Single Corporation Research Articles

Thin Squeak of a Sparrow. The Case of Hieromonk Hieronymus of Solovki as a Manifestation of an Internal Ideological Conflict in Russia at the Beginning of the Reign of Nicholas I (1829–1830)

Introduction. By the time of Alexander I’s death in November 1825, the internal ideological conflict in Russia had reached its peak. The Decembrist Uprising proved that liberal reforms had put the country on the brink of revolution. In this regard, the aim of the article is to show the chaotic situation in which the new emperor, Nicholas I, had to develop and affirm in the public consciousness different versions of state policy from the previous ones. Methods. The research methods are the case study method, which consists in analyzing the documents deposited in the State Archives of the Russian Federation on the investigation in the Third Department of His Imperial Majesty Chancellery of the case of Hieromonk Hieronymus of the Great Tikhvin Monastery, as well as classical methods of analysis, primarily the method of historical anthropology, which shows in this example the reaction of representatives of different social groups in Russia to the crisis. This subject has not yet been studied in Russian historiography. It is studied on the basis of unpublished documents of the State Archives of the Russian Federation. Analysis. At the beginning of the 19th century, Russian society was in a state of constant upheaval. The representatives of the highest authorities were not confident that they could count on the support of the nobility as a single corporation or the foreign servicemen who occupied responsible posts. But the danger of the situation also lay in the fact that the authorities could not and did not want to rely on representatives of the underprivileged strata of society, to which Hieronymus belonged. Results. The article concludes that the extreme centralization of government was a forced step by Nicholas I in order to stop any ideological polemics that were destroying the state. This affected many, including even those who, like Hieromonk Hieronymus, who had certain fame in religious circles and among the laity, could create public sentiments that would contribute to the future perception of the famous ideological triad of Nicholas’s reign (the theory of official nationality).

ГЕНЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ШТАБ ЭПОХИ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ В НОВОМ ИССЛЕДОВАНИИ А.В. ГАНИНА

В статье рецензируется двухтомная монография А.В. Ганина «Кадры Генерального штаба в период Гражданской войны в России 1917–1922 гг.». Рецензируемая работа помещена в контекст исследований по истории Генерального штаба в Европе и в Российской империи. Представлены основные выводы автора, проанализирована методология исследования, отмечаются возможные пути развития темы. The article reviews the two-volume monograph by A. V. Ganin “Personnel of the General Staff during the Civil War in Russia 1917–1922.” The work is placed in the context of research on the history of the General Staff in Europe and, in particular, in the Russian Empire. The review presents the author's main conclusions, analyzes the research methodology, and notes possible ways to develop the topic. The work of A.V. Ganin represents the history of the General Staff as a single corporation that split under the influence of the civil war. The historian analyzed the fate of 2,859 graduates of the General Staff Academy and accelerated courses, as well as students who did not complete their studies. The book combines statistical data and descriptions of individual destinies. Using extensive material, A.V. Ganin shows that on the eve of 1917, the bulk of the General Staff were politically immature people who were far from public issues. During revolutionary events, as a rule, they behaved passively and followed events. The choice of one side or another during the civil war was more often determined by random factors. The study is built on a strong archival base, presented in clear and simple language, poses and resolves deep questions that go far beyond the topic of the Civil War in Russia.

Transfer of Funds Via Brilink an Analytical Study of Transactions Within the Framework of Wakalah Bil Ujrah Contract

With today's economic developments, Brilink has emerged as an initiative to provide more efficient and flexible services to the community. Brilink represents a collaboration between Bank BRI and its customers. Within its system, once a partnership is established and officially incorporated into a single corporation, it facilitates ease of transactions both within the same bank and across different banks. This service benefits customers and other parties wishing to conduct transactions without the cumbersome process of visiting a bank directly. This paper aims to elaborate on fund transfers via Brilink and analyze transactions in the context of the wakalah bil ujrah contract. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the study’s findings indicate that fund transfer transactions through Brilink do not constitute riba or usury from an Islamic perspective. This is primarily because the contract is based on mutual consent, involves no coercion, and is mutually beneficial. It also ensures transparency, wherein the customer pays a fee to the agent for the transactional services provided. This payment represents voluntary assistance or a form of mutual aid

Development of Internal Trade Routes and Centers under the Kakatiyas

Abstract: During the Kakatiya period internal trade seems to have been in a fairly prosperous condition. The Kakatiya rulers, royal families, subordinate chiefs and others also encouraged development of internal trade. The trade was conducted by wellorganized merchant guilds. The epigraphical sources reveal that several kinds of merchant guilds used to carry on the commercial operations in the kingdom. The guilds were famous for carrying on the trade and each guild acted as a single corporation and their acts were recognized and respected by all. The guilds also tried to maintain cordial relations with the state since the successful functioning of trade and commerce depended upon the stability of the government and peace and order that prevailed in the kingdom. According to historical sources, the Kakatiya rulers, after remarkable development in agriculture and industry, widened the extent of internal trade centers and brought new markets and constructed good highways for the easy transport of commodities from place to another. Under these favorable circumstances, a brisk internal trade flourished.

