Single Concept Research Articles

Taqwa Sharing Knowledge Integration: Menghilangkan hambatan untuk meningkatkan Inovasi dan Daya Saing

AbstractThere is still little empirical research that has been conducted on the impact of internal and external integration on the innovative capabilities of companies and competitive advantage through shared knowledge. Barriers to the KM process hinder the generation, storage, distribution and application of knowledge, which in turn will hinder OL. This study aims to combine the concepts of internal knowledge sharing, coopetition and the concept of external knowledge integration, as well as organizational learning capabilities by controlling barriers to the knowledge management process to produce innovation and increase organizational competitiveness and become a characteristic of a new leader. Using a critical review approach, we combine it with the Islamic worldview, namely taqwa, so that a single stone concept emerges which we call Taqwa Sharing Knowledge Integration. The birth of this new concept will have an impact on the birth of a leader who is able to overcome obstacles and invite people inside and outside the organization to share knowledge and be able to capture and integrate their knowledge to be processed into innovation and increase competitiveness based on taqwa.

Taqwa Sharing Knowledge Integration: Menghilangkan hambatan untuk meningkatkan Inovasi dan Daya Saing

AbstractThere is still little empirical research that has been conducted on the impact of internal and external integration on the innovative capabilities of companies and competitive advantage through shared knowledge. Barriers to the KM process hinder the generation, storage, distribution and application of knowledge, which in turn will hinder OL. This study aims to combine the concepts of internal knowledge sharing, coopetition and the concept of external knowledge integration, as well as organizational learning capabilities by controlling barriers to the knowledge management process to produce innovation and increase organizational competitiveness and become a characteristic of a new leader. Using a critical review approach, we combine it with the Islamic worldview, namely taqwa, so that a single stone concept emerges which we call Taqwa Sharing Knowledge Integration. The birth of this new concept will have an impact on the birth of a leader who is able to overcome obstacles and invite people inside and outside the organization to share knowledge and be able to capture and integrate their knowledge to be processed into innovation and increase competitiveness based on taqwa.

Interpretable adversarial example detection via high-level concept activation vector

Deep neural networks have achieved amazing performance in many tasks. However, they are easily fooled by small perturbations added to the input. Such small perturbations to image data are usually imperceptible to humans. The uninterpretable nature of deep learning systems is considered to be one of the reasons why they are vulnerable to adversarial attacks. For enhanced trust and confidence, it is crucial for artificial intelligence systems to ensure transparency, reliability, and human comprehensibility in their decision-making processes as they gain wider acceptance among the general public. In this paper, we propose an approach for defending against adversarial attacks based on conceptually interpretable techniques. Our approach to model interpretation is on high-level concepts rather than low-level pixel features. Our key finding is that adding small perturbations leads to large changes in the model concept vector tests. Based on this, we design a single image concept vector testing method for detecting adversarial examples. Our experiments on the Imagenet dataset show that our method can achieve an average accuracy of over 95%. We provide source code in the supplementary material.

Mental health pluralism.

In addressing the question of what mental health is we might proceed as if there is a single phenomenon-mental health-denoted by a single overarching concept. The task, then, is to provide an informative analysis of this concept which applies to all and only instances of mental health, and which illuminates what it is to be mentally healthy. In contrast, mental health pluralism is the idea that there are multiple mental health phenomena denoted by multiple concepts of mental health. Analysis and illumination of mental health may still be possible, but there isn't a single phenomenon or concept to be analysed in addressing the question of what mental health is. The question of pluralism has been overlooked in the philosophy of mental health. The discussion to follow is an attempt to get us to take mental health pluralism seriously. To that end, in this essay I have three primary goals: (1) to give a precise account of what mental health pluralism is, (2) to show that the question of pluralism should not be neglected in debate about what mental health is, and (3) to argue for mental health pluralism. I also draw out some implications of this discussion for philosophy, science, and psychotherapy.

