preparation of eco-friendly and high-strength ceramsite using GS as the primary material, GFM as the binder, and PG as the regulator. The performance of ceramsite was studied by conducting single-factor experiments to examine the impact of the GS, GFM, and PG mass ratios. The Box-Behnken response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the effect of sintering conditions on the strength of ceramsite. The results suggested that the properties of the ceramsite are affected by the material ratios. The sintering temperature and keeping time notably influence the strength of ceramsite. Under optimal preparation conditions, the ceramsite achieved a bulk density of 1085.40kg/m3, apparent density of 2253.63kg/m3, 1-h water absorption of 0.13%, hydrochloric acid soluble rate of 0.016%, and compressive strength of 34.52MPa. Importantly, high-temperature sintering plays an essential role in fixing heavy metals and reducing the ecological risk level of heavy metals in ceramsite, which ensures excellent environmental performance and application prospects for ceramsite.

Response Surface Optimization of the Extraction Process and the Antioxidant Capacity of Total Flavonoids from Microcos Paniculata L.

Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic method was used to extract the total flavonoids from Microcos Paniculata L. To optimize the extraction process, we have conducted single-factor experiments on the total flavonoids yield to provide a basis for analysis. After the results were evaluated, we carried out the response surface method to test the antioxidant properties of total flavonoids in Microcos Paniculata L. The evaluation of antioxidant capacity was done from four dimensions. According to the experiments, the optimal extraction parameters included: 40 mesh particle size, 20:1 liquid/feed ratio (mL/g), 250 W ultrasonic power, 400 W microwave power, 30 min extraction time, and a 60% volume fraction of ethanol. When all the conditions were met, the yield of total flavonoids from Microcos Paniculata L. could reach 6.01%. The total flavonoids from Microcos Paniculata L. could remove DPPH.and ABTS+. At the same mass concentration, the scavenging rates. were as high as 93.14% and 84.40%, respectively. They were close to the scavenging rates of Vc in the positive control group. This proves that the total flavonoids in Microcos Paniculata L. have a good antioxidant ability.

Optimizing Lactic Acid Bacteria Fermentation for Enhanced Summer and Autumn Tea Quality

The level of consumption of summer tea is a problem in the development of China’s tea industry. Current strategies to enhance the quality of summer and autumn teas primarily target the cultivation environment, with less emphasis on processing improvements. This study aimed to optimize the fermentation parameters to impact the quality of summer and autumn teas. We screened four strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) suitable for tea fermentation and determined their optimal mix. This optimized blend was applied to ferment summer and autumn teas. Through single-factor experiments, we evaluated the impact of various processing parameters, including the fixation method, rolling degree, inoculation amount, glucose concentration, fermentation temperature, and fermentation duration, on LAB growth and tea quality. The optimal processing conditions were established as microwave fixation, heavy rolling, an inoculation rate of 1.8% LAB, glucose addition at 8.8%, and fermentation at 36.5 °C for five days. Analysis revealed that the fermentation process significantly reduced the levels of polyphenols and ester-type catechins, which are associated with astringency and bitterness while enhancing the content of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Specifically, after five days, polyphenol content decreased by 26.89%, and GABA levels increased from 0.051 mg/g to 0.126 mg/g. The predominant aroma compounds in the fermented tea were alcohols with floral and fruity scents, constituting 54.63% of the total aroma profile. This research presents a methodical approach to reduce the astringency and bitterness of summer and autumn teas while concurrently increasing GABA levels.

Parametric investigation of laser incidence geometry in laser-assisted milling of Inconel 718

While laser-assisted milling machining is promising for promoting the machinability of Inconel 718, the geometrical parameters of laser beam relative to milling tool significantly influence its machining performance. In this work, we investigate the effects of various parameters of laser incidence geometry on the laser-assisted milling process of Inconel 718 by comprehensively employing analytical investigations, finite element simulations and experiments. Firstly, a laser-assisted milling experimental platform is constructed, and a fully coupled thermal-mechanical 3D finite element model of laser-assisted milling of Inconel 718 is established. Secondly, experiments and finite element simulations of laser-assisted milling of Inconel 718 are conducted to investigate the impact of laser assistance on cutting force and machined surface morphology. Results indicate that laser-assisted milling can moderately reduce cutting force and enhance surface quality compared to conventional milling. Thirdly, a single-factor experiment is carried out to explore the impact of laser incidence geometry parameters (laser power, laser incidence angle, and laser spot-tool edge distance) on the cutting force in laser-assisted milling of Inconel 718. Furthermore, the parametric investigation based on the response surface methodology is carried out to assess the coupled effects of the three parameters for deriving their optimal values. The experimental results show that the optimized parameters of laser-assisted milling can lead to a 47.4% reduction in surface roughness and a 25% reduction in cutting force, accompanied by significantly reduced tool wear, as compared to conventional milling. The findings demonstrate that the rational selection of laser incidence geometrical parameters is crucial for enhancing the laser-assisted milling capability for Inconel 718.