Legal Review of Corporate Crime Against Sanctions as Substitute for Fines (District Court of Serang, Banten, Indonesia)

This study aims to examine, analyze and understand the concept of corporate criminal responsibility and the reformulation of alternative criminal penalties against corporations for unpaid fines. Several criminal cases that have been resolved at the Serang District Court until 2020 have not found a single corporation that has been tried and convicted for committing a corporate crime. The judge is only passive, the judge's authority is only to examine, hear and decide cases based on the indictment made by the public prosecutor. Return of court case files to the prosecutor's office only if the indictment does not meet material requirements. PERMA Number 13 of 2016 does not regulate if the criminal fine cannot be paid by the corporation due to insufficient or non-existent corporate assets. This research was conducted in a normative juridical manner so that the disclosure was bound by a method based on the requirements of deductive logic, prioritizing literature studies with secondary data bases, namely primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. In terms of evidence in court, if the fact is found that the corporation should also be a legal subject who can be held criminally responsible, the public prosecutor should have made a separate indictment for the legal subject of the corporation so that the corporation does not escape its responsibility. The provisions in PERMA No. 13 of the Year should regulate corporate assets if they do not pay the fines enough or even do not have the assets to pay the fines. Law enforcement officials should investigate the assets of the corporation first.

Impact of Business Law on Financial Transactions with Perspective to Commercial Licensing Spectrum

Impact of business regulation alongside its business exchanges assumes a crucial part in the corporate area, regarding permitting commercial licensing. The aim of this investigation was to identify and map the business sector, including merchants, exporters, and joint venture owners, who carry out their operations in accordance with legal permission, regulations, and norms. Both essential and extra information was provided in this research-based learning technique. In the essential phase of the procedure, two surveys were made, each containing things relating to strategy and current legitimate guidelines. For the overview, respondents were approached to recognize any guidelines that affected business exchanges or imports specifically. In an optional technique, a subjective system that utilizes the inductive strategy to get information from the broker's yearly books, multinational companies, authoritative records, shippers and an exporter's authoritative reports, unfamiliar financial backers and particularly from the public authority authorities, who are designated to rehearse the law and its principles of guidelines. The gathered information was inspected utilizing Statistical package for social sciences 21st release content investigation apparatuses and an inductive methodology. In discoveries I observed that the most the organizations are being forced to rehearse the permitting system technique in their business and legitimate customs. Yet, in end alongside these limitations few firms, SMEs and others are yet abusing legitimate and economic accords. Every single corporation and company owner are being pressured by the government to comply with the rules of corporate and business law. In order to provide a clear visual representation of monetary values.

Sole companies: analysis and feasibility in Iran and the United States of America

The purpose of the article was to analyze the legislation governing sole proprietorships in Iran. Although the new draft commercial law and the existing laws in European and American companies indicate the possibility of forming a sole proprietorship, it is not possible in Iran to form a sole proprietorship under the existing regulations, especially the existing commercial law. Methodologically in the essay, based on a comparative study on American commercial law and through analytical issues, we point out that, from the analytical (not legal) point of view, the formation of such corporations not only does not face any strong obstacles, but also, it can be beneficial in various ways. We then present the benefits of the Single Corporation and finally discuss the administration and liquidation of these Corporations. Everything allows us to conclude that, the idea of forming a sole corporation is unusual in Iran, but it is also accepted by the state-owned companies. Therefore, the Iranian legislator can develop this idea and apply it to private business enterprises. However, it is noted that permission to run such companies should be considered while ensuring the rights of third parties.

