Single Cylinder CI Engine Research Articles

Performance, combustion and emission parameters of Scenedesmus obliquus methyl ester in single-cylinder CI engine: an experimental study

Performance, combustion and emission parameters of Scenedesmus obliquus methyl ester in single-cylinder CI engine: an experimental study

Investigations on animal fat biodiesel selected blend by varying the fuel injection pressures and timings in the four-stroke single cylinder compression ignition engine

In the earlier investigations on the animal fat biodiesel, the authors have found that blend 20 was suitable to run the engine. In the CI engines, operating input parameters, FIPs and FITs, are the significant parameters to improve the engine performance and emission characteristics. Biodiesel was prepared by the transesterification process and blended with 20% diesel fuel to get AFB20 blend and to carried out the experiments by varying the FIPs by 180, 200, 220 and 240 bars and FITs by 19°, 21°, 23°, 25° and 27° bTDCs. The experiments were investigated in the single-cylinder 4S CI engine. In the evaluation, it was found that the FIP of 200 bar and 180 bar consumes 0.96% lower BSFC compared to 240 & 220 bars and exhibits a higher BTE of 2.6%. 1.62% lower EGT was found in 240 bar compared to 180 bar. 0.86% lower UBHC and 24.67% lower smoke emissions were observed in 200 and 240 bars. Lower BSFC was found in the 23° IT and higher BTE was found in 19° IT. Lower EGT and UBHC emissions were found in 19° IT. Lower EGT and CO emissions were found in 19° CA and higher CO emission was found in 23° IT at full load.

Effect of by-product fusel oil-diesel blends fuel on emissions of single-cylinder CI engine

Effect of by-product fusel oil-diesel blends fuel on emissions of single-cylinder CI engine

Impact of mustard biodiesel and clove oil additives on particulate matter emission and carbon deposition in diesel engines

Recent studies suggest that the world is facing an energy crisis due to the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. To combat this issue, researchers have turned to biodiesel, a renewable bioenergy source made from vegetable oils, microalgae, and animal fats. A recent study analysed engine parts’ particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition during the long-term use of mustard biodiesel and clove oil as antioxidants in a compression ignition engine. Three samples of fuels: DF (diesel fuel), B30 (30% mustard biodiesel and 70% DF), and biodiesel blended fuel with 3000 PPM in a single-cylinder CI engine. The use of 30% biodiesel in diesel fuel (B30) for the endurance test was based on a good mix. The engine was run for 100 h to investigate the particulate matter emissions and carbon deposition. The particulate matter emission data was collected every 25 h, and for carbon deposition, the engine’s fuel injector was turned off after 100 h of engine running. The results showed a reduction in particulate matter emissions of about 9.97%, 13.367%, 7.24%, 14.64%, 5.3%, 12.32%, 1.88%, and 7.99% for PM1, PM2.5, PM7, and PM10 in biodiesel blended fuel and biodiesel blended fuel with clove oil, respectively. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with the other fuels. Carbon deposition of the fuel injector was analysed through SEM and EDX tests, and the results showed that the carbon content in biodiesel blended fuel was lower than in diesel fuel. The deposition of clove oil added to biodiesel blended fuel in the fuel injector has been reduced compared with biodiesel blended fuel.

Comparative Assessment of Head Deposition, Exhaust Gas Temperature and Sound Emission in CI Engine using Blend Fuel

Energy has a significant role in the socio-economic growth for any country. The energy originates from fossil fuels, which are non-renewable and enact an undesirable impact on the environment. Waste cooking oil can be utilized in diesel engine directly. Preheating and trans-esterification process are expensive to convert waste cooking oil into biodiesel. This research aims to replace diesel with waste cooking oil as binary blend and compared with diesel fuel. Engine testing at the constant speed of 1300 rpm at constant load. This study revealed that, addition of waste cooking oil reduced exhaust gas temperature as compared to base line fuel. In case of noise emission, sound level for emulsion fuel DF95WCO5 was reduced compared to DF. In this study, a single-cylinder CI engine was run for 200 hours on two fuel samples: DF (diesel fuel) as the baseline fuel and DF95WCO5 (5% waste cooking oil and 95% DF). During the endurance test, the effects of DF95WCO5 on engine head deposits were studied. According to the investigation's findings, visual inspection of both fuel samples revealed some deposit buildup on injectors. SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) analysis revealed that the engine running with DF95WCO5 formed more carbon deposits on and around the head. It can be concluded that binary emulsion can be used in compression ignition engine without any engine alterations. Consequently, WCO can be proficiently used to reduce detrimental effects and reduce fossil fuel dependency.

