Single Charge Research Articles

A resilient battery electric bus transit system configuration

Electric mobility is fundamental to combat climate change and attaining the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG-11). However, electric mobility necessitates a seamless integration between power and transportation systems, as the resiliency of both systems is becoming far more interdependent. Here, we focus on disruption to Battery Electric Bus (BEB) transit system charging infrastructure and offer a resilient BEB transit system planning model. The proposed model optimizes the BEB system costs while ensuring the system’s robustness against simultaneous charging station failures. In our case study, a single charging station failure would lead to up to 34.03% service reduction, and two simultaneous failures would reduce the service by up to 58.18%. Our proposed two-stage robust model addresses this issue with a relatively small added cost (3.26% and 8.12% higher than the base model). This cost enables uninterrupted BEB system operation during disruption, ensuring personal mobility, social interaction, and economic productivity.

AquaticVID: a low cost, extended battery life, plug-and-go video system for aquatic research

AquaticVID is a low-cost, long battery life video camera system for use in a wide-range of aquatic research applications. The system can be deployed for multiple day recording on a single charge, is submersible to depths of down to 950 m and can be constructed quickly using easily sourced off-the-shelf materials. The system is essentially ‘plug-and-go’, as assembly and preparation for deployment takes < 30 minutes without the need for technical build or programming skills. All of the electrical components are interchangeable with parts from multiple manufacturers and the camera system can be adapted to fit a variety of waterproof enclosure sizes depending on power and data storage requirements. Here, we describe three versions of the AquaticVID in detail and give examples of above and below water research undertaken with the system. The small size and extended battery times, coupled with ease of use and low cost (US$ 268–540) make the AquaticVID a useful option for numerous aquatic research applications.

Analysis of the Use of Rational Electric Vehicle Battery Design as an Example of the Introduction of the Fit for 55 Package in the Real Estate Market

The European climate law contains a mandatory EU climate target of reducing emissions in the EU by at least 55% by 2030; to realistically implement it, a transformation of many economic sectors is required. The main solutions focus on energy production. However, an equally important aspect is its storage. It represents the biggest challenge to ensure the stability of energy use in the real estate market. Today, lithium-ion batteries are the most promising batteries. They have the advantages of high efficiency during the charge–discharge process, and high density of electrical energy. The potential range of electric vehicles on a single charge depends on the battery. Accumulator batteries, depending on their purpose, are assembled from a certain number of lithium-ion cells. At the same time, the battery connection scheme depends on what the goal is. This can be an increase in battery capacity, an increase in voltage, or a combination of both parametric characteristics of the device. This approach and research results can be implemented not only in the automotive field, but also in industry, the real estate market, etc.

Strategie innowacji produktowych chińskich producentów na rynku samochodów elektrycznych

Product innovation strategies of Chinese EV manufacturers Climate change and the effects of global warming are one of the most important problems in the modern world. The effects of these phenomena affect the everyday life of societies and the functioning of enterprises, industries, and entire sectors of the world economy. Therefore, appropriate legal and economic regulations have been and are being introduced at state level. Reducing exhaust emissions is the primary goal of electrification of the automotive industry, because the internal combustion engine is inefficient in terms of energy (it burns a lot of fuel and emits large amounts of harmful exhaust gases). The result of this transformation of the automotive industry is the creation of a new product, the electric car (EV), which makes possible the decarbonization of transport. In 2022, global EV sales totaled 10.5 million units, an increase of 55% compared to the previous year. The largest increase in EV sales in the world was once again recorded in China: by 82% year-on-year. China is by far the largest EV market, accounting for 59% of global EV sales in 2022. Currently, the dynamic nature of the market environment for electric car companies influences the development of product innovations. The basis for shaping product strategies is the company’s designated goal, the size and structure of its resources, and its innovative potential. The size and structure of the resources at its disposal and its skills (especially in the field of research and development, technology and financial resources) determine the possibilities of taking creative actions in the field of products. This potential directly affects the range of products offered, their technical level and quality. Activities located within the company’s long-term strategy should take into account changes in buyer preferences, technological progress, activities of competitors, as well as innovative activities of enterprises from supporting industries. Vehicle manufacturers are introducing more and more EV models, contributing to the electrification of road transport. They see the direction of development in the coming years and know that the expansion of the BEV market is inevitable. However, many automakers have different strategies for transitioning to EVs. Tesla has been producing EVs from the beginning and has become a market leader, meeting consumer expectations by introducing various product innovations in terms of energy consumption, charging speed, and range on a single charge. Chinese manufacturers, like BYD or Geely, have started to play a significant role in this race. The aim of the article is to discuss the basic forms of product innovation used by Chinese EV manufacturers. Additionally, the authors of the article try to answer the question as to whether Chinese EV manufacturers are able to achieve a significant share in other world markets by using product innovations in their EV vehicles, compared to their competitors’ meeting customer needs.

