Single Cation Research Articles

Simultaneous determination of 31 endocrine disrupting chemicals in fish plasma by solid-phase extraction coupled with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Solid phase extraction combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous determination of 31 endocrine-disrupting chemicals in fish plasma. The strong anion exchange/primary-secondary amine cartridge and the mixed cation exchange cartridge were used in tandem instead of using a single mixed cation exchange cartridge for sample purification. Suitable eluents were selected for each of the two cartridges: 4.5% ammonia/acetonitrile solution for cartridges in tandem and acetone:n-hexane (V:V=3:7) for the strong anion exchange/primary-secondary amine cartridge alone. With this optimized Solid phase extraction method, the recoveries of 31 endocrine disrupting chemicals were between 43.0% and 131.3%, the method detection limits were 0.45 to 1.35ng/ml, and the limits of quantitation were 1.50-4.50 ng/ml. The innovative pretreatment method that connects two cartridges in tandem is well positioned to mitigate the matrix effects of fish plasma, thereby improving the accuracy of multiclass endocrine-disrupting chemicals determination. The significance of this method is to facilitate the application of the fish plasma model for the environmental risk assessment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals.

A label-free T4 polynucleotide kinase fluorescence sensor based on split dimeric G-quadruplex and ligation-induced dimeric G-quadruplex/thioflavin T conformation

The phosphorylation process of DNA by T4 polynucleotide kinase (T4 PNK) plays a crucial role in DNA recombination, DNA replication, and DNA repair. Traditional monomeric G-quadruplex (G4) systems are always activated by single cation such as K+ or Na+. The conformation transformation caused by the coexistence of multiple cations may interfere with the signal readout and limit their applications in physiological system. In view of the stability of dimeric G4 in multiple cation solution, we reported a label-free T4 PNK fluorescence sensor based on split dimeric G4 and ligation-induced dimeric G4/thioflavin T (ThT) conformation. The dimeric G4 was divided into two independent pieces of one normal monomeric G4 and the other monomeric G4 fragment phosphorylated by T4 PNK in order to decrease the background signal. With the introduction of template DNA, DNA ligase, and invasive DNA, the dimeric G4 could be generated and liberated to combine with ThT to show obvious fluorescence signal. Using our strategy, the linear range from 0.005 to 0.5 U mL-1, and the detection limit of 0.0021 U mL-1 could be achieved without the consideration of interference caused by the coexistence of multiple cations. Additionally, research in real sample determination and inhibition effect investigations indicated its further potential application value in biochemical process research and clinic diagnostics.

Roles of Anion–Cation Coupling Transport and Dehydration-Induced Ion–Membrane Interaction in Precise Separation of Ions by Nanofiltration Membranes

Nanofiltration (NF) membranes are playing increasingly crucial roles in addressing emerging environmental challenges by precise separation, yet understanding of the selective transport mechanism is still limited. In this work, the underlying mechanisms governing precise selectivity of the polyamide NF membrane were elucidated using a series of monovalent cations with minor hydrated radius difference. The observed selectivity of a single cation was neither correlated with the hydrated radius nor hydration energy, which could not be explained by the widely accepted NF model or ion dehydration theory. Herein, we employed an Arrhenius approach combined with Monte Carlo simulation to unravel that the transmembrane process of the cation would be dominated by its pairing anion, if the anion has a greater transmembrane energy barrier, due to the constraint of anion-cation coupling transport. Molecular dynamics simulations further revealed that the distinct hydration structure was the primary origin of the energy barrier difference of cations. The cation having a larger incompressible structure after partial dehydration through subnanopores would induce a more significant ion-membrane interaction and consequently a higher energy barrier. Moreover, to validate our proposed mechanisms, a membrane grafting modification toward enlarging the energy barrier difference of dominant ions achieved a 3-fold enhancement in ion separation efficiency. Our work provides insights into the precise separation of ionic species by NF membranes.