Numerical Analysis of the Effects of Fuel Injection Duration and Spray Angle on the Combustion Process in a Compression Ignition Engine

The changes in injection strategies for diesel engines have a major impact on the performance and pollutant emission characteristics of diesel engines. If injection strategies like injection duration, injection timing, injection pressure and spray angle are properly adjusted, combustion can be improved. The engine performance will increase and emissions will decrease with the combustion improvement. In this work, the influences of injection duration and spray angle on the combustion characteristics of single cylinder, natural aspirated, electronically controlled injection, compression ignition engine were investigated. In the first stage of the work, experiments were executed on a single cylinder CI engine using a Cussons P8160 DC dynamometer. After the experiments, the piston bowl geometry of the engine was modeled and numerical simulation studies were achieved at 7 different injection durations and 7 different spray angles using Converge CFD software. As a result of this study, it was observed that there is a good match between experimental and simulation data of heat release rate (HRR) and in-cylinder pressure. In-cylinder pressure decreased with longer injection duration. The highest max. in-cylinder pressure was roughly 101.0 bar at 4°CA injection duration and the lowest max. in-cylinder pressure was roughly 82.0 bar at 10°CA injection duration. When the HRR data were analyzed, it was seen that as the injection duration increased, the amount of heat released by combustion decreased. When examining the results of the spray angle analysis, it was concluded that there were not very large differences in-cylinder pressure and HRR data, and there was a difference of 1.4 bar between the highest and lowest max. in-cylinder pressure values. In addition, the highest in-cylinder pressure of approximately 86.7 bar was obtained at a spray angle of 77°. It was observed that the CA50 value was obtained at angles closer to the top dead center by increasing the spray angle and decreasing the injection duration. Moreover, the longest combustion durations were realized at 60° spray angle and 10°CA injection duration.

Impact of additives from moringa stenopetela leaf extract and ethanol on the emission characteristics and performance of soybean biodiesel for single cylinder CI engine

The study investigates the effect of ethanol and Moringa antioxidant on the performance and emission characteristics of a Soybean biodiesel blend (B15, B20, and B25) using a direct injection, four-stroke, naturally aspirated, water-cooled single-cylinder diesel engine equipped with SCADA software. The effect of reaction parameters on FAEE yield such as, time, catalyst concentration, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, and blending quality, was optimized using the one factor at a time experimental technique. The maximum yield of 97.8% biodiesel was produced at the ideal catalyst concentration, blending quality, alcohol to oil molar ratio, and time of 1 h, are 1%, 12:1, and 500 rpm, respectively. The Rancimat method was used to assess the oxidative stability of pure biodiesel after the natural antioxidant (extracted from Moringa leaf) was added at concentrations of 1500, 2500, 3500, and 4500 ppm. The addition of antioxidants to biodiesel significantly increased its induction time from 4.52 to 19.98 h. Brake-thermal efficiency increased by 4.4% whereas brake-specific fuel consumptions decreased by 4.6% for B15E2M (15% SB+2E + M) when compared to B15. Emission characteristics of B25E2M showed higher reduction of CO, HC and NOx by 20.27%, 8% and 7% as compared to the B25 respectively. The physicochemical qualities, performance, and emission characteristics of B15 blends with additive are generally comparable to those of diesel fuel. In conclusion, both additives significantly improved the combustion performance of soybean biodiesel blend.

Effect on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris methyl ester algae in a single cylinder CI engine

Effect on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of Chlorella vulgaris methyl ester algae in a single cylinder CI engine

Optimization and modeling of the performance of compression ignition engine fired on biofuel from non-edible vegetable oils

