Single Combat Research Articles

Optimizing the individual technique of veteran Sambo wrestlers using modern technical training tools

Analytical reports of leading martial arts analysts indicate that today there is a positive trend in increasing the popularization of single combat among veteran athletes, especially Sambo wrestling. It is necessary to highlight that according to its essential and substantive characteristics (internal philosophy), Sambo wrestling is a living matter that has absorbed the best techniques of modern martial arts, and which is in a constant process of transformation in accordance with the requirements and realities of today. Taking into account the above, it is appropriate to summarize that the scientific and methodical (technical) support of the key components of the professional activity of veteran athletes who specialize in Sambo wrestling (other martial arts) acquires a dominant role. According to the results of the analysis of scientific and methodological and special literature, it was established that complex studies that reveal the peculiarities of the organization of the system of long-term training of sportsmen-veterans who specialize in Sambo wrestling are rare. In the process of research and analytical work, we used the following methods: axiomatic, idealization, historical and logical, descent from the concrete, formalization. As a result of a theoretical study, the members of the research group developed a program for improving the Sambo fighting technique of veteran athletes with an emphasis on the use of the video computer system "Katsumoto" (at the stage of direct preparation for the main competitions). Prospects for further research in the chosen direction of scientific research include conducting a pedagogical experiment to test the effectiveness of our proposed experimental program for improving the technical skills of veteran Sambo wrestlers with an emphasis on the use of modern technical training tools.

Порівняння показників динамічної рівноваги за методикою STAR EXCURSION BALANCE TEST спортсменів, що займаються карате WKF, фехтуванням та рукопашем гопак

Purpose: to compare the Star Excursion Balance Test performance of male representatives of karate, fencing, and hopak hand-to-hand combat. Material and methods. The study was conducted at the Ivan Bobersky Lviv State University of Physical Culture at the Department of Fencing, Boxing and National Martial Arts in the period November-December 2023. Qualified male athletes aged 18-22 in the number of 31 participated in the collection of experimental material, including there were 10 representatives of karate according to the WKF version, 12 representatives of fencing, 9 representatives of hopak hand-to-hand combat. Research methods: analysis of literary sources and materials from the Internet; pedagogical research; measurement of basic anthropometric indicators of athletes (height, body weight, length of arms and legs); measurement of Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT); methods of mathematical statistics. A comparison of the anthropometric indicators of karate fighters, fencers and hopak hand-to-hand combatants did not reveal any statistically significant differences between them. At the same time, swordsmen have slightly longer legs (98,4 cm) at the same height than hopak (96,3 cm) and karate (95,6 cm). Karate fighters with a relatively smaller height (177,2 cm) have relatively longer arms (78,8 cm) than swordsmen (179,5 cm and 75,9 cm, respectively) and representatives of hopak hand-to-hand combat (179,4 cm and 78,8 cm respectively). On average, the shortest arms in this study were found in fencers. In fencers, significantly better (Р<0,05) SEBT indicators of legs were found, compared to similar results of representatives of hand-to-hand combat hopak (positions 1, 2 of the left, and 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 of both legs) and karate (positions 1, 2, 4 of the left, and 5, 6, 7 of both legs). This can be explained by the specifics of training in this type of single combat. Fencers with relatively shorter arms demonstrate the same, and in some positions, relatively better SEBT results of the belt of the upper limbs, compared to representatives of karate (positions 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 - left, 2, 4, 7, 8 - right) and hopak arm wrestling (positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 – left, 2, 3, 4, 7 – right). Karate fighters have a slight advantage in SEBT indicators of the upper belt (positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 - left) and lower limbs (positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 - both legs), compared to the results of hopak hand-to-hand combatants, with somewhat smaller anthropometric indicators. Conclusions. The results of the work showed better indicators of SEBT in fencers, compared to representatives of karate version of WKF and hopak hand-to-hand combat. This is especially observed in SEBT indicators of the lower extremities. This fact is explained by the specificity of many years of training in fencing, where the result depends precisely on the development of the athletes' lower limbs. At the same time, SEBT indicators of the upper limbs in fencers do not have the same bright manifestation. Karate fighters have some advantage in the SEBT indicators of the upper and lower limb belt, compared to the SEBT indicators of hopak hand-to-hand combatants. Given the above, we can conclude that long-term training in a particular type of martial arts has its own imprint on anthropometric and SEBT indicators.