Preparation and Effectiveness of a Nano-Modified Composite Gel Foam in Preventing the Spontaneous Combustion of Coal

ABSTRACT In China, coal is considered the cornerstone in the energy mix for ensuring the security of national energy production. With the increasing intensity and depth of coal seam mining in China, spontaneous coal combustion in goaf areas has become a major issue affecting mine safety. The development of a nano-modified composite gel foam to prevent the spontaneous combustion of residual coal was therefore investigated in the current study. Chemical modification through intercalation and grafting was found to significantly enhance the water retention performance of the antioxidant component. In addition, the optimal component ratios were determined using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology. The modified gel foam, consisting of 2.995 wt% gelling agent, 0.25 wt% foaming agent, 0.296 wt% crosslinker, 0.491 wt% foam stabilizer, 3.772 wt% nanoparticles, and 2.964 wt% modified antioxidant, demonstrated environmental friendliness. Thermogravimetric experiments showed that the critical temperature for achieving a significant increase in the dehydration rate rose from 80 to 120°C after modification. Compared with typical inhibitors, the nano-modified gel foam exhibited a superior performance in terms of preventing coal oxidation and spontaneous combustion, particularly at low temperatures. Oxidation during the oxygen absorption and weight gain stages was also effectively inhibited, and the high temperature combustion processes were suppressed.

Improvement of wire marks on the surface of Si3N4 ceramics cut by diamond wire saw

The presence of wavy wire marks on the cut surface of silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics reduces the mechanical properties of the slices and increases the workload of subsequent grinding and polishing processes. To improve the wire marks, a workpiece reciprocating movement-assisted diamond wire sawing (RMA-DWS) technology is proposed in this paper. While diamond wire sawing the Si3N4 ceramics, the workpiece is moved back and forth in the direction of the saw wire movement to assist in sawing. Single factor and orthogonal experiments were carried out to analyze the characteristics of the surface created by this sawing technology. The effects of workpiece reciprocating movement distance, workpiece reciprocating movement speed, saw wire speed and feed speed on the sawn surface morphology, surface roughness Ra and wire marks PV value, as well as the primary and secondary relationships of the effects, were investigated. And the optimal parameter combinations were explored. The results show that within the range of process parameters studied in this paper, the surface morphology of Si3N4 ceramics slices shows a comprehensive effect of material ductility and brittleness removal, the RMA-DWS technology can improve wire marks on the slice surface. Surface wire marks PV value can be reduced by increasing the workpiece reciprocating movement distance and saw wire speed, reducing the feed speed, while increasing the reciprocating movement speed of the workpiece, the PV value shows a trend of first decreasing and then increasing. The variation amplitude of surface roughness Ra value is not significant, and the variation trend is roughly similar to the change trend of PV value. It was determined that the experiment with the process parameters combination of 0.1 m/min feed speed, 90 mm workpiece reciprocating distance, 15 mm/s workpiece reciprocating speed and 1400 m/min saw wire speed yielded the optimal result, significantly improving the wire marks of the sliced surface. The results of this paper provide ideas for the development of sawing wire marks improvement technology.

Optimisation of Not-from-Concentrate Goji Juice Processing Using Fuzzy Mathematics and Response Surface Methodology and Its Quality Assessment

Not-from-concentrate (NFC) juice effectively retains the original characteristics of the fruit. Despite the various health benefits of Goji berries, reports on the processing technology and quality changes of NFC goji juice are lacking. We optimised the processing technology of NFC goji juice. Employing fuzzy mathematics evaluation combined with response surface methodology based on single-factor experiments, the physicochemical, nutritional, and microbiological indicators of the juice were determined. Gas chromatography-ion mobility spectroscopy was used to analyse changes in volatile compounds before and after processing. The optimal processing parameters were: times for homogenisation, ultrasonication, and sterilisation of 2 min, 3 min, and 85 s, respectively, and sterilisation temperature of 102 °C. The resulting product had a sensory evaluation score of 85.5 and a rich, pleasant taste. The ratio of total soluble solids to titratable acidity and turbidity were 12.8 and 1420 NTU, respectively. Post-processing, the contents of β-carotene, polysaccharides, and betaine increased by 57.3%, 26.7%, and 31.5%, respectively. Microbiological indicators met Chinese national limits for food pollutants and microorganisms. The total relative content of volatile substances in NFC goji juice decreased by 19.86% after processing. This study provides a theoretical reference for the intensive processing and development of high-value goji berries.