«Синодское православие»: современники в поисках понятия для устройства Русской церкви в имперскую эпоху

The understanding that Peter I had created an original system of the Church administration which had differed from previous forms (now we usually call it the Synodal system) was not created iimediately. A certain historical distance and the introduction of critical historical analysis were needed to invent a concept. This article analyzes when and how this concept emerged, what were the terms the contemporaries used to shape it until 1917–1918, what were the semantic and stylisitc shades in elaborating the concept. The conditions for recognizing a new period in the history of Russian Church with its special administrative system appeared only by the middle of the 19th century. In historical and canon law researches, publicistic articles, policy briefs of authors of the second half of the 19th — early 20th century, speeches of the 1917–1918 Council of Russian Church’ and its preparatory bodies’ members many variants of naming of the current system of the Church administration were proposed. They had a temporal and qualitative dimension and the majority of them were judgmental. There was no single concept till the revolution. The searching of it did not only reflect the awakened historical consciousness but was also an expression of the ideological struggle in the field of the Church history.

Internet terminology in modern German: semantics and structure

Abstract The article presents an in-depth analysis of the formation of terminology in the professional language of the Internet in German and offers predictions about its future development, in line with the evolution of this area of knowledge. Drawing from a corpus of about 8,000 terms and term combinations, the authors explore the dynamics of German Internet terminology, propose a timeline for the emergence of these terms in relation to advancements in science and technology, and identify key methods of term formation along with their semantic characteristics. The primary source of expansion in German Internet terminology comes from Anglo-American borrowings, which, during their adaptation into German, have undergone structural and semantic assimilation. The main methods of term formation within the examined terminology are compounding (with a predominance of binary structures), derivation, and abbreviation. German Internet terminology is characterized by synonymy and polysemy, reflecting the dynamic nature of network technology development. A distinctive feature of this terminology is the formal redundancy in expressing a single concept, leading to the formation of synonymous sets. The uniqueness of the semantic paradigm of these terms lies in the extralinguistic factors that influence terminological synonymy, polysemy, and the broader system of structural relations in German Internet terminology.

Emerging Paradigms in Cancer Metastasis: Ghost Mitochondria, Vasculogenic Mimicry, and Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells

The capacity of cancer cells to migrate from a primary tumor, disseminate throughout the body, and eventually establish secondary tumors is a fundamental aspect of metastasis. A detailed understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning this multifaceted process would facilitate the rational development of therapies aimed at treating metastatic disease. Although various hypotheses and models have been proposed, no single concept fully explains the mechanism of metastasis or integrates all observations and experimental findings. Recent advancements in metastasis research have refined existing theories and introduced new ones. This review evaluates several novel/emerging theories, focusing on ghost mitochondria (GM), vasculogenic mimicry (VM), and polyploid giant cancer cells (PGCCs).

Different paths to improving together: a taxonomy of buyer-supplier collaborations for sustainability in food supply networks

PurposeExtant research shows collaboration among supply chain (SC) partners can address the significant environmental impacts of industrial food systems, but can be risky and resource-intensive. Past studies have predominantly treated buyer–supplier sustainability collaborations as a single aggregate concept missing the theoretical richness. This study aims to provide a more nuanced understanding of these collaborations for jointly improving sustainable food supply networks.Design/methodology/approachA multiple case study was conducted covering 8 SCs in the Dutch food processing industry, using data from 27 interviewees and extensive secondary material.FindingsBy applying the dynamic relational view, this study identifies three types of buyer–supplier collaboration, reflecting three paths of sustainable value creation: (1) the bilateral path, featuring equal participation and extensive collaboration, yielding substantial environmental and economic benefits; (2) the buyer-driven path, where the buyer leads the collaboration to address sustainability issues that are raised by stakeholders, relying on supplier expertise to improve SC traceability and sustainability reputation, albeit at higher costs; (3) the supplier-driven path, where the supplier leads the collaboration for incremental environmental and economic improvements.Practical implicationsThe taxonomy results provide practical guidelines to assist managers in selecting the most suitable collaboration type for their specific sustainability goals and more effectively address sustainability challenges.Originality/valueThe three identified types of collaboration form a novel taxonomy for improving sustainability in food supply networks, representing different paths for SC partners to achieve progressively more substantial sustainability improvements. This taxonomy challenges the perspective that adopting sustainability invariably leads to increased costs by providing evidence of simultaneous economic and environmental improvements.