Cardiovascular Effects of Neurofeedback Course in Various Sports Adaptation Strategies: an Open Controlled Study

INTRODUCTION. Neurofeedback is effectively applied in clinical practice. Cardiovascular effects (CVEs) from different sports adaptation strategies in course-based β-rhythm neurofeedback are under-studied. AIM. To evaluate the CVEs of the neurofeedback course under different sports adaptation strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 1020 men (18–21 years) during the preparatory training period. Following groups were formed: 1 — cyclic sports (n = 387); 2 — speed-strength sports (n = 255); 3 — single combat (n = 31); 4 — team sports (n = 173); 5 — complex coordination sports (n = 174). The CVEs were assessed with the BOSLAB complex (Russia), with eyes open and muscles relaxed. EEG electrodes were applied bipolarly (Cz-Fz). Session types: graphic (10 minutes), game (16 minutes), where the β-rhythm level was increased and maintained. Indices of systemic pressure, cardiac activity; peripheral vessels, functional changes of the cardiovascular system (CVS) were also examined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Along with improved attention, the 10th session revealed positive CVEs in the 1st, 3rd, 4th and 5th groups with CVS economization. 1st group: CVEs are a desirable response option. 2nd group: ambiguous heterochronic CVEs, with improved systemic pressure and reduced cardiac activity, indices of peripheral vessels, cardiovascular regulation index. These effects, mainly in strength sports, are caused by the long-term sports adaptation strategy, associated with hypoxia and incomplete recovery of the spent resources, causing incomplete adaptation. It is associated with mastering the β-rhythm control skill, different in the nature from the activities with the formed adaptation strategy in the long-term training process. 3rd group (10th session): changes in the brain structure (BS) function formed CVEs involving mechanisms maintaining systemic pressure, regarded as optimal. 4th and 5th groups: optimized BS and CVEs activities. CONCLUSION. The positive CVEs demonstrated expediency of the β-rhythm neurofeedback course. Ambiguous CVEs in groups of speed-strength sports are studied for neurofeedback technology modification.

Показники динамічної рівноваги за методикою Star Excursion Balance Test у спортсменів різної кваліфікації з Кіокушин карате

Purpose: to test and compare the indicators of dynamic balance by the method of star excursion balance test in sportsmen of different qualification in Kyokushin karate. Material and methods. The results of the research were obtained at the Lviv State University of Physical Culture named after Ivan Boberskyi at the department of «Fencing, boxing and national martial arts» in the period October-November 2023. Qualified male Kyokushin karate fighters aged 18-22 years old in the amount of 21 people took part in the collection of experimental material, among which there were 13 representatives with a level of training 1-2 Dan, and 8 representatives with a level (student belts) not higher than 1 Kyu. Among the participants of the research there are champions and prize-winners of national and international competitions in Kyokushin karate. Methods of the research: the analysis of literary sources and materials from the Internet; measurement of basic anthropometrical indicators of sportsmen (height, weight, length of arms and legs); measurement of indicators of Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT); methods of mathematical statistics (calculation of statistical indicators of the arithmetic mean (Mean), standard deviation of the arithmetic mean (Std.Dev.), comparison of results by the statistical method Mann-Whitney U-test with the help of the standard package Statistica-7). Results: the advantage of anthropometrical indicators of group № 2 over group № 1 was established: 8 sportsmen with a level of fitness up to 1 Kyu have on average a little higher height, more body weight, longer arms and legs than 13 athletes with a level of 1-2 Dan. Highly skilled Kyokushin karate athletes with 1-2 Dan level of training outperform athletes with up to 1 Kyu level of training in most SEBT positions. The dominating advantage on average group indicators of SEBT of sportsmen of Kyokushin karate with a level of preparation 1-2 Dan over sportsmen with a level of preparation not higher than 1 Kyu testifies to regularity, and not accident of the received results. Conclusions. On the basis of objectively received indicators of Star Excursion Balance Test and anthropometrical data, it is possible to conclude that sportsmen of Kyokushin karate with a level of fitness 1-2 Dan at smaller anthropometrical indicators (height, weight, length of arms and legs) show better indicators of SEBT, than sportsmen with a level of fitness up to 1 Kyu. The Star Excursion Balance Test indicators reflect the amplitude characteristics of athletes' movements along with dynamic balance and are related to the skill level of athletes. Keywords: Kyokushin karate, qualification, single combat, Star Excursion Balance Test, dynamic balance.

