Single Bout Of Exercise Research Articles

Contribution of High-Intensity Interval Exercise in the Fasted State to Fat Browning: Potential Roles of Lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate.

Fat browning contributes to energy consumption and may have metabolic benefits against obesity; however the potential roles of lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB) in fat browning remain unclear. We investigated the roles of a single bout of aerobic exercise that increases lactate and β-HB levels in the fasted state on the regulation of fat browning in rats and humans. Male Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to 24-hr fasting and/or a single bout moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (40 min); Sedentary (CON), Exercise (ND-EX), Fasting (FAST), and Exercise+Fasting (F-EX). Adult men (n = 13) were randomly assigned into control with food intake (CON), exercise with intensity at onset of blood lactate accumulation in the fasted state (F-OBLA), and high-intensity interval exercise in the fasted state (F-HIIE) until each participants expended 350 kcal of energy. For evaluating the effects of exercise intensity in rats, we conducted another set of animal experiment including groups of sedentary fed control, fasting control and exercise with moderate-intensity or high-intensity interval exercise for 40 min following 24-hr fasting. Regardless of fasting, single bout of exercise increases the concentration of lactate and β-HB in rats, but the exercise in the fasted state increases the β-HB level more significantly in rats and humans. F-EX activated fat browning (AMPK/SirT1/PGC1α pathway and PRDM16) and thermogenic factor (UCP1) in white fat of rats. In rats and humans, exercise in the fasted state increased the blood levels of fat browning-related adipomyokines. In particular, compared to F-OBLA, F-HIIE more efficiently increases free fatty acid (FFA) as well as blood levels of fat browning adipomyokines in humans, which was correlated with blood levels of lactate and β-HB. In rats performed exercise with different intensity, the higher plasma lactate and β-HB levels, and higher expression of p-AMPK, UCP1 and PRDM16 in white adipose tissue of high-intensity interval exercise group than those of moderate intensity group were observed. A single bout of aerobic exercise in the fasted state significantly induced fat browning-related pathways, FFA and adipomyokines, particularly F-HIIE in human. Although further evidences for supporting our results are required in humans, aerobic exercise in the fasted state with high intensity that increase lactate and β-HB may be a modality of fat browning.

Senolytic effect of high intensity interval exercise on human skeletal muscle.

p16INK4a expression is a robust biomarker of senescence for stem cells in human tissues. Here we examined the effect of exercise intensity on in vivo senescence in skeletal muscle, using a randomized counter-balanced crossover design. Biopsied vastus lateralis of 9 sedentary men (age 26.1 ± 2.5 y) were assessed before and after a single bout of moderate steady state exercise (SSE, 60% maximal aerobic power) and high intensity interval exercise (HIIE, 120% maximal aerobic power) on a cycloergometer accumulating same amount of cycling work (in kilojoule). Increases in cell infiltration (+1.2 folds), DNA strand break (+1.3 folds), and γ-H2AX+ myofibers (+1.1 folds) occurred immediately after HIIE and returned to baseline in 24 h (p < 0.05). Muscle p16Ink4a mRNA decreased 24 h after HIIE (-57%, p < 0.05). SSE had no effect on cell infiltration, p16Ink4a mRNA, and DNA strand break in muscle tissues. Senescence-lowering effect of HIIE was particularly prominent in the muscle with high pre-exercise p16INK4a expression, suggesting that exercise intensity determines the level of selection pressure to tissue stem cells at late senescent stage in human skeletal muscle. This evidence provides an explanation for the discrepancy between destructive nature of high intensity exercise and its anti-aging benefits.

Effectiveness of a Single Prolonged Aerobic Exercise Session on Executive Function Task Performance in Physically Active Adults (21-70 Years of Age).

We sought to examine the effectiveness of an acute prolonged exercise session on post-exercise executive function in physically active adults and to assess if age or pre-exercise cognitive performance was predictive of the magnitude of change in executive task performance. Self-registered cyclists were recruited prior to participating in a 161-km mass-participation cycling event. Cyclists were excluded if they had not previously participated in a similar endurance event, were young (<18 y), or were cognitively impaired (Mini CogTM < 3 units). Immediately after completing the exercise session, the time taken to complete Trail Making Test Part A and Part B (TMT A + B) was assessed. A faster time to complete the TMT A + B was observed after exercise (+8.5%; p = 0.0003; n = 62; age range = 21-70 y). The magnitude of change in TMT A + B performance (pre vs. post) was influenced by pre-exercise TMT A + B performance (r2 = 0.23, p < 0.0001), not age (r2 =0.002; p = 0.75). Prolonged exercise had a small-to-moderate effect on post-exercise compared to pre-exercise executive function task performance (Cohen's d = 0.38-0.49). These results support the effectiveness of a single prolonged exercise bout to augment executive function in physically active adults, irrespective of age.