A novel approach for improving carbon fixation of Chlorella sp. by elements in converter steel slag using machine learning

This study investigates the biomass and carbon fixation rate of Chlorella sp. by the main valuable elements in converter steel slag in F/2 seawater medium. The results indicate that Ca, Mg, P, Si, Fe, and Mn can increase the biomass and carbon fixation rate of Chlorella sp., while Cu, Zn, Cr, and Al can decrease the biomass and carbon fixation rate of Chlorella sp.. Three machine learning methods known as Back Propagation neural network (BPNN), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF) were applied to construct the prediction model for the carbon fixation rate of Chlorella sp. based on real-life experimental data obtained from single factor experiments. The overall results exhibited that the BPNN model is better than the DT model and RF model to predict the carbon fixation rate of Chlorella sp.. Finally, the maximum carbon fixation rate for Chlorella sp. predicted by BPNN model is 50.86 mg/(L·d), which was 2.46 times that of the control group, under the optimum conditions of Ca 5.77 g/L, Mg 4.74 g/L, P 1.27 g/L, Si 6.31×10−1 g/L, Fe 6.50×10−4 g/L, Mn 5.00×10−5 g/L, Cu 2.51×10−6 g/L, Zn 4.98×10−6 g/L, Cr 0 g/L, and Al 0 g/L in F/2 seawater medium.

Optimized medium conditions maximize colony regeneration from a single cell of Botryococcus braunii NIES836

Botryococcus braunii is a colonial alga recognized for its slow growth but high hydrocarbon accumulation. Although using genetic engineering to increase the growth rate and hydrocarbon yield of B. braunii is desirable, the presence of an extracellular matrix (ECM) significantly hinders the emergence of a homogeneous colony from a single DNA-transformed cell. Previously, we developed a method to isolate single cells without ECM from colonies. However, following the isolation of single cells, several months are required to regenerate colonies with a sufficient cell mass for subsequent analysis. To shorten the colony regeneration period, we investigated basal media and medium components, along with growth-promoting additives, in a series of single-factor experiments and optimized the concentrations of the medium constituents via response surface methodology (RSM). The results of the single-factor experiments revealed that the nitrogen source (a mixture of NaNO3 and NH4NO3), 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA) and Fe(III)-citrate significantly increased the growth of B. braunii single cells into colonies. The optimal medium composition identified by RSM included 151.6 mg/L nitrogen source, 2.419 mg/L NAA and 15.3 mg/L Fe(III)-citrate. Verification experiments showed that the optimized medium resulted in a 1.75-fold increase in colony size compared with that of colonies grown in nonoptimized AF6 medium. This is the first report of the optimal medium composition for the regeneration of B. braunii colonies from single cells.

Optimization and evaluation of biologically active compound with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties from peony seed meal

Peony seed meal is produced annually on a large scale in China, resulting in considerable solid residue. Unfortunately, most of this residue is discarded, thereby creating environmental pressure. However, the untapped medicinal value of peony seed meal prompted us to establish an efficient methodology for optimizing the extraction and purification of total alkaloid, followed by a detailed analysis of its biological activities. A single-factor experiment and an orthogonal test were used to identify the optimal extraction parameters. Then, further optimization was performed using the response surface methodology. The extract was enriched using D-101 macroporous adsorption resin. Subsequently, silica gel column chromatography was used for separation, and high-performance liquid chromatography was used for further separation and quantification. Meanwhile, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) was used to identify alkaloid components. Finally, the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory were evaluated. The optimal extraction conditions substantially improved the yield of alkaloids. A total of 15 alkaloids were separated. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of Sophoridine, which accounted for 91.88 % of the total alkaloid content. The antibacterial activity of the total alkaloid was tested, and the lowest inhibitory concentrations of E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 29213 were 0.04516 and 0.05645 mg/mL, respectively. Additionally, total alkaloid had an inhibitory effect on ear swelling induced by xylene and toe swelling induced by egg white, reducing by 80 % and 24 %, respectively. The current research discovered the antibacterial activity of PSM alkaloid, which has important practical significance for the research and development of new plant-derived antibacterial agents.