Кризові етапи розвитку спортивної кар’єри спортсменів-одноборців та формування шляхів їх подолання

Purpose: to determine the crisis stages in the development of the sports career of single combat athletes and to formulate ways to overcome them. Material and methods. The following methods were used to solve the purpose of the study: theoretical analysis, systematization and generalization of data from scientific and methodological sources. Results: the achieved level of achievements in sports requires special abilities from young single combat athletes, the ultimate intensification of the training process, and the use of stimulation tools to achieve particularly high results. Increased physical and psychological stress in single combat sports leads to rapid depletion of physical strength, injuries, and occupational diseases - in order to show consistently high results in such difficult conditions, an athlete needs a special personal and motivational readiness. Sports activities are considered to be extreme types of human activity that are difficult to perform and require a person to exert extreme physical and mental strength. Extremity can be both objective, determined by the following factors: high level of psychological and physical stress, dangerous conditions of performance, strict selection conditions, high competition, etc., and subjective, determined by such factors as fear of pain, injury; fear of an «inconvenient» opponent, feeling of overstrain during the competition, etc. The ability of an athlete to «overcome» depends to a large extent on his/her personal characteristics: target orientations - dominance of «self orientation» or «task orientation», dominant values, level and degree of moral control over behavior, degree of concentration. Conclusions. It has been determined that the ability to control one's stream of thoughts should be trained regularly. The winning mindset of a single combat athlete is based on the ability to concentrate on the «right» thoughts. You can train the ability to concentrate through special training and meditation. A concentrated athlete is able to control his or her emotions during competitions. Regular work with the formation of the winner's mindset helps to develop constructive thinking. It is necessary to constantly apply psychological techniques in practice. The family and coach should help the athlete to win, support and guide him. Keywords: psychological barriers, psychology of the winner, mental state, martial arts.

Glial tone of aggression

Anger transition is often abrupt. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms responsible for switching and modulating aggression levels. The cerebellum is considered a center for motor coordination and learning; however, its connection to social behavior has long been observed. Here, we used the resident-intruder paradigm in male mice and examined local field potential (LFP) changes, glial cytosolic ion fluctuations, and vascular dynamics in the cerebellar vermis throughout various phases of a combat sequence. Notably, we observed the emergence of theta band oscillations in the LFP and sustained elevations in glial Ca2+ levels during combat breakups. When astrocytes, including Bergmann glial cells, were photoactivated using channelrhodopsin-2, the theta band emerged and an early combat breakup occurred. Within a single combat sequence, rapid alteration of offensive (fight) and passive (flight) responses were observed, which roughly correlated with decreases and increases in glial Ca2+, respectively. Neuron-glial interactions in the cerebellar vermis may play a role in adjusting Purkinje cell excitability and setting the tone of aggression. Future anger management strategies and clinical control of excessive aggression and violent behavior may be realized by developing a therapeutic strategy that adjusts glial activity in the cerebellum.

The disarmament of anarchists in the provinces of the Central Chernozem region in the spring of 1918 (based on the materials of the Orel and Voronezh provinces).