FREQUENCY OF MANIFESTATION OF UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL CHANGES IN MAMMARY GLANDS OF MATURE WOMEN ACCORDING TO SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY DATA

Bilateral mammography is one of the most common and informative methods of mammary gland (MG) examination, performed with the aim of primary diagnosis, quality control of treatment, etc. The aim of our study was to fi nd out the frequency of detection of unilateral or bilateral changes and calcifi cations in the mammary glands according to the results of screening mammography in a randomized sample of mature women. To achieve the goal, a randomized sample of archival anonymized mammograms of 50 women of mature age who underwent a screening or preventive examination in the mammography o ffi ce of the KP «6th City Polyclinic of Lviv»; was processed. Examinations were performed on the Fujifi lm Amulet Innova lity device (Japan) in direct (SS) and medial-l ateral oblique (MLO) projections. The results of the examinations made it possible to detect calcifi cations and assess the degree of risk of the presence of MG neoplasms using the BI-RADS scale, using the following assessment categories: 0 – incomplete examination (additional examination is required to verify the diagnosis); 1 – negative (no neoplasm detected); 2 – benign changes. In a randomized sample of mature women, the frequency of detection of calcifi cations during screening mammography was 66% (in 24% on one side, in 42% – bilaterally). Changes in the MG corresponding to the evaluation category 0 on the BI-RADS scale were found in 24% of the examined (22% – on one side, 2% – bilaterally). In 8 women (16%), structural changes were detected in combination with calcifi cations of various types. In 1 person (2%), a combination of structural changes of the MG with single calcifi cations was found bilaterally. Fragmented small- nodular fi broadenomatosis («mirror image») was visualized in the upper- lateral quadrant of the glandular triangle of both MGs.

Effect of angstrom-level oxide overcoat on Sr segregation behavior of LSM electrodes

Long-term durability of perovskite (ABO3)-based cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells has been largely limited by surface segregation of A-site dopant and thermal agglomeration. Since a deposition of an atomically thin oxide has proven to be highly effective in suppressing electrode agglomeration, a successful suppression of dopant segregation with the same approach will enhance the durability of cathodes significantly by killing two birds with one stone. In this report, we demonstrate that an atomic-scale overcoat with a nominal thickness of 2–3 Å is indeed an effective approach of tuning Sr segregation behavior in La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 (LSM) if a proper choice of the overcoat material is made. Coating of a binary oxide with multi-valent cations (CeO2 and TiO2) desegregates Sr species into the lattice of LSM while an overcoat with single valent cations (ZrO2 and Y2O3) exhibits little effect on Sr segregation. A mechanistic interpretation of the behavior is also presented based upon a series of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical analyses.

Effects of Artificial River Water on PEM Water Electrolysis Performance

Hydrogen, a clean and renewable energy source, is a promising substitute for fossil fuels. Electricity-driven water electrolysis is an attractive pathway for clean hydrogen production. Accordingly, the development of electrolysis cells has drawn researchers’ attention to capital costs related to noble catalyst reduction and membrane degradation by the contaminations. In the literature, polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) have been studied on single cations contamination. In this study, we investigated the performance of a PEM on monovalent and divalent cation contamination by feed water. Artificial river water, called soft water, was used to analyze the effect of impurities on the PEM. The results demonstrated that the operating voltage drastically increased and induced cell failure with increasing Mg2+ and Ca2+ concentrations; however, it did not increase for Na+ and K+ after increase in voltage. Therefore, divalent cations have a stronger affinity than monovalent cations to degrade PEM and should be effectively excluded from the feed water.

Static Disorder in Lead Halide Perovskites.

In crystalline and amorphous semiconductors, the temperature-dependent Urbach energy can be determined from the inverse slope of the logarithm of the absorption spectrum and reflects the static and dynamic energetic disorder. Using recent advances in the sensitivity of photocurrent spectroscopy methods, we elucidate the temperature-dependent Urbach energy in lead halide perovskites containing different numbers of cation components. We find Urbach energies at room temperature to be 13.0 ± 1.0, 13.2 ± 1.0, and 13.5 ± 1.0 meV for single, double, and triple cation perovskite. Static, temperature-independent contributions to the Urbach energy are found to be as low as 5.1 ± 0.5, 4.7 ± 0.3, and 3.3 ± 0.9 meV for the same systems. Our results suggest that, at a low temperature, the dominant static disorder in perovskites is derived from zero-point phonon energy rather than structural disorder. This is unusual for solution-processed semiconductors but broadens the potential application of perovskites further to quantum electronics and devices.