Поддельные судебные доказательства

The article analyzes forged judicial evidence in civil and arbitration proceedings. The procedural possibility of filing by persons participating in the case of an application for forgery or falsification of evidence is analyzed. The role of forensic truth in the case, the institution of judicial discretion and the consequences of identifying fake evidence are considered. The author proposes to unify the single concept of "fake evidence" for civil and arbitration proceedings. The prerequisites for the growth of fake evidence, according to the author, are a combination of interrelated factors: scientific and technological progress, unregulated Internet, an increase in the level of education, unification of processes, the lack of clear powers of the court to combat fake evidence, insufficient participation of law enforcement agencies and experts in verifying evidence, and others. . At the end of the article, the concepts of fake evidence, initiative and preventive powers of a judge are formulated, a proposal is made to improve the norms of the civil and arbitration process in order to reduce the number of fake evidence.

The Two Word Test as a semantic benchmark for large language models

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable abilities recently, including passing advanced professional exams and demanding benchmark tests. This performance has led many to suggest that they are close to achieving humanlike or “true” understanding of language, and even artificial general intelligence (AGI). Here, we provide a new open-source benchmark, the Two Word Test (TWT), that can assess semantic abilities of LLMs using two-word phrases in a task that can be performed relatively easily by humans without advanced training. Combining multiple words into a single concept is a fundamental linguistic and conceptual operation routinely performed by people. The test requires meaningfulness judgments of 1768 noun-noun combinations that have been rated as meaningful (e.g., baby boy) or as having low meaningfulness (e.g., goat sky) by human raters. This novel test differs from existing benchmarks that rely on logical reasoning, inference, puzzle-solving, or domain expertise. We provide versions of the task that probe meaningfulness ratings on a 0–4 scale as well as binary judgments. With both versions, we conducted a series of experiments using the TWT on GPT-4, GPT-3.5, Claude-3-Optus, and Gemini-1-Pro-001. Results demonstrated that, compared to humans, all models performed relatively poorly at rating meaningfulness of these phrases. GPT-3.5-turbo, Gemini-1.0-Pro-001 and GPT-4-turbo were also unable to make binary discriminations between sensible and nonsense phrases, with these models consistently judging nonsensical phrases as making sense. Claude-3-Opus made a substantial improvement in binary discrimination of combinatorial phrases but was still significantly worse than human performance. The TWT can be used to understand and assess the limitations of current LLMs, and potentially improve them. The test also reminds us that caution is warranted in attributing “true” or human-level understanding to LLMs based only on tests that are challenging for humans.

Solving algebraic equations by using the bar model: Theoretical and empirical considerations

Solving equations is known to bear several challenges for learners. We discuss an approach based on conceptual understanding regarding the transformation of equations with the help of the so-called bar model in combination with the transposing strategy. First, we sketch shortly the main ideas that guided the development of the learning environment. Second, we discuss insights from the first design experiments with six students working with equation transformation in their regular school curriculum. These design experiments are embedded in a design research approach. In particular, we zoom into the semiotic processes of how learners connect several representations and emphasize a varying difficulty regarding single concept elements necessary to understand the concept of equivalent equations as a whole. Based on that, obstacles that come along with using the bar model are highlighted. Finally, we point to theoretical insights and implications for enhancing our learning environment.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN EXPERIENCE ON INVALIDITY OF CORRUPT DEAL

There is no distinction between legal capacity and legal capacity. Instead, the single concept of legal entity (legal capacity) applies. True, in practice there is passive and active ability to deal. In other words, it is interpreted as the ability to independently perform legal actions. Legal subjectivity is considered formally equal and, according to the general rule, begins with the birth of a person and ends with his death. In the Anglo-American legal system, finding a person missing and declaring him dead do not exist as independent legal institutions.