The article examines the confrontation of the armed anarchist detachments of the "Black Guard" with the Bolsheviks in the spring of 1918. The causes and features of the emergence of anarchist detachments, the position of anarchists in the political arena of the country in 1917 - early 1918 are illustrated. The author gives an assessment of some early Soviet studies on "anarchist uprisings" in the provinces of the Central Chernozem region. After the February and October revolutions of 1917, anarchism in Russia embarked on a new path of development, which was characterized by attempts to unite and create a single combat force to protect the "revolutionary gains" from the interventionists and White Guard forces. The object of the study is the history of the anarchist movement in the Central Chernozem region during the establishment of Soviet power. The subject of the study is the armed actions of anarchists against the authorities in Orel and Voronezh in March-April 1918. The methodological basis is the consideration of historical phenomena and their interrelations in the context of the studied time (the principle of historicism). A comparative historical method was used to establish the similarities and distinctive features of the armed actions of anarchists in Orel and Voronezh. The article attempts to comprehensively study the history of the anarchist movement in the Central Black Earth region. The author analyzes only a small fragment of this topic. The spring of 1918 was a period of the defeat of anarchist detachments and organizations throughout Russia, these processes took place on the territory of the Central Chernozem region. Based on the works of his predecessors and memoir sources, the features of the defeat of the anarchist detachments in Orel and Voronezh are analyzed. During the analysis, it was possible to demonstrate that the anarchists were only part of the rebel forces, consisting of detachments arriving from the Ukrainian front, dissatisfied with the supply. Some Soviet authors often saw in these speeches a "Socialist-Revolutionary" conspiracy" or assigned the anarchists a leading role, making them the main instigators of uprisings. Which, according to the author, is an erroneous position.

Monitoring the arsenal of rare Technical actions in Sambo wrestling

According to the results of the analysis of Scientific and methodological and reference literature (monitoring of specialized Internet sources), the members of the Scientific Research Group established that insufficient number of studies have been devoted to the topical issue of defining the Technical and Tactical arsenal of highly qualified wrestlers, this, in turn, emphasizes the relevance and practical component of the chosen direction of Scientific research.
 The main goal of the study is to determine the Technical arsenal of rare Sambo fighting techniques (sports section). In the process of research and analytical work, members of the Research Group used the following methods: abstraction, measurement, expert evaluation, survey, comparison, observation, etc. In addition, our own experience in organizing a System of long-term training of highly qualified wrestlers was used.
 As a result of the theoretical research, the members of the Scientific Research Group determined the Technical arsenal of rare methods of Sambo wrestling (sports section), which consists of 10 main groups of Technical and Tactical actions of the studied single combat, namely: 1) throws with the help of legs; 2) throws with the use of the body; 3) throws through the chest; 4) throws with the use of hands; 5) spin throws; 6) takeover; 7) combinations with throws; 8) combinations that develop during the opponent's resistance during the first throw; 9) defense against throws; 10) lying wrestling techniques.
 The inclusion of the appropriate content of the above-mentioned groups of Technical and Tactical Sambo fighting actions in the System of long-term training of sportsmen and women of different age groups and weight categories will contribute to increasing the indicators of their competitive activity. This will ensure the improvement of the image of Ukraine on the world sports arena.
 The members of the Research Group suggest that trainers who specialize in Sambo wrestling take the information into account and include the list of rare techniques of the studied single combat in the System of self-education, with their subsequent introduction into the System of long-term training of subordinate Sambo wrestlers.
 Prospects for further research in the chosen field of Scientific research include an analytical-statistical analysis of the Technical –Tactical preparedness of highly qualified Sambo athletes – participants of the "World Championship-2022".

About the single combat of Prince Mstislav and Rededya: a comparative historical analysis of the culture of single combats in Ancient Rus at the end of X - the first half of XI centuries

The article examines the story of the "Tale of Bygone Years" about the single combat of Prince Mstislav and Rededya as an evidence of ancient Russian military culture of single combats. The evidence is correlated with other written and archaeological sources to establish its connection with the actual political history. For comparative study, the evidence is correlated with other Old Russian written sources about single combats and contemporary narrations about single combats in the monuments of Byzantine historiography. During the comprehensive study of the text of Mstislav's prayer, the evidence of the military veneration of the Mother of God in Byzantium and in Russia, including references to prayers to the Mother of God, is considered. The conducted research allows us to conclude about the influence of the Byzantine military tradition and religious culture on the military culture of Russia. The relationship is most clearly traced in the religious appearance of the single combat, while the chronicle narration in question is attributed to the earliest evidence of the military veneration of the Mother of God in Russia. There are similar ideas about single combats as events that deserve to be preserved in historiography. It is not easy to determine the relationship between the organization and conduct of single combats, due to the scarcity of chronicle data. The Byzantine influence, presumably, was expressed both in the rethinking of ideas about single combats, and in the veneration of the Mother of God as an assistant or intercessor in the event of war.