Short, frequent high-intensity physical activity breaks reduce appetite compared to a continuous moderate-intensity exercise bout.

A single exercise session can affect appetite-regulating hormones and suppress appetite. The effects of short, regular physical activity breaks across the day on appetite are unclear. This study investigated the effects of breaking up sitting with high-intensity physical activity vs a single bout of moderate-intensity exercise and prolonged sitting on appetite control. In this randomised crossover trial, 14 sedentary, inactive adults (7 women) completed 3, 8-h experimental conditions: (i) prolonged sitting (SIT); (ii) 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise followed by prolonged sitting (EX-SIT), and (iii) sitting with 2 min 32 s of high-intensity physical activity every hour (SIT-ACT). Physical activity energy expenditure was matched between EX-SIT and SIT-ACT. Subjective appetite was measured every 30 min with acylated ghrelin and total peptide-YY (PYY) measured hourly in response to two standardised test meals. An ad libitum buffet meal was provided at the end of each condition. Based on linear mixed model analysis, total area under the curve for satisfaction was 16% higher (P = 0.021) and overall appetite was 11% lower during SIT-ACT vs EX-SIT (P = 0.018), with no differences between SIT-ACT and SIT. Time series analysis indicated that SIT-ACT reduced subjective appetite during the majority of the post-lunch period compared with SIT and EX-SIT, with some of these effects reversed earlier in the afternoon (P < 0.05). Total PYY and acylated ghrelin did not differ between conditions. Relative energy intake was 760 kJ lower during SIT-ACT vs SIT (P = 0.024). High-intensity physical activity breaks may be effective in acutely suppressing appetite; yet, appetite-regulating hormones may not explain such responses.

Single Bout High Intensity Interval Exercise (HIIE) Prevents Adiponectin Reduction in Sedentary Overweight Women

This study aimed to analyze the effect of a single bout of high-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) on serum adiponectin levels in sedentary overweight young adult women. A total of 22 overweight adult obesity women with a BMI of 23-24.9 m2/kg were enrolled in this study. Subjects were divided into 2 groups, control and HIIE. The exercise was static cycling for a total of 25 minutes (3 minutes warming up, 20 minutes HIIE, and 2 minutes cooling down). The HIIE was held 10 sets intermittently with the ratio 1:1, 1 minute cycling in 80-90% HRmax, 1 minute active resting with 40 rpm cycling. The data in this study were taken before and 1 hour after the HIIE. The adiponectin level was measured using a human ELISA kit. The adiponectin level in the control group reduced significantly (p&lt;0.05), however, the HIIE group reduced insignificantly. A single bout of HIIE in sedentary overweight young adult women can maintain the adiponectin level. Therefore, it may have a positive contribution to women’s health. However, further research needs to be conducted to uncover the underlying mechanism.

Assessing the Effects of Exercise, Cognitive Demand, and Rest on Audiovisual Multisensory Processing in OlderAdults: A Pilot Study.

A single bout of aerobic exercise is related to positive changes in higher-order cognitive function among older adults; however, the impact of aerobic exercise on multisensory processing remains unclear. Here we assessed the effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise on commonly utilized tasks that measure audiovisual multisensory processing: response time (RT), simultaneity judgements (SJ), and temporal-order judgements (TOJ), in a pilot study. To our knowledge this is the first effort to investigate the effects of three well-controlled intervention conditions on multisensory processing: resting, completing a cognitively demanding task, and performing aerobic exercise for 20 minutes. Our results indicate that the window of time within which stimuli from different modalities are integrated and perceived as simultaneous (temporal binding window; TBW) is malleable and changes after each intervention condition for both the SJ and TOJ tasks. Specifically, the TBW consistently became narrower post exercise while consistently increasing in width post rest, suggesting that aerobic exercise may improve temporal perception precision via broad neural change rather than targeting the specific networks that subserve either the SJ or TOJ tasks individually. The results from the RT task further support our findings of malleability of the multisensory processing system, as changes in performance, as assessed through cumulative probability models, were observed after each intervention condition. An increase in integration (i.e., greater magnitude of multisensory effect) however, was only found after a single bout of aerobic exercise. Overall, our results indicate that exercise uniquely affects the central nervous system and may broadly affect multisensory processing.