Single Pulse Charge Pumping Technique Improvement for Interface-States Profiling in the Channel of MOSFET Devices

Single Pulse Charge Pumping Technique Improvement for Interface-States Profiling in the Channel of MOSFET Devices

Highly Reliable Van Der Waals Memory Boosted by a Single 2D Charge Trap Medium.

Charge trap materials that can store carriers efficiently and controllably are desired for memory applications. 2D materials are promising for highly compacted and reliable memory mainly due to their ease of constructing atomically uniform interfaces, however, remain unexplored as being charge trap media. Here it is discovered that 2D semiconducting PbI2 is an excellent charge trap material for nonvolatile memory and artificial synapses. It is simple to construct PbI2 -based charge trap devices since no complicated synthesis or additional defect manufacturing are required. As a demonstration, MoS2 /PbI2 device exhibits a large memory window of 120V, fast write speed of 5 µs, high on-off ratio around 106 , multilevel memory of over 8 distinct states, high reliability with endurance up to 104 cycles and retention over 1.2 × 104 s. It is envisioned that PbI2 with ionic activity caused by the natively formed iodine vacancies is unique to combine with unlimited 2D materials for versatile van der Waals devices with high-integration and multifunctionality.

Ultrabright Acrylic Polymers with Tunable Fluorescence Enabled by Imprisoning Single TICT Probe.

Bright and colorful fluorescent polymers are ideal materials for a variety of applications. Although polymers could be made fluorescent by physical doping or chemical binding of fluorescent units, it is a great challenge to get colorful and highly emissive polymers with a single fluorophore. Here the development of a general and facile method to synthesize ultrabright and colorful polymers using a single twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) probe is reported. By incorporating polymerizable, highly fluorescent, and environmental sensitive TICT probe, a series of colorful acrylic polymers (emission from 481 to 543nm) with almost 100% fluorescence quantum yields are prepared. Like the solvatochromic effect, functional groups within side chains of acrylic polymers (including alkyl chain, tetrahydrofurfuryl group, and hydroxyl group) provide varied environmental polarity for the incorporated fluorophore, resulting in a series of colorful polymeric materials. Benefiting from the excellent photophysical properties, the polymers show great potential in encryption, cultural relics protection, white light-emitting diode bulb making, and fingerprint identification.

Size‐ and charge‐matching effect between porphyrin core and central metal on the stability of cuprous ion

Cuprous(I) catalysts have been widely used in the coupling reaction of forming C‐X bond. The core‐modified porphyrins are known to stabilize the unusual oxidation state of many metals. Thus, in this work, a 21‐oxaporphyrin was obtained under the improved Adler–Longo condensation condition and successfully used for complexing the cuprous ion. It is found that the synergy of the two factors, the diameter expansion and the univalent form of the N₃O core in the ligand, plays a decisive role in stabilizing the metastable ion; the former effectively stabilizes the electron pair of the equatorial d orbital by aiding the d‐π interaction, and the latter exactly balances the single charge of the ion. A size axis of copper species in porphyrinate systems is established by comparing with two previously reported distorted copper(II) porphyrin series.

α′ corrections to 4-dimensional non-extremal stringy black holes

We compute the first-order α′ corrections to a family of 4-dimensional, 4-charge, non-extremal black hole solutions of Heterotic Supergravity in the case with 3 independent charges. The solutions are fully analytic, reproduce the extremal limit previously found in the literature and, applying T-duality, they transform as expected. If we reduce to the case with a single independent charge we obtain the corrections to four embeddings of the Reissner-Nordström black hole in string theory. We completely characterize the black hole thermodynamics computing the Hawking temperature, Wald entropy, mass, gauge charges and their dual thermodynamic potentials. We verify that all these quantities are related by the first law of extended black hole mechanics and the Smarr formula once we include a potential associated to the dimensionful parameter α′ and the scalar charges. We found that the latter are not identified with the poles at infinity of the scalar fields because they receive α′ corrections.