Valour or Recklessness? The Emperor in Single Combats and Tournaments through the Eyes of Late Byzantine Writers

This paper addresses the descriptions of single combats and tournaments with participation from the emperor as described by the Late Byzantine writers (George Akropolites, John Kantakouzenos, George Pachymeres, Nikephoros Gregoras). The research is aimed to define the features of the use of stories about the participation of Byzantine emperors in single combats on the battlefield, trial combats, jousts (gaming combats), and collective faceoffs (tournaments) in the historical writings of Late Byzantine authors and to observe the authors’ value judgments about these cases. It has been taken into account that the Byzantine historians often applied traditional rhetorical models, imitated the language and style of ancient Greek and Roman authors, and used the allusions to the texts of the Holy Scripturee, and the works of other historians in their written works. It has been established that the descriptions of the eagerness of Michael Palaiologos to clear his name by judicial duel in connection with accusation of treason (1253) allowed Pachymeres to present Michael in a favorable light and deflect an accusation of treason from him. It has been shown that the writers used the stories regarding the participation of emperors in single combat on the battlefield (or their eagerness to participate) and in sports games (“jousts” and “tournaments”) to present the rulers in positive or negative way. Late Byzantine writers paid special attention to the characterization of manifestations of courage and other military virtues of Byzantine emperors, and to the correspondence or inconsistency of their actions with the imperial dignity. The influence of the imperial propaganda on the works of the authors, as well as the reflection in them of some features of the self-consciousness of the Byzantine aristocracy of that time, has been established.

Effects of the beta-stimulating training in recovery of adaptive reserves in athletes of different sports

To identify effects of the beta-stimulating training in recovery of adaptive reserves in athletes of different sports. The study included young male athletes aged 18-22 years (n=1020), distributed according to the type of sports: group 1 - cyclic sports (n=387); group 2 - speed-strength sports (n=255); group 3 - single combat (n=31); group 4 - team sports (n=173); group 5 - complex-coordination sports (n=174). The main objective of the beta-stimulating training was to select a strategy to raise the beta rhythm level while muscles were relaxed. For each group, we identified training efficiency periods according to the lowest value of the attention index (θ/β, c.u.), then we examined distribution of brain rhythms (α, %; β, %; θ, %) according to EEG. The level of adaptive reserves was identified according to the heart rate variability (HRV) spectral analysis («VNS-Spektr», Neurosoft, Ivanovo). We identified following periods of the beta-stimulating training efficiency according to the attention index (θ/β, c.u.): group 1 - 10th session (game variant); group 2 - 5th session (graphic and game variants); group 3 - 1st and 10th sessions (game variant), 5th session (graphic variant); group 4 (game variant) - 1st, 5th and 10th sessions; group 5 (game variant) - 5th and 10th sessions. The efficiency periods in the observed groups were accompanied by the following distribution of rhythms in the EEG structure: β-rhythm - 45-60%; θ-rhythm - 20-35%, α-rhythm - 19-25%. During these periods, wave structure of the heart rhythm also changed: the activity of VLF waves increased (%); the proportion of HF waves decreased in the range of 23.3-31.59% in the groups 1, 2 and 3; the share of HF waves increased in the range of 32.3-39.8% in the group 4 at the 1st session and in the group 5 at the 10th session. The values of total power (TP, ms2) reduce at the 10th session in the groups 1, 3 and 4 and at the 5th session in the group 5. The vagosympathetic balance coefficient (LF/HF, c.u.) in the studied groups corresponds to the range of normal values; the values increased in the group 2 at the 5th session, in the groups 3 and 4 - at the 5th and 10th sessions, in the 5th group - at the 5th session. The index decreased in the groups 3 and 4 at the 1st session. The index was stable in the groups 1 and 5 at the 10th session of the training. Periods of the beta-stimulating training efficiency associated with the improvement of attention according to the lowest values of θ/β (c.u.) are accompanied by changes in the modulation of the structure of brain rhythms and the wave structure of heart rate variability, optimizing the psychophysiological state of athletes depending on the type of sport, the number of sessions completed and the session variants chosen.