Cerebral blood flow and immediate and sustained executive function benefits following single bouts of passive and active exercise

Passive exercise occurs when an individual’s limbs are moved via an external force and is a modality that increases cerebral blood flow (CBF) and provides an immediate postexercise executive function (EF) benefit. To our knowledge, no work has examined for how long passive exercise benefits EF. Here, healthy young adults (N = 22; 7 female) used a cycle ergometer to complete three 20-min conditions: passive exercise (via mechanically driven flywheel), a traditional light intensity (37 W) “active” exercise condition (i.e., via volitional pedalling) and a non-exercise control condition. An estimate of CBF was obtained via transcranial Doppler ultrasound measurement of middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) and antisaccades (i.e., saccade mirror-symmetrical to a target) were completed prior to and immediately, 30- and 60-min following each condition to assess EF. Passive and active exercise increased MCAv; however, the increase was larger in the latter condition. In terms of antisaccades, passive and active exercise provided an immediate postexercise reaction time benefit. At the 30-min assessment, the benefit was observed for active but not passive exercise and neither produced a benefit at the 60-min assessment. Thus, passive exercise provided an evanescent EF “boost” and is a finding that may reflect a smaller cortical hemodynamic response.

Corticospinal and intracortical responses from both motor cortices following unilateral concentric versus eccentric contractions.

Cross-education is the phenomenon where training of one limb can cause neuromuscular adaptations in the opposite untrained limb. This effect has been reported to be greater after eccentric (ECC) than concentric (CON) strength training; however, the underpinning neurophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, we compared responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in both motor cortices following single sessions of unilateral ECC and CON exercise of the elbow flexors. Fourteen healthy adults performed three sets of 10 ECC and CON right elbow flexor contractions at 75% of respective maximum on separate days. Elbow flexor maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torques were measured before and after exercise, and responses to single- and paired-pulse TMS were recorded from the non-exercised left and exercised right biceps brachii. Pre-exercise and post-exercise responses for ECC and CON were compared by repeated measures analyses of variance (ANOVAs). MVIC torque of the exercised arm decreased (p < 0.01) after CON (-30 ± 14%) and ECC (-39 ± 13%) similarly. For the non-exercised left biceps brachii, resting motor threshold (RMT) decreased after CON only (-4.2 ± 3.9% of maximum stimulator output [MSO], p < 0.01), and intracortical facilitation (ICF) decreased (-15.2 ± 20.0%, p = 0.038) after ECC only. For the exercised right biceps, RMT increased after ECC (8.6 ± 6.2% MSO, p = 0.014) but not after CON (6.4 ± 8.1% MSO, p = 0.066). Thus, unilateral ECC and CON elbow flexor exercise modulated excitability differently for the non-exercised hemisphere. These findings suggest that responses after a single bout of exercise may not reflect longer term adaptations.

Effects of a Single Bout of Endurance Exercise on Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.

We aimed to investigate the impact of a single bout of endurance exercise on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in humans and analyze how a single bout of endurance exercise impacts the peripheral BDNF types by age group. We performed a systematic literature review by searching PubMed, Elsevier, and Web of Science for studies that included a single bout of endurance exercise in the experimental group and other exercise types in the control group. Eight interventions were included in the study. Overall, a single bout of endurance exercise significantly increased BDNF expression (SMD = 0.30; 95% CI = [0.08, 0.52]; p = 0.001), which was confirmed in the serum BDNF (SMD = 0.30; 95% CI = [0.04, 0.55]; p &lt; 0.001). A non-significant trend was observed in the plasma BDNF (SMD = 0.31; 95% CI = [-0.13, 0.76]; p = 0.017). The serum and plasma BDNF levels significantly increased regardless of age (SMD = 0.35; 95% CI = [0.11, 0.58]; p = 0.004; I2 = 0%). In conclusion, a single bout of endurance exercise significantly elevates BDNF levels in humans without neurological disorders, regardless of age. The serum BDNF is a more sensitive index than the plasma BDNF in evaluating the impact of a single bout of endurance exercise on the BDNF.