Single-electron transfer reactions on surface-modified gold plasmons

Photoredox catalysis's relevance in organic synthesis research and innovation will increase in the coming decades. However, the processes rely almost exclusively on expensive noble metal complexes, most notably iridium complexes, to absorb light and transfer a single charge to a substrate or a catalyst to initiate cascade transformations. Light-triggered plasmon resonances generate a non-Fermi-Dirac energy distribution with many hot carriers that decay in ∼1 ps. Their ultrafast relaxation makes performing single electron transfer (SET) transformations challenging. Herein, a novel photosystem is proposed based on surface-modified gold nanoparticles (aka plasmon "molecularization"), which improved charge separation and, more importantly, enabled SET reactions, expanding the portfolio of photocatalysts available for photoredox catalysis. The photosystem was made into an electrode, permitting its use in photoelectrochemical arrangements that leverage electro- and photo-chemical approaches' benefits and chemical engineering solutions, helping the synthetic chemistry efforts towards greener synthesis and synthesis of more complex structures on a scale.

Amplifying electrical outputs of polyaniline-based Schottky DC generators through single polarity charge injection

Schottky direct-current (DC) generators have gained attention for their ability to produce DC output directly without rectification. However, a major challenge is their limited voltage output, often below 1 V, and difficulty in simultaneously increasing both voltage and current outputs. This study develops a new design concept to improve the voltage and current outputs of a conducting polymer/metal Schottky DC generator by injecting a single type of charges from the Schottky unit's exterior to either its semiconductor or metal components. By utilizing a polyaniline-coated fabric and a metal Al plate to create a Schottky DC generator, as well as a single-mode triboelectric device such as PTFE film/metal Al, PTFE film/PA6 nanofiber membrane, or PA6-Ni/Cu plate as the external charge supplier, we demonstrate that injecting positive tribo charges to the Schottky Al electrode or negative charges to the polyaniline results in a significant increase in both the voltage and current outputs of the Schottky generator. The resultant Schottky unit showcased an exceptional peak open circuit voltage increasing to 4.88 ± 0.20 V, and an equally impressive peak short circuit current output peaking at 154.97 ± 5.20 μA (6.20 ± 0.21 μA/cm2). Remarkably, this configuration delivered an outstanding power density of up to 7.37 μW/cm2. These output metrics surpass those of standalone PANI/Al Schottky DC generator counterparts (1.09 ± 0.03 V, 67.32 ± 6.52 μA, and 0.66 μW/cm²), and also surpass most other Schottky DC generators previously reported. Incorporating nano Coulombs of charge into the Schottky generator resulted in an impressive micro Coulombs of charge migration within the Schottky device, achieving a remarkable fourfold amplification of voltage outputs and twofold amplification of current outputs, all while preserving the inherent DC output characteristics intrinsic to Schottky generators. Moreover, we have observed that the amount external tribo charges have a direct relationship with the voltage and current output increases of the Schottky DC generators. These phenomena were consistent, whether introducing positive charges to the Al layer of the Schottky unit or infusing negative charges into the polyaniline layer. Furthermore, alternative triboelectric devices connected to the Schottky generators yielded similar outcomes, thereby corroborating the robustness of our approach. This novel approach shows promise in enhancing power generation efficiency in Schottky DC generators and has potential applications in various fields requiring efficient and direct DC power generation.

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ТЯГОВЫХ АККУМУЛЯТОРОВ ГЕЛЕВОГО ТИПА

The results of an experimental assessment of the functional characteristics of gel-type traction batteries (AGBT) for small-sized transport and technological vehicles (TVT), depending on various load modes and temperature conditions, are presented. Experimental assessment of the battery life of AGBT in operation and their discharge type characteristics at various storage and operating temperatures. An assessment of changes in the voltage level of an AgBT sample of type RuTrike 6-EVF-32 at room temperature and in a freezer (from -7.8 to -20.2 °C) with a connected electrical load and in storage mode was carried out at the first stage. Temperature fluctuations were set randomly to simulate real operating conditions of the TTS in the cold season. At the second stage of testing, the continuous operation time of a set of five battery packs as part of a small-sized vehicle, the D4 1800 tricycle, was assessed. The tests were carried out in the early spring on the territory of the Federal National Research Center VIM. Both batteries were discharged by only 0.05 V during four days of studying self-discharge characteristics at different temperatures. After removing the load, the batteries are regenerated to a voltage of 12 V (50% charge). A cold battery discharges faster by 2-3 hours, but when the load is removed it is regenerated faster. The tricycle can travel 22.21 km at a speed of 13.3 km/h on a single AkBg charge. The voltage drop across the batteries has an almost linear dependence on the distance traveled and the test time. Timely charging of the battery, as well as the provision of design and technological measures for insulating the battery pack, is recommended for operation in the cold season. Tests with cycles of movement and stopping to assess the influence of the battery’s ability to self-recovery to increase the duration of movement needs to be continued, as well as testing for the duration of recovery after turning on/removing the load, depending on the magnitude of the residual stress.