Integral Assessment of the Technical and Tactical Activity of a Highly Qualified Football Team

The study purpose was to carry out a comparative analysis of special indicators of the integral assessment of the technical and tactical football activity of the national team of Ukraine and national teams of various European countries.
 Materials and methods. The study included pedagogical observation and video recording of the competitive activity of highly qualified football players of the national team of Ukraine and national teams of European countries within the framework of the 2021 (2020) European Football Championship. In total, the Ukrainian team played 5 matches at the European Championship. The integral assessment reflects the quantitative (coefficients of intensity, mobility, aggressiveness) and qualitative (coefficients of effectiveness, efficiency of single combat, creativity) indicators of the technical and tactical activity of the football team.
 Results. In the course of the European Football Championship, the average value of the integral assessment of the technical and tactical activity of the Ukrainian team was 5.34±0.24 points, which was not statistically different (p=0.875) from the indicator of the rival national teams, i.e. 5.36±0.31 points. In the national team of Ukraine, in relation to the European champion of the national team of Italy, lower indicators were observed ​​not only for the integral assessment – by 1.09 points (16.6%), but also for almost all specific indicators: for intensity coefficient – by 0.36 points (26.9%), for mobility coefficient – by 0.49 points (21.6%), for aggressiveness coefficient – by 0.14 points (15.5%), for effectiveness coefficient – by 0.02 points (2.3%), for creativity coefficient – by 0.12 points (25.0%).
 Conclusions. The developed integrated assessment of the technical and tactical activity of a football team comprises six special coefficients: intensity coefficient, mobility coefficient, aggressiveness coefficient, effectiveness coefficient, coefficient of efficiency of single combat, and creativity coefficient. The established values ​​of the specific coefficients of the integral assessment of the technical and tactical activity of the national football team of Ukraine can be considered as models and be the basis for correcting the training and competition processes.

Research Hot Spots and Their Development Trends of Supply Chain Technology Innovation

The rapid development of supply chain technology has become a major help to the current economic development. using CiteSpace software to draw the knowledge map of authors, institutions, keywords and so on, this paper analyzes and comments on the supply chain technology research literature published in the Chinese academic network publishing library (CNKI) in China. research findings: single combat between various research institutions and scholars, lack of communication and cooperation; research hot topics are supply chain management, technological innovation, information technology, supply chain finance, internet of things, rfid technology, electronic data exchange; supply chain finance, blockchain technology, blockchain technology and big data are the main research trends of supply chain technology research.

Modeling method of unmanned aerial vehicle swarm behavior based on spatiotemporal hybrid Petri net

The more and more widely used UAV swarm operations have received great attention in the new global military revolution of informatization, and the integrated modeling of UAV swarms has great significance and value for the testing and verification of combat modes. Aiming at the modeling and simulation requirements of combat scenarios, taking the collaborative combat process of heterogeneous UAV swarms as the research object, starting from the modeling of a single UAV, on the basis of the formalization and mathematical description of the single combat process, this paper employs Petri nets based on the hybridization of time and space to describe the discrete states and continuous processes of heterogeneous UAV swarm systems, and effectively solves the problems of the fusion between physics and computing processes, and modeling of interactive events in swarm systems. UPPAAL is selected to formally verify the modeling of UAV swarm strike mission, which shows that the proposed modeling method is feasible and effective.