Understanding Consolidated Returns

Section 1501 allows all of the members of an affiliated group of corporations to elect to file a consolidated return. A consolidated return permits the includible members of an affiliated group of corporations to combine their incomes into a single return. The detailed rules for filing consolidated returns are found in regulations promulgated pursuant to a broad delegation of authority in section 1502 of the Internal Revenue Code. In general, the regulations reflect a “single entity” approach that attempts to treat the several members of a consolidated group in the same manner as divisions of a single corporation. This article explains the most important general principles governing consolidated returns and is intended to provide an overview of the consolidated return regulations for lawyers who are generally unfamiliar with the detailed rules. Among other topics, the article explains (1) the rules governing eligibility to file a consolidated return, (2) the computation of consolidated taxable income, including relevant limitations on the use of net operating losses, (3) intercompany transactions and distributions, (4) stock basis adjustments, and (5) earnings and profits calculations. It explains both the rules in the consolidated return regulations and the differences from the rules that otherwise would govern had the corporations not elected to file a consolidated return.

ІНФОРМАЦІЙНЕ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ УЧАСНИКІВ ВЕРТИКАЛЬНО ІНТЕГРОВАНИХ СТРУКТУР ФРАКТАЛЬНОГО ТИПУ В АГРОБІЗНЕСІ

Fractally organized vertically integrated formations prove one of the main types of vertically integrated business formations which involve agribusiness subjects, thus making it possible to preserve the independence in decision making and self-sufficiency of the corporation members. These formations cover the participants of the chain of creating the agroindustrial produce surplus value. Among the key peculiarities of functioning of such corporations one can single out a high level of the information support and an equal access of their members to the imperative data. The research is aimed at substantiating the peculiarities of the information support, as well as at organizing the network interaction among the participants of vertically integrated formations of the fractal type in agribusiness. The overwhelming majority of the investigations related to the problem of business fractal organization refer to the industrial sector, at the same time, it is the agrarian sector that, on the one hand, acquires all characteristic features of the up-to-date formations possessing the characters of the fractal type business formations, and, on the other hand, they make it possible to ensure the positive effects that are inherent to this very form of business organization. As concerns the problem of the information support within the framework of vertically organized agrarian business systems, they haven't been practically investi-gated, mostly due to the specificity of organizing the network interaction among the participants of vertically integrated formations of the fractal type in agribusiness. The research under study highlights the analysis of business processes within the framework of fractally organized vertically integrated formations. The corresponding functional models are developed. On the basis of the key principles of the systems analysis the author identifies the information flows for every single corporation participant. The author also develops the diagram of the information network of the fractal corporation in accordance with the basic criteria of assessing the degree of protection of the information of computer-based systems. The scientific novelty of the research lies in identifying busi-ness processes in the activities of vertically integrated corporations of the fractal type which are unique for Ukraine. The above processes determine the specific characters of their participants' information support. The results obtained serve as the foundation for the further projection and development of the information system of fractally organized agrarian business formations which provide for the maximum efficiency and competitiveness of all participants of the agrarian pro-duce foodstuff chain.

Footsie, yeah! Share prices and worker wellbeing

PurposeA small literature has shown that individual wellbeing varies with the price of company stock, but it is unclear whether this is due to wealth effects amongst those holding stock, or more general effects on sentiment, with individuals taking rising stock prices as an indicator of improvements in the economy. The authors contribute to this literature by using two data sets to establish the relationship between share prices on the one hand and worker wellbeing on the other.Design/methodology/approachFirst, the authors use over 20 years of British panel data to show that employee happiness and job satisfaction moves with share prices among those whose pay is partly determined by company fortunes. The authors then examine share price movements and employee stock holding in a single corporation and provide suggestive evidence that an increase in the firm’s stock price increases the well-being of those who belong to its employee share purchase plan (ESPP). These effects are greatest among those making the largest monthly contributions to the program who have the most to gain (or lose) from stock price fluctuations. There is also tentative evidence that the well-being effects of a higher share price are larger for those who hold more shares. Taken together these results suggest that, although stock price movements have little effect on well-being in the population at large, the well-being of those holding stock in their own company rises when the price of that stock is higher, suggesting the effects of share prices work at least partly via changes in wealth.FindingsTaken together these results suggest that the wellbeing effects of share prices work at least partly via changes in wealth.Research limitations/implicationsThe authors cannot be certain that the job satisfaction movements they see are causally linked to share plan participation and bonus receipt. Future research might fruitfully examine the mechanisms at play, and whether the effects identified here are linked to differences in employee motivation and effort over the business cycle.Practical implicationsFirms may wish to consider the appropriateness of linking their workers’ pay to firm performance through share plans or profit shares to establish whether this improves worker wellbeing.Social implicationsThe utility of workers may increase where firms offer some compensation via a share plan or profit share.Originality/valueThe literature suggests a link between share price movements and worker wellbeing, but the reasons for the link are contested. Using two very different data sources, the authors are able to show that share price increases induce higher worker wellbeing, at least in part, through wealth effects.