Removing miscellaneous heavy metals by all-in-one ion exchange-nanofiltration membrane

The composition of wastewater containing heavy metal mixtures is often complex and poses a serious threat to human and environmental health. Effective removal of a variety of heavy metal ions with a single technology is challenging, and the conventional split integrated technologies require multi-step processing and a massive footprint. For the first time, we achieve hierarchically integrating ion exchange and nanofiltration into all-in-one “iNF” membranes. The iNF membrane has a hierarchical structure with an interfacial polymerization layer and an ion exchange layer, which can achieve highly efficient indiscriminate heavy metal ion removal, overcoming the defect that traditional nanofiltration membranes can only remove single metal cations or oxyanions. The ion exchange layer can remove heavy metal ions through sulfonic acid groups and quaternary amine groups. In addition, the ion exchange layer can be regenerated by electro-deionization, which is meaningful for sustainable membrane usage. This facile, scalable, and compact integrated process shows outstanding potential and universal applicability in complex wastewater treatment.

(Invited) Electrocatalysts of Complex Oxides for Water Splitting

Low temperature electrolysis plays a critical role in our effort for energy generation with net zero or negative carbon impacts. This process produces green hydrogen through catalytic splitting of water and requires the development of highly active and, perhaps more importantly, highly stable electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). This presentation will focus on examining the structure-property relationship of complex oxides that are made of AxByOz, where A and B can be a single metal cation or mixed cations, respectively. Depending the compositions, perovskite, pyrochlore, and Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) phase solids all have been found to be highly active for OER in either acid or base conditions. Noticeably, structurally defective solid catalysts such as those observed in defect perovskite (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 136, 14646-14649) often possess high activity. I will review some of the latest advancements in understanding the mechanisms of OER and discuss the new results on regulating the cation sites and oxygen defect chemistry for enhancing the bond-stability of key catalytic constituents and surface structures for OER performance.

Metal-organic framework supported single-site nickel catalysts for butene dimerization

Homotopic sites in a well-controlled environment are not only ideal systems for mechanistic studies, but also allow optimal control of catalytic transformations. Sites having only a single metal cation and sites consisting of metal oxo complexes with few nickel (Ni) cations supported on the nodes of UiO-66 metal–organic framework (Ni-UiO-66) are studied for 1-butene dimerization. Monomeric Ni sites, which bind to the Zr6 node via two Zr-OH(μ3) linkages, are active and selective for the dimerization of 1-butene to linear and mono-branched C8 isomers. Ni oxo complexes with few Ni cations show lower activity and promote the oligomerization of transiently formed C8 isomers. Kohn-Sham density function theory calculations combined with spectroscopic measurements and kinetic analyses indicate that dimerization follows a Cossee-Arlman reaction mechanism.

La3NSe3 and La3PSe3: Two Isostoichiometric, but not Isostructural Lanthanum‐Selenide Derivatives

AbstractThe two non‐isostructural lanthanum pnictogenide selenides La3NSe3 and La3PSe3 are formed by oxidizing lanthanum metal with sodium azide (NaN3) in the presence of selenium and an excess of iodine for eight days at 850 °C and by reacting the two binary compounds lanthanum sesquiselenide (La2Se3) and lanthanum monophosphide (LaP) for four days at 900 °C in torch‐sealed glassy silica ampoules. La3NSe3 crystallizes with the well‐known Sm3NS3‐type structure in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with the lattice parameters a=1278.56(8) pm, b=424.18(3) pm, c=1358.73(9) pm, while La3PSe3 adopts the cubic Th3P4‐type structure in the space group with the lattice parameter a=901.42(6) pm, both for Z=4. It features one crystallographically distinct cationic La3+ site and a mixed anionic site with both P3− and Se2− anions sharing the same crystallographic position in its crystal structure. In contrast, the crystal structure of La3NSe3 is comprised of three different La3+ cations with one N3− and three distinct Se2− anions. The key structural elements are N3− centered (La3+)4 tetrahedra connected via vertices to form one‐dimensionally infinite chains (t=terminal, v=vertex‐sharing). The comparatively large La3+ cation adopts coordination numbers of six (1×) and seven (2×) in La3NSe3, whereas in La3PSe3, the coordination number of the single cation site is eight.

Activated MoS2 by Constructing Single Atomic Cation Vacancies for Accelerated Hydrogen Evolution Reaction.