Іnfluence of engaging in single combats on physical development of students, them power capabilities, endurance and speed in the conditions of sport club of university"

In the article the questions of theory and practice of influence of engaging in single combats (By martial arts) are examined on development of power possibilities and power endurance for students, them common physical development in the process of employment in the sport club of establishment of higher education.
 For a given hour before laying the foundations of the great enlightenment, it is important to stand the task - the creation of minds for the preservation of the health of students under the hour of the initial process. An aim stood before the group of teachers - to investigate influence of methodology of teaching of discipline of single combat, in the conditions of sport club of university, on physical development of students, development of them power capabilities, speeds of reaction and common strengthening of health (on methodology of G. Apanasenka, methods of determination of motive activity, methods of mathematical statistics [1, 2].
 As a result of experiment, drawn conclusion about influence of employments by single combats in the conditions of sport club of university on physical development of students, them power capabilities, endurance, and speed.
 In experimental groups from single combats a greater positive dynamics is fixed, than in a control group. The analysis of influence of engaging in single combats on the indexes of bodily condition of students allows establishing, that the expressed optimization of work of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems was marked. Positive influence of the sectional engaging in single combats is educed on the indexes of bodily condition, especially on speed qualities, and endurance. The conducted experiment and research in a sport club of university confirmed expediency of the use of sectional employments after single combats with students.

The effect of combat exposure on financial problems

This paper examines whether combat exposure leads to financial problems among surviving deployed veterans. We use restricted panel data for the years 2001 through 2016 from 64,508 deployed Millennium Cohort Study participants, and we accommodate real-world uncertainty with an information theoretic, semi-parametric Generalized Maximum Entropy model. The average predicted probability of developing a new major financial problem (such as bankruptcy) and greater financial distress increases 0.44 percentage points (21 percent relative to the mean probability) following a single combat exposure and increases 0.90 percentage points (43 percent relative to the mean probability) following multiple combat exposures. Simulation results identify policy-relevant characteristics to target before a veteran deploys. The results point toward veterans with poorer pre-deployment mental or physical health, veterans in enlisted ranks, and veterans between the ages of 26 and 36 as being less resilient to the effects of combat exposure on financial problems.

Influence of biofeedback training on beta rhythm of the brain on the level of anxiety and endogenous time estimation of athletes

To examine the effect of biofeedback training on the beta rhythm of the brain on the level of anxiety and the endogenous time estimation of athletes, depending on the nature of motor activity. 1020 young men aged 18-21 years old were studied. The biofeedback training on the beta rhythm of the brain was carried out with active wakefulness and open eyes, with a bipolar installation of electrodes in the Fz-Cz lead and a free electrode on the earlobe. The level of anxiety of athletes was identified with the Ch. Spielberger questionnaire [1]. The endogenous time estimation was carried out according to the «Individual minute» test (according to F. Halberg) [2]. The biofeedback training contributed to multidirectional changes in the studied psychophysiological indicators, depending on the nature of the motor activity of athletes. After the training, in the group of cyclic sports athletes, there was a decrease in anxiety, remaining in the range of values of a high level, which may reflect the processes of fatigue or under-recovery. Representatives of speed-strength sports had a decrease in anxiety with varying values in the range of a moderate level, which reflects the achievement of a generally comfortable psychophysiological state. In the group of athletes of single combat sports, accelerated perception of time was noted, accompanied by anxiety, fussiness, decreased attention span and increased stress. Athletes of team sports had a unidirectional tendency of increasing anxiety with a variation of values in the range of moderate stress levels, which may be associated with an adaptive transition to a new level of the body functioning after the training. The use of the biofeedback training on the beta rhythm of the brain in the practice of sports and rehabilitation medicine requires a thorough and detailed study of its effect on various parameters of the psychophysiological state of athletes. The development of methods for the differential application of the method, taking into account the polymetric characteristics of the initial state, type of sports activity and other factors, calls for special attention.