How Classical, Paracomplete and Paraconsistent Logicians (Dis-)Agree

This paper develops an account of disagreement and agreement in logic in terms of rules of acceptance, rejection, and suspension of judgement. Acceptance, rejection, and suspension in logic are thereby taken to be doxastic attitudes resulting from, respectively, assenting, dissenting, or refraining from assenting and dissenting to arguments or propositions in light of their logical validity/invalidity. Disagreement between advocates of different logics is characterized as a form of doxastic noncotenability. A full account of agreement in logic does not only require doxastic cotenability between two logicians. It is also necessary that they share the reasons that ground their respective doxastic attitudes. These notions of disagreement and agreement will be applied to disagreements/agreements between advocates of three different logical systems: classical logic, the paracomplete logic K3, and the paraconsistent logic LP. In particular, it will be discussed which doxastic attitudes those logicians ought to have with regard to a proposition expressed by the Liar sentence. In the last part of the paper, it will be examined in what sense a disagreement in logic can be understood as a genuine disagreement, even if no single neutral intertheoretic concept of validity is available that is shared by all logicians.

Semiautomatic Exploration of Conceptual Design Spaces through Parametric Shape Variability and Additive Manufacturing

Design ideation activities that involve the manipulation of geometry rely heavily on manual input. For feasibility reasons, the generation of design alternatives must often be limited, particularly when these alternatives need to be prototyped and tested. This paper describes a conceptual design strategy that leverages variational three-dimensional geometry to automatically generate a large number of design alternatives from a template model and their corresponding physical prototypes for evaluation and testing. In our approach, 3D geometric variations are produced automatically from a single design concept modeled parametrically, which are then used to generate 3D-printable files. Our method is suitable for design scenarios where real-world testing is preferred over virtual simulation and requires designers to consider a concept idea as a family of solutions, instead of a single design option. Our strategy enables an effective exploration of conceptual design spaces in highly constrained situations and facilitates parallel prototyping, which is known to produce better results than serial prototyping. We demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method through a case study that involves the design of an instrument for ophthalmic surgery for extracting an intraocular lens (IOL) from the eye. Using our approach, nine unique concept families comprising a total of 150 designs were rapidly and successfully prototyped and tested.

Single Atom Platforms on Surfaces: A Step Towards Future Catalysts

Single (metal) atoms (SAs) have attracted great attention in virtue of their intriguing physical and chemical properties, representing a fertile playground for fundamental studies of electronic, magnetic and chemical phenomena. Placing SAs on clean, crystalline and atomically flat substrates allows the study of their properties and functions via the whole plethora of surface science tools, offering direct access to their features with ultimate resolution. Moreover, the isolated metal atoms exhibit peculiar properties and tend to behave similarly to reactive centres in solution or gas phase, bridging homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. In these regards, atomically dispersed metal catalysts (ADCs) have recently received great attention [1, 2]. However, they suffer some intrinsic bottlenecks such as a poor tunability and limited maximum density.Here we show the successful achievement of single atom platforms (SAPs), where SAs are coordinated to atomically precise organic templates, confined to a two dimensional surface. The templates are obtained via the on-surface synthesis (OSS) of carefully designed molecular precursors, and consist of carbon-based, covalent polymers equipped with side moieties that act as coordination sites. These groups capture metal atoms that are deposited on the substrate in a post-synthetic step, and together form active site with rich potential applications. Conceptually, the obtained SAP offers rich tunability prospects by varying not only the substrate and the SA, but also the organic ligand. Its shape and composition (e.g. heteroatoms, functional groups, strain, etc.) will influence the properties of the SA and enable their fine tuning. Moreover, the versatility of the OSS strategy offers a wide plethora of possible architectures, allowing also the precise modification of the SA density.We have characterized each stage of the SAP preparation via high-resolution scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and noncontact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM) with functionalized tips [3]. The trapping and conversion ability of these well-defined active sites towards CO and CO2 was then studied. Our investigation allows the direct visualization of reactants and binding motifs with unprecedented resolution, and opens new avenues for the study of chemical reactions localized at the active sites of our SAP.[1] Wang, A.; Li, J.; Zhang, T. Heterogeneous Single-Atom Catalysis. Nature Reviews Chemistry 2018, 2 (6), 65–81.[2] Hannagan, R. T.; Giannakakis, G.; Flytzani-Stephanopoulos, M.; Sykes, E. C. H. Single-Atom Alloy Catalysis. Chem. Rev. 2020, 120 (21), 12044–12088.[3] Gross, L.; Mohn, F.; Moll, N.; Liljeroth, P.; Meyer, G. The Chemical Structure of a Molecule Resolved by Atomic Force Microscopy. Science 2009, 325 (5944), 1110–1114. Figure 1. Single atom platform concept. Sketch of surface-adsorbed single atoms (orange dots) and of a single atom platform. Here, the organic part is represented by 1D polymers adsorbed on a surface, and the single atoms decorate the coordination sites (U-shaped motifs). Figure 1