Effect of steel-polypropylene hybrid fiber and coarse aggregate inclusion on the stress–strain behavior of ultra-high performance concrete under uniaxial compression

This paper investigates for the first time the effect of blending hybrid steel-polypropylene fiber (SF-PF) and coarse aggregate (CA) on the stress–strain behavior of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) under uniaxial compression. The uniaxial compression tests of UHPC specimens were carried out for different SF-PF, CA dosages and PF aspect ratios. Results show that the addition of hybrid SF-PF not only helps build stronger interfaces in UHPC, but also alters the failure pattern. The single corporation of SF significantly enhances the toughness, while the compressive strength and elastic modulus are diminished due to the less strong and compact ‘skeleton’ structure composed of the cement unhydrated core and hydrated coating. The toughness can be further improved under larger PF aspect ratio for the higher PF utilization ratio in restraining micro-cracks’ growth. The inclusion of CA leads to an evident increase in both the strength and modulus attributed to the increasing packing density and stronger ‘skeleton’, but simultaneously reduces the deformability and toughness. PF could compensate for the adverse effects of CA on the toughness without sinking too much. Finally, a developed analytical model is presented for predicting the UHPC compressive stress–strain behavior considering the dosage of SF, PF and CA.

Raising cane: Hedging calamity in Australian sugar

This paper evaluates an instance of large-scale hedging misfortune in the Australian sugar industry. A single corporation, known as Queensland Sugar Limited (QSL), was responsible for selling the entire volume of sugar exported from Australia. In 2010, QSL incurred over $100 million (2010 AUD) in hedging losses when harvest volumes were below expectations due to heavy La Niña rainfall. Sugar prices rose, and QSL was over-hedged. We quantify the price and production risks faced by Queensland sugar millers, using data that was available at the time. Based on these estimates, we calibrate a mean-variance hedging model to determine QSL's optimal pre-harvest commitment of sugar. We find that QSL should have pre-committed no more than 51% of its expected supply prior to harvest. Under this strategy, QSL would have incurred zero hedging losses in 2010. Speculation by QSL came at the great peril of the Australian sugar growers.

Simulation of the Grondona System of Conditional Currency Convertibility Based on Primary Commodities, Considered as a Means to Resist Currency Crises

Currency crises are a significant feature of the present-day world economy, in which financial transactions are many times larger than monetary flows in the “real economy”, so that defending a currency’s exchange-rate is a major challenge for the governments of countries which may be smaller than a single large corporation. It is made even more difficult due to the United States government and its agents openly using economic pressures to try to force other countries to obey its orders, even including regime change. Guaranteed convertibility of a currency, such as maintaining a gold standard, can in principle help to stabilise its value, but this has been absent since the end of US dollar convertibility in 1971. The Grondona system of conditional currency convertibility was not planned as a counter-measure for currency crises. However the simulation of its operation demonstrated in this paper shows clearly how its automatic counter-cyclical stock-holding in response to movements in commodity prices—and so to exchange-rate movements that alter domestic commodity prices—causes monetary flows that would resist large exchange-rate movements (among other effects), and thereby tend to ameliorate a currency crisis. Moreover, it would achieve this without the need for international negotiations, agreements or other geopolitical trade-offs.

Corporate Responsibility in Money Laundering Crime (Perspective Criminal Law Policy in Crime of Corruption in Indonesia)

Money laundering is a stand-alone crime, although money laundering is born from its original crime, such as corruption, but the anti-money laundering regime in almost all countries places money laundering as a crime independent of its original crime in the case of a money laundering probe. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze criminal law policies in regulating corporate accountability for current money laundering, analyze the implementation in law enforcement against corporations engaging in money laundering, and establish a model of criminal law policy on corporate liability that commits a crime money laundering in the future. This research emphasized that criminal law policy in ordering corporate responsibility to money laundering crime has been regulated in Money Laundering Criminal Act. The Money Laundering Act in Indonesia has indeed accepted corporations as a subject of criminal law, there are several cases that indicate the involvement of corporations engaging in money laundering practices in Indonesia but at the stage of settlement within the justice system there is not a single corporation that has been charged and sanctioned criminal. In line with the development of specific laws, corporations are categorized as subjects of criminal law.