Acute exercise mobilizes CD8+ cytotoxic T cells and NK cells in lymphoma patients.

Background: Studies have shown that acute exercise can mobilize several leukocyte subpopulations in healthy individuals. Our aim was to investigate whether a 10-min acute exercise has an effect on immune cell proportions in lymphoma patients. Methods: This study included seven lymphoma patients referred to curative oncologic therapy. Three had Hodgkin and four non-Hodgkin lymphoma, one was female, and their mean age was 51. Patients underwent a 10-min acute exercise on a bicycle ergometer at moderate exercise intensity. Whole blood samples were taken at rest, immediately after exercise, and 30min after exercise. Leukocyte subpopulation levels were determined using flow cytometry. Results: Proportions of total NK cells and CD56+CD16+ NK cells of total leukocytes increased immediately after exercise and decreased back to baseline at 30min post-exercise. Proportion of CD8+ T cells of total T cells increased and proportion of CD4+ T cells of total T cells decreased immediately after exercise, and both returned to baseline at 30min post-exercise. There was no change in the proportions of B cells, granulocytes, or monocytes. Exercising diastolic blood pressure correlated positively with changes in total NK cell and CD56+CD16+ NK cell proportions, and exercising mean arterial pressure correlated positively with change in CD56+CD16+ NK cell proportion. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that a single acute exercise bout of only 10min can cause leukocytosis in lymphoma patients, particularly on cytotoxic T cells and NK cells, which are the most important immune cells fighting against cancer.

Acute effects of a single moderate-intensity exercise bout performed in fast or fed states on cell metabolism and signaling: Comparison between lean and obese rats

AimsAlthough the benefits of exercise can be potentiated by fasting in healthy subjects, few studies evaluated the effects of this intervention on the metabolism of obese subjects. This study investigated the immediate effects of a single moderate-intensity exercise bout performed in fast or fed states on the metabolism of gastrocnemius and soleus of lean and obese rats. Main methodsMale rats received a high-fat diet (HFD) for twelve weeks to induce obesity or were fed standard diet (SD). After this period, the animals were subdivided in groups: fed and rest (FER), fed and exercise (30 min treadmill, FEE), 8 h fasted and rest (FAR) and fasted and exercise (FAE). Muscle samples were used to investigate the oxidative capacity and gene expression of AMPK, PGC1α, SIRT1, HSF1 and HSP70. Key findingsIn relation to lean animals, obese animals' gastrocnemius glycogen decreased 60 %, triglycerides increased 31 %; glucose and alanine oxidation decreased 26 % and 38 %, respectively; in soleus, triglycerides reduced 46 % and glucose oxidation decreased 37 %. Exercise and fasting induced different effects in glycolytic and oxidative muscles of obese rats. In soleus, fasting exercise spared glycogen and increased palmitate oxidation, while in gastrocnemius, glucose oxidation increased. In obese animals' gastrocnemius, AMPK expression decreased 29 % and SIRT1 increased 28 % in relation to lean. The AMPK response was more sensitive to exercise and fasting in lean than obese rats. SignificanceExercise and fasting induced different effects on the metabolism of glycolytic and oxidative muscles of obese rats that can promote health benefits in these animals.

Acute, but not chronic, aerobic exercise alters the impact of ex vivo LDL and fatty acid stimulation on monocytes and macrophages from healthy, young adults.

Elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride concentrations are associated with future cardiovascular risk in young adults. Conversely, chronic physical activity is generally accepted to reduce CVD risk. Atherosclerosis is a major underlying cause of CVD, and atherogenesis is mediated by peripheral monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages. The study aimed to determine if an individual's physical activity level impacts the phenotype of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages when stimulated with LDL and fatty acid ex vivo. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from healthy, young adults of differing physical activity levels before and after a single bout of moderate intensity exercise (25min at 60% of VO2peak). PBMCs were stimulated with LDL and palmitate ex vivo prior to differentiation into macrophages. Monocyte subset percentages and monocyte-derived macrophage expression of phenotypic (CD86, CD206) and functional (CCR2, ERK 1/2) markers were evaluated by flow cytometry. Compared to baseline, ex vivo LDL and palmitate stimulation decreased (p = 0.038) non-classical monocyte percentage from 24.7 ± 3.2 to 21.5 ± 2.6% in all participants. When ex vivo lipid stimulation was preceded by acute exercise, non-classical monocyte percentage was similar to baseline levels (p = 0.670, 25.8 ± 2.15%). Macrophage CD86/CD206 was increased from 1.30 ± 0.14 to 1.68 ± 0.19 when preceded by acute exercise in all participants. No differences were observed between participants of differing physical activity levels. Findings suggest that acute exercise modulates monocyte phenotype after LDL and palmitate stimulation in a protective manner, however, chronic physical activity does not alter monocyte/macrophage responses to any experimental condition in this population.

Influences of Aerobic Exercise on Motor Sequence Learning and Corticomotor Excitability in People With Parkinson’s Disease

Background People with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are known to have motor learning difficulties. Although numerous studies have demonstrated that a single bout of aerobic exercise (AEX) can facilitate motor learning in non-disabled adults, the same beneficial effect in PD is unknown. Furthermore, associated neuroplastic changes have not been investigated. Objectives This study aimed to determine whether a single bout of aerobic exercise (AEX) can facilitate motor sequence learning in people with PD and to investigate the associated neurophysiological changes. Methods Thirty individuals with PD were recruited and randomized into the exercise group (PD + AEX) and non-exercise group (PD − AEX). At the first visit, corticomotor excitability was assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). All participants then performed a serial reaction time task (SRTT) followed by 20 minutes of moderately-high intensity aerobic exercise (AEX) for the PD + AEX group or rest for the PD − AEX group. The SRTT and TMS were reevaluated at 3 time points: immediately after aerobic exercise (AEX) or rest, on the second day after practice (D2), and a week after practice (D7). Results Both groups showed improvement throughout practice. At retention, the PD + AEX group showed improved SRTT performance on D7 compared to D2 (P = .001), while the PD − AEX group showed no change in performance. TMS results showed that the PD + AEX group had significantly higher corticomotor excitability than the PD − AEX group on D7. Conclusion A single session of aerobic exercise (AEX) could enhance motor sequence learning and induce neuroplastic changes. Clinicians can consider providing aerobic exercise (AEX) after motor task training for people with PD. Clinical registration: NCT04189887 (ClinicalTrials.gov).

Role of TFEB and TFE3 in mediating lysosomal and mitochondrial adaptations to contractile activity in skeletal muscle myotubes

Exercise is potent stimulus for mitochondrial adaptations, serving to activate mitochondrial biogenesis as well as mitochondrial turnover. Through the process of mitophagy, dysfunctional mitochondria are selectively targeted and recycled via the lysosomes, which is activated following a single bout of exercise. The microphthalamia (MiT) family of transcription factors, including TFEB and TFE3, are widely recognized as the master regulators of lysosomal biogenesis, as they homo- and hetero-dimerize to transcriptionally regulate lysosomal and macroautophagy-related genes. It is currently unknown to what extent TFEB and TFE3 regulate mitophagy, and whether these transcription factors mediate mitochondrial adaptations to contractile activity (CA). Here we show that following an acute bout of contractile activity in cultured C2C12 murine skeletal muscle myotubes, LC3-II mitophagy flux is induced and the absence of TFEB or TFE3 impairs this acute mitophagic response. However, the loss of either transcription factor alone does not mitigate the improvements in oxygen consumption seen following chronic contractile activity (CCA). Chronic contractile activity also elicited functional improvements in lysosomes including a reduction in size and increased proteolytic activity, evidenced by increased digestion and unquenching of DQ-BSA fluorophore, thereby illustrating a level of redundancy between the two transcription factors in mediating chronic contractile activity-induced adaptations. However, in the absence of both TFEB and TFE3, lysosomal adaptations were not observed following chronic contractile activity and subsequent mitochondrial adaptations were attenuated. These findings underscore the importance of the lysosomes, and of TFEB and TFE3, in mediating mitochondrial adaptations to chronic contractile activity.

Extracellular vesicle characteristics and microRNA content in cerebral palsy and typically developed individuals at rest and in response to aerobic exercise.