Regulating the electronic structure of MoS2 by constructing cationic vacancies is an effective method to activate and improve its intrinsic properties. Herein, we synthesize the MoS2-based composite with abundant single atomic Mo cation vacancies through uniformly loading nickel-cobalt-Prussian blue analogues (NiCoPBA) (NiCoPBA-MoS2-VMo) by immersing a single Ni atom-decorated MoS2 (Ni-MoS2) into K3[Co(CN)6] solution. Subsequently, NiCoP-MoS2-VMo with improved conductivity is obtained by phosphating the composite as a high-efficiency hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst. Experiments and theoretical calculations indicate that the electrons of NiCoP are spontaneously transferred to the substrate MoS2-VMo nanosheets in NiCoP-MoS2-VMo, and the moderately oxidized NiCoP is beneficial to the adsorption of OH*. Meanwhile, the mono-atomic Mo cation vacancies of the catalyst modulate the electronic structure of S, optimizing the adsorption of hydrogen in the reaction process. Therefore, NiCoP-MoS2-VMo has enhanced chemical adsorption for H* (on MoS2-VMo) and OH*(on NiCoP), expediting the water-splitting step and HER catalysis, and benefiting from the regulation of the electronic structure induced by the construction of metallic Mo vacancies in MoS2, the as-prepared catalyst displays an overpotential of only 67 mV at 10 mA cm-2 with long-term stability (no current decay over 20 h). This work affords not only a kind of efficient HER catalysts but also a new valuable route for developing inexpensive and high-performance catalysts with single atomic cation vacancies.

Vapor deposition as a promising approach for the large-scale perovskite solar cell fabrication

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) hold promise for the next generation of photovoltaic technology because of their high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low manufacturing cost. Methylammonium (MA)-based perovskites are the most studied compositions as single cation or mixed cation for PSCs because of their high PCE.

Impact of zinc salt counterion on poly(ethylene oxide) solution viscosity, conductivity, and ability to generate electrospun MOF/nanofiber composites

The effect of seeding poly(ethylene oxide), PEO, aqueous solutions with zinc acetate (ZA) and zinc chloride (ZC) on solution properties (e.g., viscosity and electrical conductivity) and the ability to electrospin nanofibers was investigated. The impacts of the type of Zn counterion and overall salt concentration on solution viscosity and electrical conductivity were correlated to the ability to electrospin nanofibers, as well as the resulting fiber morphology. In dilute PEO solutions, Zn salt addition reduced the PEO hydrodynamic radius ( R h ) and viscosity likely as a result of PEO chain envelopment of Zn cations, while in semi-dilute entangled regimes, Zn salt addition increased R h and viscosity likely due to interactions a single Zn cation with multiple polymer chains. The addition of Zn salts had limited effects on the overlap concentration ( c* ), but increased the entanglement concentration ( c e ), and the presence of either ZA or ZC enabled electrospinning of bead-free fibers at lower PEO concentrations (than without salt) because of the increased electrical conductivity of the solution. However, increasing the ZA concentration in solution had limited effect on fiber diameter and morphology, while raising the ZC concentration in solution resulted in the fusion of fibers into webs and films likely due to charge carryover. The resulting salt-doped PEO nanofibers were used as a template to synthesize a zeolitic imidazolate framework, ZIF-8, through a vapor-deposition approach exploiting the embedded Zn as nucleation sites for heterogeneous growth in a ‘Fiber-first’ strategy. • Aqueous poly(ethylene oxide) solutions were seeded with zinc salts. • Zinc salts, notably Zn acetate, reduced polymer concentration required to spin bead-free fibers. • Zinc chloride, especially at higher loadings, led to electrospun fused webs instead of fibers. • Zinc counterion type impacted solution conductivity and affected bead-free fiber development. • Zinc salt seeding enabled the vapor-phase growth of the zeolitic imidazolate framework ZIF-8.