Single Elementary Charge Fluctuations on Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution.

100 years ago, in 1923, the Nobel prize in physics was awarded for measurement of the unit charge. In addition to a profound impact on contemporary physics, this discovery has reshaped our understanding of charge-based interactions in chemistry and biology, ranging from oxidation and ionization to protein folding and metabolism. In a liquid, the discrete nature of the electric charge becomes prominent at the nanoscale when a charge carrier is exchanged between a molecule or a nanoparticle and the surrounding medium. However, our ability to observe the dynamics of such interactions at the level of a single elementary charge is limited due to the abundance of ions in water. Here, we report on the observation of single binding-unbinding events with elementary charge resolution at the surface of a nanoparticle suspended in water. Discrete steps in the electrical charge are revealed by analyzing the motion of optically trapped nanoparticles under the influence of an applied sinusoidal electric field. The measurements are sufficiently fast and long to observe individual (dis)charging events that occur on average every 3 s. Our results offer prospective routes for studying the dynamics of diverse chemical and biological phenomena on the nanoscale with elementary charge resolution.

A multi–channel study of the 20Ne + 130Te system within the NUMEN project

The NUMEN project aims to measure specific reaction cross sections to provide experimentally driven information about nuclear matrix elements of interest in the context of neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ). In particular, it was proposed to use heavy – ion induced double charge exchange reactions as tools towards the determination of information on the nuclear matrix elements of 0νββ, strongly motivated by a number of similarities between the two processes. To this extent, the 20Ne + 130Te system was experimentally investigated in a multi-channel approach by measuring the complete net of reactions channels, namely double charge exchange, single charge exchange, elastic and inelastic scattering, one – and two – nucleon transfer reactions, characterized by the same initial projectile and target nuclei. The goal of the study is to fully characterize the properties of the nuclear wavefunctions entering in the 0νββ decay nuclear matrix elements. The experimental setup, the data reduction and some of the obtained results for the 20Ne + 130Te system will be presented and discussed.

Energy Cost Minimization in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks

Mobile chargers (MCs) are usually dispatched to deliver energy to sensors in wireless rechargeable sensor networks (WRSNs) due to its flexibility and easy maintenance. This paper concerns the fundamental issue of charging path DEsign with the Minimized energy cOst (DEMO), i.e., given a set of rechargeable sensors, we appropriately design the MC’s charging path to minimize the energy cost which is due to the wireless charging and the MC’s movement, such that the different charging demand of each sensor is satisfied. Solving DEMO is NP-hard and involves handling the tradeoff between the charging efficiency and the moving cost. To address DEMO, we first investigate how to identify a single charging position where the MC could stay to charge a set of sensors distributed within a small area with the maximized charging efficiency. Then, based on the result obtained in the case of optimizing a single charging position, we develop a computational geometry-based algorithm to deploy multiple charging positions within the whole network, by considering the fixed and finite charging range of the MC. We prove that the designed algorithm has the approximation ratio of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O\!\left(\ln\!N\right)$</tex-math> </inline-formula> , where <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$</tex-math> </inline-formula> is the number of sensors. Then we construct the charging path by calculating the shortest Hamiltonian cycle passing through all the deployed charging positions within the network. In addition, we investigate the impact of the network topology as well as the distribution of charging demands among sensors on the MC’s energy cost during a charging tour. Extensive evaluations validate the superiority of our path design in terms of the MC’s energy cost minimization, compared with existing main algorithms.

Vibration response and safety control for blasting vibration of the existing tunnel with defects

Current studies on blasting construction of small clear-distance tunnels have not considered the impact of existing tunnel lining defects when establishing safety controls. This paper offers a series of study results based on the blasting project of a new tunnel adjacent to the existing defect Xinling tunnel to thoroughly examine the dynamic response, safety control standards, and measures of the existing defect tunnel. First, structural models were developed to investigate the influence of the presence or absence of specific defects (like lining cracks and cavities behind the lining) on the dynamic response of the current tunnel lining to identify the most unfavorable defect distribution. Then, establish safety control standards for intact linings and those with the most unfavorable defects. Eventually, two types of control measures, single safe charge and reasonable delay time, were studied based on the established safety control standards. In particular, the most adverse position of cracks was the wall facing the explosion, the rise in depth was more unfavorable for vibration response, and the impact of the longitudinal crack was restricted to the vicinity of the crack. While the vault was the most adverse cavity position, the rise in cavity area was more damaging, and the influence range varied with longitudinal cavity length. Moreover, the impact of cracks was mainly evident in the amplification effect of stress at the crack region. In contrast, cavities had varied degrees of amplification effects on the vibration velocity and stress response and a relatively extensive influence range. Safety control research was conducted, when the tunnel was intact, with a right wall crack, a vault cavity, and both vault cavity and crack for this project, the peak particle velocity (PPV) of the safety control standard for vibration velocity was 13, 10, 13, and 8 cm/s, respectively, and the respective single safe charge could be adjusted at 64, 53, 37, and 25 kg. However, the presence of different defects had a relatively negligible effect on the reasonable delay time; 25 ms was recommended for existing tunnel lining with and without the defect.