Compression ignition CI engine are versatile engines required for both industrial and domestic purposes. CI finds application in household mill, transportation and as components in energy plants. Operating the CI engine with biodiesel and its combination with fossil-based diesel is being encouraged to combat environmental menace of using only fossil diesel. This current work seeks to probe into comparison between the use of biodiesel and its emulsion to improve the performance CI engine. Methyl esters was synthesized from blends of three nonedible oils; Tevetia Peruviana, Honne and Neem (THN) using catalyst made from three bio wastes mixture. The production process was optimized using Taguchi tool. The THN methyl esters (THNME) obtained was assessed for fuel properties. Box Behnken tool was adopted to generate 17 investigational steps to explore the effect of THNME 100 and parts containing 20% and 60% of THNME on the fuel efficiency and safety of the CI engine. These fuel mixes were used as fuel in an unmodified single cylinder CI engine. The engine was operated on three engine loads (EL) 25%, 50% and 75% as well as engine speeds (ES) 1500, 2500 and 3500 rpm (rpm). The result obtained showed that blend of THNME with fossil diesel has the minimum exhaust gas temperature EGT. ANOVA of the performance result shows that the model developed is suitable to predict the behaviour of brake power and exhaust gas temperature only. This work conclude that B20 is moderately fuel efficient and safer for the unmodified engine in terms of EGT and BSFC.Novelty: Emulsion of THNME B20 is a preferred fuel for the safety of the unmodified CI engine because of low EGT

Influence of ethyl proxitol on cold filter plugging point, combustion, emissions characteristics of biodiesel blends in CI engines

In this study, it is aimed to enhance the suitability of biodiesel blends for cold region applications while preserving or even improving combustion and emissions characteristics. The effects of ethyl proxitol additive as an additive to biodiesel blends were investigated. Specifically, two test fuels were formulated namely E15B30 (30% biodiesel, 15% ethyl proxitol, and 55% diesel) and E15B40 (40% biodiesel, 15% ethyl proxitol, and 45% diesel). Experiments were conducted using a single-cylinder CI engine under various operating conditions. Experimental results revealed significant improvements in combustion efficiency, as evidenced by enhanced CGP, HRR, and MGT values, particularly at medium and high engine loads. Additionally, the introduction of ethyl proxitol positively influenced the cold flow plugging point values of the fuel blends, making the fuel blends more suitable for use in cold climates. These improvements were achieved without any significant deviation in emissions parameters, highlighting the environmental friendliness of the fuel blends. This study not only presents a practical solution for addressing cold weather challenges in biodiesel applications but also contributes to the broader goals of sustainability, environmental responsibility, and potential economic benefits. The findings underscore the potential of biodiesel with ethyl proxitol as a promising advancement in alternative fuels.

Combustion of raw Camelina sativa oil in CI engine equipped with common rail system

During the world energy transformation, using some vegetable oils as fuel enables the production of clean and inexpensive energy with the application of the well-known technology of the CI engine. The common rail (CR) fuel system gives many opportunities related to creating an air–fuel mixture and its efficient combustion. Can the system dedicated to diesel oil be used to inject vegetable oil and control its combustion effectively? This paper presents some results of the application of the injection strategy for raw Camelina sativa (CS) oil fueling. The test was conducted on the AVL single-cylinder CI engine equipped with a CR system for engine speed n = 1500 rpm and different excess air coefficients (1.1 < λ < 2.1). The engine parameters and performance obtained for raw CS oil were compared with the results obtained for diesel oil fueling for the same and slightly modified injection strategy. The experiment demonstrated how much the combustion process and its effects differ for these two fuels. In addition, several aspects related to the cultivation and use of Camelina sativa oil as a renewable energy source are presented.

Performance analysis of Single-Cylinder CI Engine with Turmeric Leaf Oil Biodiesel at Different Operating Conditions

Biodiesel, made from vegetable oils, non-edible oils, and animal fats, is a promising diesel alternative. The performance of a single-cylinder diesel engine using turmeric leaf oil biodiesel is examined in this study. Three biodiesel blends—B10, B20, and B30—were tested against diesel fuel. The highest brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 24.84% and the lowest brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) of 0.28 kg/kWh were achieved using diesel fuel at 600 bar injection pressure, 18 compression ratio, and full engine load. With the same operating conditions, biodiesel blends B10 (23.84% and 0.29 kg/kWh), B20 (23.38% and 0.32 kg/kWh), and B30 (23.22% and 0.34 kg/kWh) had BTE and BSFC values.