Scaling Up the Simultaneous Production of Clean Electricity and Clean Water

The desalination fuel cell (DFC) is a nascent technology for co-production of clean electricity and water from a single cell, driven by the hydrogen-oxygen redox couple. Previously, DFCs employed a single cation and anion exchange membrane pair, and demonstrated desalination of feedwaters of 30 g l−1 NaCl while generating up to 8.6 kWh per m3 of desalinated water. Here, we propose and demonstrate a scaling strategy for DFCs, by adding additional alternating anion and cation exchange membrane pairs. Such a strategy is supported by previous measurements showing small potential loss across membranes in DFCs relative to that at the electrodes. We characterize and compare three cell configurations, including single, double or triple membrane pairs. We show that adding membrane pairs maintains the desalination performance of our DFC, while only moderately reducing cell power density. In addition, adding membrane pairs enables increased flexibility in the choice of anolyte and catholyte solutions, as these are no longer the primary brine channels. We show that optimizing the anolyte and catholyte enables a record power density of up to 10 mW cm−2 during desalination. We further develop and implement expressions for quantification of the thermodynamic energy efficiency of a multiple-membrane-pair DFC.

Above 23% Efficiency by Binary Surface Passivation of Perovskite Solar Cells Using Guanidinium and Octylammonium Spacer Cations

One of the important factors in the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is effective defect passivation. Dimensional engineering technique is a promising method to efficiently passivate non‐radiative recombination pathways in the bulk and surface of PSCs. Herein, a passivation approach for the perovskite/hole transport layer interface is presented, using a mixture of guanidinium and n‐octylammonium cations introduced via GuaBr and n‐OABr. The dual‐cation passivation layer can provide an open‐circuit voltage of 1.21 V with a power conversion efficiency of 23.13%, which is superior to their single cation counterparts. The mixed‐cation passivation layer forms a 1D/2D perovskite film on top of 3D perovskite, leading to a more hydrophobic and smoother surface than the uncoated film. A smooth surface can diminish non‐radiative recombination and enhance charge extraction at the interface making a better contact with the transport layer, resulting in improved short‐circuit current. In addition, space charge‐limited current measurements show a three times reduction in the trap‐filled limit voltage in the mixed‐cation passivated sample compared with unpassivated cells, indicating fewer trapped states. The shelf‐life stability test in ambient atmosphere with 60% relative humidity as well as light‐soaking stability reveal the highest stability for the dual‐cation surface passivation.

Hydrated Electrons in High-Concentration Electrolytes Interact with Multiple Cations: A Simulation Study.

Experimental studies have demonstrated that the hydrated electron's absorption spectrum undergoes a concentration-dependent blue-shift in the presence of electrolytes such as NaCl. The blue-shift increases roughly linearly at low salt concentration but saturates as the solubility limit of the salt is approached. Previous attempts to understand the origin of the concentration-dependent spectral shift using molecular simulation have only examined the interaction between the hydrated electron and a single sodium cation, and these simulations predicted a spectral blue-shift that was an order of magnitude larger than that seen experimentally. Thus, in this paper, we first explore the reasons for the exaggerated spectral blue-shift when a simulated hydrated electron interacts with a single Na+. We find that the issue arises from nonpairwise additivity of the Na+-e- and H2O-e- pseudopotentials used in the simulation. This effect arises because the solvating water molecules donate charge into the empty orbitals of Na+, lowering the effective charge of the cation and thus reducing the excess electron-cation interaction. Careful analysis shows, however, that although this nonpairwise additivity changes the energetics of the electron-Na+ interaction, the forces between the electron, Na+, and water are unaffected, so that mixed quantum/classical (MQC) simulations produce the correct structure and dynamics. With this in hand, we then use MQC simulations to explore the behavior of the hydrated electron as an explicit function of NaCl salt concentration. We find that the simulations correctly reproduce the observed experimental spectral shifting behavior. The reason for the spectral shift is that as the electrolyte concentration increases, the average number of cations simultaneously interacting in contact pairs with the hydrated electron increases from 1.0 at low concentrations to ∼2.5 near the saturation limit. As the number of cations that interact with the electron increases, the cation/electron interactions becomes slightly weaker, so that the corresponding Na+-e- distance increases with increasing salt concentration. We also find that the dielectric constant of the solution plays little role in the observed spectroscopy, so that the electrolyte-dependent spectral shifts of the hydrated electron are directly related to the concentration-dependent number of closely interacting cations.