Electric Vehicle Technology Battery Management -Review

In a day today life there is a tremendous development in Electric vehicle technology. Amount of energy stored in EVT vehicle is one of the important issues regarding it. Energy density is the amount of energy that can be stored in a battery per unit of weight or volume. Higher energy density means that an EV can travel further on a single charge, making it more convenient for drivers. The transportation sector is generally thought to be contributing up to 25% of all greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions globally. Hence, reducing the usage of fossil fuels by the introduction of electrified powertrain technologies such as hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), battery electric vehicle (BEV) and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) is perceived as a way towards a more sustainable future. When we use IC engine, there is a large amount of pollution, At a time when the fuel prices are rocketing sky high, the daily running cost of a vehicle and its cost of ownership are hitting the roof and there is a dire need to protect our environment, alternative means of transport are few. Electric vehicle are slow expensive with limited range the solution comes in the form of electrical vehicle.

Opto-electronic transport properties of resonant tunneling diodes with type-I and II postwells

We investigate the opto-electronic transport properties of AlGaAs/GaAs double-barrier resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) with GaAs1−xSbx type-II postwells and compare these to RTDs with InxGa1−xAs type-I postwells. Samples grown with Sb containing type-II postwells show a significant photocurrent enhancement for x = 24% compared to 5.5% and 34%, respectively, which is attributed to an efficient hole trapping based on the large hole trapping barrier of 396 meV. By contrasting the RTDs with type-I InGaAs quantum well RTDs, we observe an increased photoresponsivity by one order of magnitude. Our finding allows realizing RTD with efficient hole trapping in the vicinity of the active region of the double barrier structure with confinement energies well above the thermal energy at room temperature, which may allow the observation of single charge configurations even at elevated temperatures.

Performance Analysis of Conventional IPMSM and NCPM Based IPMSM

This paper proposes a NCPM (Nano-composite coated permanent magnets)-based IPMSM (Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor) electric drive system, especially applicable for electric vehicles (EV). For an EV, an increase in the “T/A (torque per ampere)” condition is highly recommended, as it directly affects the maximum distance run by EV on a single charge. Due to NCPM, a substantial increase in magnetic flux intensity, resistance to corrosion and Curie temperature are observed. As a result, the proposed drive clearly exhibits a higher power to weight ratio. Also, it is capable of delivering higher T/A to the drive system without any considerable change in two important factors of EV: (1) mass and volume of the drive system (2) battery capacity of the drive system. Moreover, NCPM performance is less susceptible to temperature variation, which makes it an appropriate candidate for vehicular applications, where temperature inconsistency could be a common issue during working conditions. Also, NCPM-based IPMSM offers a quicker speed response than conventional IPMSM, thus providing higher acceleration, which is one of the important performance factors for vehicular applications. A vector controlled mathematical model of IPMSM and NCPM-based IPMSM is tested for various speed commands. Also, the NCPM-based IPMSM, in the proposed configuration, is fed from a three-level DCMLI (diode clamped multi-level inverter), as the drive system is considered for medium to high power applications. A comparative performance analysis is carried out between the proposed drive system and a conventional IPMSM-based drive system using MATLAB/SIMULINK to indicate the efficacy of the proposed configuration.

Methodology of designing blasting works in open pit mining in terms of their impact on construction objects

The firing of explosive charges with (millisecond) time delay gives a wide range of possibilities in designing multi-row blasting patterns and, at the same time, contributes positively to the minimization of the impact of blasting works on building infrastructure in the vicinity of mines. Selection of the appropriate millisecond delay should be based primarily on seismograms of vibrations induced during the firing of single explosive charges and analysis of the frequency structure of these vibrations. Using this type of data, the article presents a procedure for optimizing millisecond delays with the use of a computer programme dedicated to modern, electronic initiating systems that are currently applied towards obtaining a favourable vibration structure in terms of the assessment of the impact on buildings in accordance with the standard regulations applicable in Poland.