Configurations for Interorganizational Project Networks

Projects are becoming increasingly interorganizational; therefore, typically, the project management office (PMO) of a single corporation is neither capable of nor authorized to supplying all partners of a project network with services and knowledge. On the interorganizational level, a network administrative organization (NAO) may be founded providing similar services such as those provided by PMOs, but then to all network partners. This conceptual article seeks to integrate these streams of research by comparing the roles and tasks of PMOs and NAOs, as well as their organizational embeddedness. Thereupon, four modes of interplay between these organizational entities are developed and underpinned with exemplary configurations.

Corporate control and global governance of marine genetic resources.

Who owns ocean biodiversity? This is an increasingly relevant question, given the legal uncertainties associated with the use of genetic resources from areas beyond national jurisdiction, which cover half of the Earth's surface. We accessed 38 million records of genetic sequences associated with patents and created a database of 12,998 sequences extracted from 862 marine species. We identified >1600 sequences from 91 species associated with deep-sea and hydrothermal vent systems, reflecting commercial interest in organisms from remote ocean areas, as well as a capacity to collect and use the genes of such species. A single corporation registered 47% of all marine sequences included in gene patents, exceeding the combined share of 220 other companies (37%). Universities and their commercialization partners registered 12%. Actors located or headquartered in 10 countries registered 98% of all patent sequences, and 165 countries were unrepresented. Our findings highlight the importance of inclusive participation by all states in international negotiations and the urgency of clarifying the legal regime around access and benefit sharing of marine genetic resources. We identify a need for greater transparency regarding species provenance, transfer of patent ownership, and activities of corporations with a disproportionate influence over the patenting of marine biodiversity. We suggest that identifying these key actors is a critical step toward encouraging innovation, fostering greater equity, and promoting better ocean stewardship.

M. Kalnitskaya. Evaluation of the development of international hotel chains in the process of formation of organizational and cultural resources of the international tourism business.

The article is an overview, the purpose of which is to assess the level of development of national and international hotel chains in Ukraine. The advantages and disadvantages of creating hotel chains were defined. As international practice shows, the integration of tourist businesses into hotel chains leads to a reduction in total costs, allowing subjects to increase their competitiveness and move intensively on international markets. This led to the conclusion about the relevance of following international experience in the process of creating national hotel chains by combining entities into a single corporation. As a result of studying the market, a rating of hotel brands was compiled, where a comparison between national and international hotel brands in terms of the number of accommodation facilities represented on the tourist market was made. It was revealed that in the Ukrainian hotel business market the most widely represented are such national chains as Reikartz (22 hotels), Premier Hotels (12 hotels), Royal Hotels (11 hotels). But international hotel chains are rare - Radisson Blu (3 hotels), Hotel IBIS (3 hotels), Ramada (2 hotels). A comparative analysis made it possible to determine that the national hotel chains are more widespread due to obvious advantages (adaptation to the local market, awareness in the country's legislative base, a better understanding of local traditions, consumer characteristics, adaptation and quick response to market changes - is the cultural component of the business). A comparative analysis of the pricing policy of the subjects of the international hotel chain and national brands showed an advantage in favor of the latter. These results allow to conclude that the hotel services sector is at the development stage, however, despite certain advantages over the international tourism business, it is actively entering the Ukrainian market and faces a number of problems, the most important of which is the lack of a unified business strategy. Further research will focus on studying successful examples of international tourism business with the aim of developing recommendations for creating a mechanism for the development of organizational and cultural resources as a tool of the competitiveness of international business.

Solving Enterprise Management Problem with Cluster Technologies and ERP – Systems (in the Context of Capital CSE System)