TO STUDY THE PREVALENCE OF ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE IN PATIENTS WITH SEIZURES

Background: Seizure is dened as an episode of neurological dysfunction caused by abnormal neuronal activity that results in a sudden change in motor, behaviour and sensory perception1. Electrolytes seem to have a dominant role in the causation of seizures Electrolyte homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) is a characteristic essential feature behind brain functioning. “A number of clinical studies have also shown a relationship between electrolyte imbalance and seizures. OBJECTIVE: To Determine the Prevalence of electrolyte imbalance in patients with Seizures. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross sectional study was conducted at , MLN Medical College associated SRN Hospital, Prayagraj. A total 100 patients were enrolled in the study. Patients with 18 years of age or older presented with seizure as the presenting complaint were included. Patients presenting with cerebrovascular accident ,subarachnoid hemorrhage, tuberculoma cavernous sinus thrombosis febrile seizures hypoglycemia alcohol withdrawal uremic encephalopathy and patients refusing to participate in the study. RESULT: Nearly two third (64%) patients had generalized tonic clonic seizures followed by focal seizures (27%) and status epilepticus (9%) respectively. Maximum electrolyte imbalance was seen for calcium (99%) followed by sodium (92%), potassium (63%) and magnesium (33%) respectively. A signicant association of serum sodium status was observed with type of seizures with hyponatremia being more common in GTCS and hypernatremia being more common in status epilepticus. Conclusion: In the present study, there was a high prevalence of hyponatremia (82%). Hyponatremia could be one of the most common factors leading to seizure activity. The ndings of the present study shows that both in adults as well as in children show that electrolyte imbalance is a frequent observation in seizure activity, primarily cation deciency is highly prevalent in seizure cases, however it is difcult to establish the role of a single electrolyte cation to be responsible for this activity

Activity Coefficients and Solubilities of NaCl in Water-Methanol Solutions from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

We obtain activity coefficients and solubilities of NaCl in water-methanol solutions at 298.15 K and 1 bar from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with the Joung-Cheatham, SPC/E, and OPLS-AA force fields for NaCl, water, and methanol, respectively. The Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules were adopted for the unlike-pair interactions of Na+, Cl-, and the oxygen site in SPC/E water, and geometric combining rules were utilized for the remainder of the cross interactions. We found that the selection of appropriate combining rules is important in obtaining physically realistic solubilities. The solvent compositions studied range from pure water to pure methanol. Several salt concentrations were investigated at each solvent composition, from the lowest concentrations permitted by the system size used up to the experimental solubilities. We first calculated individual ion activity coefficients (IIACs) for Na+ and Cl- from the free energy change due to the gradual insertion of a single cation or anion into the solution, accompanied by a neutralizing background. We obtained the salt solubilities by comparing the chemical potentials in solution with solid NaCl chemical potentials calculated previously using the Einstein crystal method. Mean ionic activity coefficients obtained from the IIACs are in reasonable agreement with experimental data, with deviations increasing for solutions of higher methanol content. Predictions for the salt solubility are in surprisingly good agreement with experimental data, despite well-known challenges in the simultaneous calculation of activity coefficients and solubilities with classical MD simulations. The present study demonstrates that good predictions for these two important phase equilibrium properties can be obtained for mixed-solvent electrolyte solutions using existing nonpolarizable models and further suggests that the previously proposed single ion insertion technique can be extended to complex mixed-solvent solutions as well.

Intricacies of caustic production from industrial green liquor using bipolar membrane electrodialysis

Lime based causticization of green liquor (GL, rich in Na2CO3) to white liquor (rich in NaOH) followed by lime recycling in pulp and paper mills is an energy intensive and environmentally hazardous technique. Recently membrane electrolysis is proposed to be an alternative to this, where use of single cation exchange membrane (CEM) between two electrodes limits the processing volume of the feed stream. This can be overcome through BMED (bipolar membrane electrodialysis) technique, where multiple cell pairs can be applied to process larger feed volume. Current report investigates optimization of NaOH production from synthetic-GL using a BMED stack with variation of current density (25, 50, 75 and 100 mA·cm−2), GL concentration (100%, 75%, and 50% v/v), and feed temperature (27, 40 and 50 ℃) along with multiple cell pair arrangement (1, 2 and 3). With 50 mA·cm−2, ~1.6 mol·L−1 of NaOH could be produced from 500 mL of synthetic-GL in 5 h using a three-cell pair BMED setup (effective area of 32 cm2 per cell pair), where current efficiency and energy consumption estimates were ~88.0% and ~4.7 kWh·kg−1, respectively. Under identical conditions, NaOH production performance from industrial-GL was quite comparable (deviation < 5%) to that of synthetic-GL.