In this study, the properties of circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) were examined in cerebral palsy (CP) and typically developed (TD) individuals at rest and after aerobic exercise, focusing on the size, concentration, and microRNA cargo of EVs. Nine adult individuals with CP performed a single exercise bout consisting of 45min of Frame Running, and TD participants completed either 45min of cycling (n = 10; TD EX) or were enrolled as controls with no exercise (n = 10; TD CON). Blood was drawn before and 30min after exercise and analyzed for EV concentration, size, and microRNA content. The size of EVs was similar in CP vs. TD, and exercise had no effect. Individuals with CP had an overall lower concentration (∼25%, p < 0.05) of EVs. At baseline, let-7a, let-7b and let-7e were downregulated in individuals with CP compared to TD (p < 0.05), while miR-100 expression was higher, and miR-877 and miR-4433 lower in CP compared to TD after exercise (p < 0.05). Interestingly, miR-486 was upregulated ∼2-fold in the EVs of CP vs. TD both at baseline and after exercise. We then performed an in silico analysis of miR-486 targets and identified the satellite cell stemness factor Pax7 as a target of miR-486. C2C12 myoblasts were cultured with a miR-486 mimetic and RNA-sequencing was performed. Gene enrichment analysis revealed that several genes involved in sarcomerogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) were downregulated. Our data suggest that circulating miR-486 transported by EVs is elevated in individuals with CP and that miR-486 alters the transcriptome of myoblasts affecting both ECM- and sarcomerogenesis-related genes, providing a link to the skeletal muscle alterations observed in individuals with CP.

Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Testosterone and Cortisol Responses to a Single Bout of Agility Ladder Exercise (ALE) in Water Polo Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Field Trial

Growth Hormone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1, Testosterone and Cortisol Responses to a Single Bout of Agility Ladder Exercise (ALE) in Water Polo Athletes: A Randomized Controlled Field Trial

The Effect of Submaximal Exercise on Cutaneous Blood Flow, Thermoregulation and Recovery Hemodynamics Following Endurance Exercise

Aim. There are numerous reports of attenuation of cutaneous blood flow (CBF) during the recovery period after a single bout of exercise, but no one has investigated the CBF response to consecutive short-lasting aerobic exercise (SLAE) sessions following exhaustive endurance exercise (EEE) on daily basis, although this is a commonly used training regime in recreational athletes and could cause a cumulative increase in CBF that may be important for wound healing. This study examined the effects of EEE on forearm skin blood flow (LDF), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) in response to SLAE sessions performed for 7 days after EEE, as well as the correlation between cutaneous blood flow and indices associated with heart rate (HR) to examine the role of thermoregulation in post-exercise HR regulation. Methods. In 19 recreational runners, LDF, MAP, HR, heart rate recovery (HRR), and HR variability indices (lnRMSSD, lnHF, and lnLF/ HF) were measured after SLAE in the form of submaximal graded cycling performed on consecutive days after EEE in the form of a half marathon and compared with baseline values before EEE. A significant time effect was observed for all measured parameters throughout the study period. Results. Postexercise LDF increased 24 hours after EEE compared with baseline (77.814 AU compared with 54.712 AU). Postexercise hypotension was significantly more pronounced immediately after EEE compared with baseline (88.95.3 mmHg compared with 99.33.2 mmHg). However, postexercise CVC showed a progressive increase compared with baseline both immediately and 24 hours after EEE (0.53 0.07 AU/mmHg, 0.66 0.09 AU/mmHg compared with 0.4 0.09 AU/mmHg). A small negative correlation between LDF and HRR was observed throughout the experimental protocol. Conclusion. These results suggest that EEE strongly influences cutaneous and systemic hemodynamics and cardiac autonomic response during recovery after SLAE. Our most important finding was that EEE improved cutaneous perfusion 24 hours after completion of EEE, which may be important for wound healing. The results of our study are potentially applicable for patients with chronic wounds who should be encouraged to exercise moderately on daily basis and to include endurance exercises occasionally, as this strategy potentiates postexercise cutaneous perfusion.