Performance-emission effect of n-butanol in Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition regimes of biodiesel combustion

ABSTRACT A comprehensive investigation has been undertaken to explore the effect of split injection phasing under simultaneous port fuel-injected butanol-induced reactivity phasing on the standard biodiesel combustion regimes in an existing single-cylinder diesel engine. Experiments were conducted on a four-stroke single-cylinder CI engine coupled with a manifold intake system at a constant speed of 1500 rpm. Butanol injected (0 ms, 2 ms, 3 ms, 4 ms) through the PFI system was varied along with the split injection timing (55° PISA −23° MISA CA bTDC, 45° PISA −15° MISA CA bTDC, 35° PISA −5° MISA CA bTDC) and pilot injection quantity (25%, 50%, 75%) of Mahua biodiesel. Analysis revealed that the minimum brake-specific energy consumption and the highest exergy efficiency registered were respectively 28.86% lower and 110.29% higher than baseline biodiesel operation. The emission parameters of NOX, Soot, CO, and unburnt hydrocarbons under the induced RCCI regimes also registered a drastic 58.56%, 82.48%, 83.48%, and 97% lower footprint than baseline diesel operation at full load.

Combined influence of n-butanol and ethyl hexyl nitrate on engine characteristics of the plastic oil-diesel blend fueled CI engine

Waste plastics collected over several years slowly rot in land fills and show a significant threat to the atmosphere. Through catalytic pyrolysis, hydrocarbons contained in the waste plastics may probably be transformed into plastic oil. Recycled waste plastic oil (WPO) used in CI engines provides a suitable remedy for waste plastic management. But inclusion of alcohol in WPO-Diesel blend increases the NOx emission. A four-stroke single-cylinder CI engine was used to conduct emission and performance testing. When compared to Diesel-WPO blend, results indicated that n-butanol mixing emitted lower emissions of HC, CO, smoke and higher NOx emission. The mixture of n-butanol in the fuel blend improved the brake thermal efficiency and decreased specific fuel consumption compared to the blend of WPO-diesel. The inclusion of EHN to the Diesel-WPO-n-butanol ternary blends lowered the emission of NOx up to 24%, but slightly increased the emission of CO up to 6.4%, HC up to 6.6% and smoke up to 8.7%, although the values are still lower than WPO-diesel blends. The usage of EHN in ternary fuel blends increased brake thermal efficiency (BTE) up to 1.6%. Therefore, the inclusion of oxygenated alcohol and cetane improver to WPO-diesel blend is efficient for a engine.

Combustion and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with diesel fuel and different concentrations of amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube

Nanoparticles have recently been used as fuel additives to enhance diesel engine performance and exhaust gas emissions. Amino-functionalized multiwalled carbon nannotubes (NH2-MWCNTs) are catalysts that can be applied in diesel engines because of their promising properties. This study conducted an experimental investigation to determine the impacts of adding NH2-MWCNTs to diesel fuel using a single-cylinder CI engine running at a constant speed (1500 rpm) and various loads. The NH2-MWCNTs were added to diesel fuel at four concentrations of 25, 50, 75, and 100 ppm. Also, the same doses of pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were added to diesel to be used as a reference for NH2-MWCNTs. Most NH2-MWCNTs blends were preferred in combustion characteristics, engine performance, and exhaust emissions compared to diesel and MWCNTs blends. Thus, there was a considerable increase in cylinder pressure and heat release rate compared to pure diesel. Also, the brake thermal efficiency was increased, and the brake-specific fuel consumption was decreased compared to diesel. Most NH2-MWCNTs combinations appeared to decrease NOx, soot, and CO levels significantly. The NH2-MWCNTs blends are generally favored over the pristine MWCNTs blends in reducing exhaust emissions.

Performance-emission optimization in a single cylinder CI-engine with diesel hydrogen dual fuel: A spherical fuzzy MARCOS MCGDM based Type-3 fuzzy logic approach

This paper presents a novel approach to optimize the performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder compression ignition engine using diesel-hydrogen dual fuel. A TMI (timed manifold injection) system was designed employing an ECU (electronic control unit) for hydrogen induction into the engine manifold. The results showed a significant enhancement in BTHE (12.44% Max. enhancement at 85% full load condition under DH4 strategy) compared to base-diesel operation. The NOx emissions were enhanced to a maximum of 10.33 g/kw-hr at full load under the DH4 strategy. The emissions of UHC were found to be higher at lower loads and get significantly reduced to a maximum of 3.98 g/kw-hr at full load under the DH2 strategy. In comparison, soot emissions decrease substantially and are reduced to a maximum of 0.02 g/kw-hr at 85% full load condition under the DH5 strategy. The proposed method utilizes a Spherical Fuzzy MARCOS MCGDM-based Type-3 Fuzzy Logic approach, which integrates several criteria and uncertain inputs to improve decision-making. The paper outlines the theoretical framework of the approach and the experimental setup used for validation. The results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly reduces emissions while simultaneously improving the engine's performance. Overall, this study offers an innovative and effective solution for optimizing the performance and emissions of diesel-hydrogen dual fuel engines.