Effect of a single pill concept on clinical and pharmacoeconomic outcomes in cardiovascular diseases.

Our study aimed to assess whether a single pill concept (SPC) is superior to a multi pill concept (MPC) in reducing cardiovascular (CV) events, all-cause death, and costs in CV patients. Anonymized medical claims data covering 2012-2018, including patients with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and CV diseases who started a drug therapy either as SPC or identical MPC were analyzed after 1:1-Propensity Score Matching (PSM). Hospitalizations with predefined CV events, all-cause mortality, and costs were studied in 25,311 patients with SPC and 25,311 patients with MPC using incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and non-parametric tests for continuous variables.IRRs were significantly lower for SPC: stroke (IRR=0.77; 95% CI 0.67-0.88; p<0.001), transitory ischemic attack (IRR=0.61; 95% CI 0.48-0.78; p<0.001), myocardial infarction (IRR=0.76; 95% CI 0.63-0.90; p=0.0016), coronary artery disease (IRR=0.66; 95% CI 0.57-0.77; p<0.001), heart failure (IRR=0.59; 95% CI 0.54-0.64; p<0.001), acute renal failure (IRR=0.54; 95% CI 0.56-0.64; p<0.001), all cause hospitalization (IRR=0.72; 95% CI 0.71-0.74; p<0.001), CV hospitalization (IRR=0.63; 95% CI 0.57-0.69; p<0.001), and all-cause mortality (IRR=0.62; 95% CI 0.57-0.68; p<0.001). Mean time to first events and time to death were also in favor of SPC. Mean total costs were 4,708 € for SPC vs. 5.669 € for MPC, respectively (MR 0.830, p<0.001). SPC is associated with lower incidence rates of CV events, time to CV events, and all-cause death, and is superior regarding pharmacoeconomic parameters and should therefore become standard of care to improve outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.

The influence of neoliberalism on the evolutionary process of health systems in South America and on social inequalities

The text presents a reflection on the influence of neoliberalism on the evolutionary process of health systems in South America, starting with a presentation of the concept of public policies and how they affect a country's development The term Public Policy is considered broad, there is no single or best concept, so in this study we consider a set of actions and measures carried out by the government to meet the needs of the population and protect people's rights, help or provide services, with the aim of ensuring that people enjoy the rights guaranteed by law.