1. Introduction The urgency of the problem considered is that many large corporations today face the challenge of managing large amounts of data within a single enterprise. Various corporations resolve the issue depending on the level of information support with application solutions designed for specific functional tasks. Use of cluster technologies is the one of the abovementioned applied solutions. The trend towards the introduction of cluster systems in all sectors of economy, science and technology is becoming more and more popular among large businesses. The purpose of this article is to make proposals for improving array management within a single corporation. The objectives of this article are: * to analyze activity of a large enterprise and its existing management system; * to analyze transition to a new technology on example of the enterprise considered, and also to specify the reasons for the use of current tools for application tasks by large corporations. The object of the research is Permenergo OJSC. As a subject of the research we consider the enterprise management process when solving problems of information processes integration, as well as large data processing in real time operation. 2. Materials and Methods When studying and searching for solution of the stated issue we used theoretical research methods, such as analysis, comparison, generalization; empirical research methods: conversation, observation, investigation; scientific methods: comparative method and system analysis. Clusters are currently created in a variety of industrial sectors, and power industry is one of them. A mutually beneficial consolidation of enterprises in the industry within one region can serve as an example. In St. Petersburg, this issue is already being resolved in a positive way. Since 1999, the executive office of Permenergo OJSC and all of its branches decided to transfer as full as possible a software package to a single management CSE system (Capital CSE. Online). CSE involves more than 50 business applications, grouped into 16 application circuits. The structure of the system components may include additional elements, e.g. OleReport table editor. Basic principles of the system applications are listed below: * configuration of the main application elements; * specific dialog boxes; * connection configuration; * application launcher. The software complex CSE (developed by GELICON PRO) is a system of enterprise management designed to provide management processes with material, financial and human resources (Enterprise management system CSE. Online). One of the most important circuits of the complex is a circuit Capital CSE Configuration Tool, designated for execution on tasks related to adaptation of a product basic functionality to specific business processes of a particular enterprise. Functional elements of the circuit are (Kolchanova A. G., Kolchanova P. S. 2014): 1. object-oriented language GOAL, supporting SQL language, transaction management and execution of stored procedures, structural exceptions handling, working with OLE-servers, etc. 2. dialog editor, intended for visual design and programming user interface. 3. problem-oriented library of GBO facilities (GELICON BUSINESS OBJECT). Implementation and operation of CSE on enterprise is intended to ensure (Kolchanova A. G., 2014): * transition to a new management model within the single information space; * effective solution of operational, managerial and accounting tasks; * financial reporting adjustment in accordance with Russian and international standards; * continuous registration and control of enterprise resources and relationships with contractors; * efficient preparation of analytical documents, reports and certificates, outlooks and operating plans of enterprise; * improvement of efficiency and decision-making time; * organization of end-to-end accounting and timely monitoring of key areas of financial and economic activity in real time operation; * qualitative improvement of the efficiency of the whole process of contract activity by systematization of accounting of contracts, addendums and other acts; * access rights differentiation and appointment of responsible employees for specific commitments; * filing; * economic effect by monitoring compliance with the maturity dates; * budget implementation control; * reduction of financial costs in the form of penalties; * increase in operational activities through the creation of a unified database of contracts; * providing relevant information on the contracts status; * electronic means of information search and analysis. …

Design of Changeable Production Units within the Automotive Sector with Axiomatic Design

Corporations within the automotive sector are faced with major challengescaused among othersby high volatile demand fluctuations. An answer to this problem is given by flexible and changeable production systems which allow reactingefficiently to these fluctuations in demand. To achieve this aim, so called enablers for changeability have to be considered already during the design process of single production units within a whole production system. Furthermore the complexity of production units has to be reduced in order to obtain changeable and reliable manufacturing systems.In the presented paper an approach is proposed with the aim to consider enablers of changeability in Axiomatic Design (AD). Moreover it is outlined which different interest groups within a single corporation have a direct or indirect influence on production unit design. Frequently complexity originates from many different attributes demanded by the single groups. On this basis, it is demonstrated how AD can help to enter into dialogue with the mentioned groups with the aim to lower the requirements of the production unit and to reduce complexity of the resulting design. This is done by using the design matrix which illustrates the dependencies between functional requirements (FRs) and design parameters (DPs) as a basis for discussion.

Understanding Consolidated Returns

Section 1501 allows all of the members of an affiliated group of corporations to elect to file a consolidated return. A consolidated return permits the includible members of an affiliated group of corporations to combine their incomes into a single return. The detailed rules for filing consolidated returns are found in regulations promulgated pursuant to a broad delegation of authority in section 1502 of the Internal Revenue Code. In general, the regulations reflect a “single entity” approach that attempts to treat the several members of a consolidated group in the same manner as divisions of a single corporation. This article explains the most important general principles governing consolidated returns and is intended to provide an overview of the consolidated return regulations for lawyers who are generally unfamiliar with the detailed rules. Among other topics, the article explains (1) the rules governing eligibility to file a consolidated return, (2) the computation of consolidated taxable income, including relevant limitations on the use of net operating losses, (3) intercompany transactions and distributions, (4) stock basis adjustments, and (5) earnings and profits calculations. It explains both the rules in the consolidated return regulations and the differences from the rules that otherwise would govern had the corporations not elected to file a consolidated return.