Application of a q-rung orthopair hesitant fuzzy aggregated Type-3 fuzzy logic in the characterization of performance-emission profile of a single cylinder CI-engine operating with hydrogen in dual fuel mode

The experimental investigation was carried out in a single-cylinder, 4-stroke diesel engine which using hydrogen and diesel under dual fuel strategy to study the performance and emission spectra on the existing engine platforms. A TMI (timed manifold injection) system was designed employing an ECU (electronic control unit) for hydrogen induction into the engine manifold. The results showed a significant enhancement in BTHE (12.44% Max. enhancement at 85% full load condition under DH4 strategy) compared to base-diesel operation. The NOx emissions was enhanced to a maximum of 10.33 g/kw-hr at full load under DH4 strategy. The emissions of UHC was found to be higher at lower loads and gets significantly reduced to a maximum of 3.98 g/kw-hr at full load under DH2 strategy, while soot emissions decreases substantially and reduced to a maximum of 0.02 g/kw-hr at 85% full load condition under DH5 strategy. The trade-off study along-with an advanced q-Rung Orthopair Hesitant Fuzzy Aggregated Type-3 Fuzzy Logic System consolidated the suitable prediction for the performance and emission paradigms which confirms the verity that Diesel-H2 dual fuel operation was for high performance-low emission paradox. Thus an impending platform is developed with H2-disel dual fuel operation for the existing engine set-up.

Enhancement of the diesel fuel characteristics by using nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotube additives

Nanoparticles are considered promising additives to diesel fuel and significantly affect engine performance and exhaust emission levels. Nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (N-doped MWCNTs) are one of the effective catalysts owing to their promising properties, which have recently increased their usability in many applications. These features make them good candidates as a catalyst to enhance diesel engine performance. The effects of adding N-doped MWCNTs into diesel fuel for a single-cylinder CI engine working at a rated speed of 1500 rpm and different loads were studied. Four doses of N-doped MWCNTs were added to diesel fuel using ultrasonic dispersion. Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as reference additives to compare their results with those obtained by N-doped MWCNTs. The results illustrated that most blends of N-doped MWCNTs were preferred in combustion behavior, engine performance, and exhaust emission analysis with respect to diesel and MWCNTs blends. Thus, there was a significant increase in the in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate compared to pure diesel. Also, the brake thermal efficiency was increased, and the brake specific fuel consumption was reduced compared to diesel. For all N-doped MWCNTs blends, there were remarkable reductions in NOx, soot, and CO formations, and it is mainly preferred over MWCNTs/diesel blends in exhaust emissions reduction.

Experimental Investigations to Reduce Co2 Emission in a Single Cylinder Ci Engine Using Waste Plastic Oil Blend Combined With Lemon Peel Oil Under Dual Fuel Mode of Operation

Experimental Investigations to Reduce Co2 Emission in a Single Cylinder Ci Engine Using Waste Plastic Oil Blend Combined With Lemon Peel Oil Under Dual Fuel Mode of Operation

Study of PCCI engine operating on pine oil diesel blend (P50) with benzyl alcohol and diethyl ether

This article examines the effect of premixing of benzyl alcohol and Diethyl Ether (DEE) in a CI engine fuelled with pine oil diesel fuel blend. The fuel sample is prepared by blending 50% of pine oil with 50% of diesel fuel (P50) on volume basics. The benzyl alcohol and diethyl ether were injected in the premixing ratio of 10% and 20% on the CI engine fuelled with P50. The experimental analysis was conducted in a 4-stroke single cylinder CI engine with added provision to operate on PCCI mode. The engine was operated with constant speed and tested at different torque condition ranging from 0 to 100 % in the interval of 25%. The experiment results shows that premixing of benzyl alcohol and diethyl ether enhanced the brake thermal efficiency by 4.5 % and 8.75 % than P50 respectively and brake specific energy consumptions was low when compared to neat P50 operation. Premixing of diethyl ether and benzyl alcohol increased the emission of CO and HC whereas reduced smoke and NOx emission. There was increase in peak combustion pressure and heat release rate with the premixing of benzyl alcohol however, premixing of diethyl ether resulted in reverse trend.