Mind the diversity: defining intervention concepts of built heritage in international doctrinal documents

PurposeInterventions are essential for the management of built heritage because they extend the lifespan of buildings and enable them to be enjoyed by multiple generations. International organisations and institutions, such as UNESCO and ICOMOS, have adopted doctrinal documents over time, stimulating best practices in built heritage management worldwide. Although these documents are often referenced in academic work, they are seldom systematically researched. Which interventions are referenced or omitted? Are they defined? What trends are noted in the understanding of best practices as interventions?Design/methodology/approachThis research consists of a systematic content analysis of nine international doctrinal documents, which were selected from nearly seventy international doctrinal documents—mainly adopted by UNESCO and ICOMOS. The main aim is to reveal and compare the concepts used for reference interventions and further use the definitions to reveal and discuss the relationships between them. The trends of these interventions being used were determined based on the frequency of mentions per intervention term in the selected documents.FindingsRegarding the definition of the intervention concepts, there are three main findings. First, instead of being treated as a single concept, ‘conservation’ has been presented as an umbrella concept for other interventions and thus has been the most popular concept since the first version (1992) of the New Zealand Charter was implemented. In contrast, ‘preservation’ remains a single concept, among the highest scales, to maintain the integrity of built heritage, including use. Second, ‘repair’ was found to play a paradoxical role between ‘restoration’ and ‘reconstruction’, which created divergent opinions in the documents. Third, since the notions of ‘use’ have expanded from the functions of monuments (International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites: The Venice Charter, 1964) to the ‘associations of places’ (The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, with associated Guidelines and Code on the Ethics of Co-existence, 1999; The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance, 2013), which include activities, traditional habits, accessibility, etc., the complexity of mentioning different forms of ‘use’ has led to some (re)interventions, such as ‘adaptation’, ‘adaptive reuse’, and ‘rehabilitation’, being put into grey areas and used interchangeably.OriginalityThis research advances the current understanding of intervention concepts and their relationships, as well as differences and similarities in definitions.

EASI-Tex: Edge-Aware Mesh Texturing from Single Image

We present a novel approach for single-image mesh texturing , which employs a diffusion model with judicious conditioning to seamlessly transfer an object's texture from a single RGB image to a given 3D mesh object. We do not assume that the two objects belong to the same category, and even if they do, there can be significant discrepancies in their geometry and part proportions. Our method aims to rectify the discrepancies by conditioning a pre-trained Stable Diffusion generator with edges describing the mesh through ControlNet, and features extracted from the input image using IP-Adapter to generate textures that respect the underlying geometry of the mesh and the input texture without any optimization or training. We also introduce Image Inversion , a novel technique to quickly personalize the diffusion model for a single concept using a single image , for cases where the pre-trained IP-Adapter falls short in capturing all the details from the input image faithfully. Experimental results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our edge-aware single-image mesh texturing approach, coined EASI-Tex, in preserving the details of the input texture on diverse 3D objects, while respecting their geometry. Code : https://github.com/sairajk/easi-tex

Subsumption, correctness and relative correctness: Implications for software testing

Context. Several Research areas emerged and have been proceeding independently when in fact they have much in common. These include: mutant subsumption and mutant set minimization; relative correctness and the semantic definition of faults; differentiator sets and their application to test diversity; generate-and–validate methods of program repair; test suite coverage metrics.Objective. Highlight their analogies, commonalities and overlaps; explore their potential for synergy and shared research goals; unify several disparate concepts around a minimal set of artifacts.Method. Introduce and analyze a minimal set of concepts that enable us to model these disparate research efforts, and explore how these models may enable us to share insights between different research directions, and advance their respective goals.Results. Capturing absolute (total and partial) correctness and relative (total and partial) correctness with a single concept: detector sets. Using the same concept to quantify the effectiveness of test suites, and prove that the proposed measure satisfies appealing monotonicity properties. Using the measure of test suite effectiveness to model mutant set minimization as an optimization problem, characterized by an objective function and a constraint.Generalizing the concept of mutant subsumption using the concept of differentiator sets. Identifying analogies between detector sets and differentiator sets, and inferring relationships between subsumption and relative correctness.Conclusion. This paper does not aim to answer any pressing research question as much as it aims to raise research questions that use the insights gained from one research venue to gain a fresh perspective on a related research issue.