Influence of water-based exercise on energy intake, appetite, and appetite-related hormones in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Single bouts of land-based exercise suppress appetite and do not typically alter energy intake in the short-term, whereas it has been suggested that water-based exercise may evoke orexigenic effects. The primary aim was to systematically review the available literature investigating the influence of water-based exercise on energy intake in adults (PROSPERO ID number CRD42022314349). PubMed, Medline, Sport-Discus, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL and Public Health Database were searched for peer-reviewed articles published in English from 1900 to May 2022. Included studies implemented a water-based exercise intervention versus a control or comparator. Risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane ‘Risk of bias tool for randomised trials’ (RoB 2.0). We identified eight acute (same day) exercise studies which met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis was performed using a fixed effects generic inverse variance method on energy intake (8 studies (water versus control), 5 studies (water versus land) and 2 studies (water at two different temperatures)). Appetite and appetite-related hormones are also examined but high heterogeneity did not allow a meta-analysis of these outcome measures. We identified one chronic exercise training study which met the inclusion criteria with findings discussed narratively. Meta-analysis revealed that a single bout of exercise in water increased ad-libitum energy intake compared to a non-exercise control (mean difference [95% CI]: 330 [118, 542] kJ, P = 0.002). No difference in ad libitum energy intake was identified between water and land-based exercise (78 [-176, 334] kJ, P = 0.55). Exercising in cold water (18–20 °C) increased energy intake to a greater extent than neutral water (27–33 °C) temperature (719 [222, 1215] kJ; P < 0.005). The one eligible 12-week study did not assess whether water-based exercise influenced energy intake but did find that cycling and swimming did not alter fasting plasma concentrations of total ghrelin, insulin, leptin or total PYY but contributed to body mass loss 87.3 (5.2) to 85.9 (5.0) kg and 88.9 (4.9) to 86.4 (4.5) kg (P < 0.05) respectively. To conclude, if body mass management is a person's primary focus, they should be mindful of the tendency to eat more in the hours after a water-based exercise session, particularly when the water temperature is cold (18–20 °C).

Effects of acute aerobic exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

The study aimed to investigate the variation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels following acute exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This cross-sectional study was conducted with 88 participants (25 males, 63 females; mean age: 45.1±8.3 years; range, 18 to 65 years) between July 2020 and May 2021. Of the participants, 44 were RA patients, and 44 were age-and sex-matched healthy controls. Aerobic exercise was utilized in all participants for a single session. Depression and anxiety levels were evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Blood samples were collected from all subjects before and immediately after the intervention. Serum BDNF levels (both baseline and after exercise) were similar in the RA and control groups. Although serum BDNF levels significantly decreased in both groups after aerobic exercise (Wilcoxon rank p<0.05), ΔBDNF levels were significantly higher in the RA group than in the control group (p=0.047). Additionally, ΔBDNF levels were significantly correlated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores in the RA group (p<0.05) but not in the control group. A single bout of exercise may effectively decrease serum BDNF levels in patients with RA and healthy subjects. The long-term effect of exercise on BDNF levels should be investigated in prospective studies.

Essential roles of the cytokine oncostatin M in crosstalk between muscle fibers and immune cells in skeletal muscle after aerobic exercise

Crosstalk between muscle fibers and immune cells is well known in the processes of muscle repair after exercise, especially resistance exercise. In aerobic exercise, however, this crosstalk is not fully understood. In the present study, we found that macrophages, especially anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages, and neutrophils accumulated in skeletal muscles of mice 24h after a single bout of an aerobic exercise. The expression of oncostatin M (OSM), a member of the interleukin 6 family of cytokines, was also increased in muscle fibers immediately after the exercise. In addition, we determined that deficiency of OSM in mice inhibited the exercise-induced accumulation of M2 macrophages and neutrophils, whereas intramuscular injection of OSM increased these immune cells in skeletal muscles. Furthermore, the chemokines related to the recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils were induced in skeletal muscles after aerobic exercise, which were attenuated in OSM-deficient mice. Among them, CC chemokine ligand 2, CC chemokine ligand 7, and CXC chemokine ligand 1 were induced by OSM in skeletal muscles. Next, we analyzed the direct effects of OSM on the skeletal muscle macrophages, because the OSM receptor β subunit was expressed predominantly in macrophages in the skeletal muscle. OSM directly induced the expression of these chemokines and anti-inflammatory markers in the skeletal muscle macrophages. From these findings, we conclude that OSM is essential for aerobic exercise-induced accumulation of M2 macrophages and neutrophils in the skeletal muscle partly through the regulation of chemokine expression in macrophages.