Variability in the stability of personality traits across a single combat deployment

ABSTRACT This study assessed changes in measures of personality traits across a 12-month combat deployment in a sample of conventional US Army soldiers. Results revealed Impulsive Sensation-Seeking (ImpSS) and Sociability (Sy) decreased significantly, whereas Neuroticism–Anxiety (N-Anx) increased. Changes in ImpSS scores were mainly attributed to age, but were inversely related to increases in traumatic stress symptoms. Combat exposure, concussion, age, education, and changes in traumatic stress scores all independently contributed to changes in N-Anx scores. Changes in Sy were not associated with any of the data available from pre-deployment or deployment measures. Changes in Aggression–hostility (Agg-Hos) and Activity (Act) across the deployment were not significant. The findings suggest significant variability in the stability of personality traits when exposed to combat stress and injury while deployed, which may be influenced by factors such as age and education.

Rupertus Tuitiensis: Anulus seu dialogus de sacramentis fidei. Edited by A. Magoga

Towards the end of his life, around 1125, Rupert, abbot of Deutz (Cologne, where there was a large Jewish presence), was much concerned with the Quaestio Iudaica. Dom Alessio Magoga has over the past twenty years illuminated this phase of Rupert’s output: in 2004 he produced an edition of two books of Rupert’s De Gloria et honore filii hominis, super Matthaeum, where the Jewish question is often addressed; now he has re-edited the Anulus, a dialogue in which a Christian and a Jew discuss the issues that separate them. There had been a long history of Christian polemic against the Jews; the counterparts of the treatises of the patristic period (Tertullian, Augustine) were works of the twelfth century taking the form of dialogues (Peter Damian, Peter Alfonsi, Gilbert Crispin, Abelard). They were symptomatic of the gulf between Christians and Jews and, however well meant, did nothing to halt the persecutions. How the Anulus fits into this picture is something not explored by Magoga, a major gap in his long introduction. But in Rupert’s case at least the dialogue form, perhaps adopted to keep the attention of the young monks for whom he wrote (prol. 54), had a beneficial effect. It ensured that the Jewish case did not go by default. Christian is on the back foot, for it is Jew who asks the questions: often awkward ones, even though it may be felt that they sometimes go unanswered. Christian chivies Jew in colloquial terms for his lack of understanding (see p. 47, n. 110, where knowledge of the Querolus is hardly proved. Add i. 59 quid stas? quid taces et titubas?; i. 98–9 quid iterum stas? quid hesitas?; i. 233 quid nunc taciturnus astas?, to be compared with e.g. Plautus, Epid. 583 quid stas stupida? quid taces?); but Jew is allowed to protest at the way he is being treated: ‘I haven’t got time to listen to this sort of thing any longer: I’m busy’ (i. 250–1); ‘You make me tired, and more or less make me not know what I do know’ (ii. 537–8). Christian may occasionally fall back on familiar aspersions such as the killing of Christ (i. 607–10 [‘out of cupidity and avarice’], ii. 508–9, iii. 602), but on the whole the two slug it out on technicalities, trading quotations from the Old Testament. Rarely do we have an exchange as crisp as this, near the end (iii. 692–3): Jew (confronted with Gen. 9:2–3): ‘. . . Why don’t you also eat dog? Why don’t you also swallow frog or toad?’ (ranam sive rubetam; Pliny the Elder often mentions the rana rubeta, which has in Rupert mistakenly evolved into alternative names for one creature). Christian says he regards Jew as his brother (i. 805), and he aims at his conversion: ‘Take this ring [anulus, symbolizing faith] with me’ (i. 817). But, all in all, the conversation is not very friendly: Rupert calls it a monomachia, a single combat (prol. 48).

Research on force demand of multi-layer anti-missile coorperative combat

In order to find a scientific analysis method of anti-missile force demand, the connotation of force demand of multi-layer anti-missile cooperative combat was first defined, and the relative concepts such as combat unit, firepower layer, route shortcut and assault wave were described. Then, an intercept damage model of multi-layer anti-missile coorperative combat was built. And the computing method of anti-missile firepower overlaping demand was proposed, the computing method of minimum acceptable quantity of single firepower layer anti-missile combat unit and the total force demand of multi-layer anti-missile cooperative combat were given based on the studied thinking of force demand. At last, the example of anti-missile combat was set up, which was solved with LINGO software, and it confirmed the rationality of the proposed method and the effect of each anti-missile fire layer.