Sinapis Alba Research Articles

Unveiling the molecular basis of Stem-Physical-Strength-Mediated-Resistance (SPSMR) mechanism against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed Brassica: A comparative transcriptome analysis between resistant Sinapis alba and susceptible Brassica juncea

This study elucidates the intricate molecular dynamics of the Stem-Physical-Strength-Mediated-Resistance (SPSMR) mechanism against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in oilseed Brassica. This study explores how resistant and susceptible genotypes respond to S. sclerotiorum and their stem physical strength at various infection stages, revealing the molecular basis of SPSMR-mechanism. Statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were observed between genotypes over time, where the resistant genotype showed reduced stem lesion length, stem diameter, and stem water content, along with increased stem dry matter content, stem specific density, stem breaking force, stem breaking strength, and lignin content compared to the susceptible counterpart. Through gene expression analysis, the study unraveled unique patterns of differentially expressed genes linked to cell wall reinforcement, pathogenesis and disease resistance. Upregulation of genes associated with arabinogalactan protein, xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, pectinesterase, expansins, S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferase, wall-associated kinases, peroxidases, laccases and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase as well as other genes associated with lignin-biosynthesis was evident in the resistant genotype. Additionally, gene ontology and KEGG enrichment analyses highlights the synergy between stem physical strength and molecular components, revealing a distinctive defense strategy involving the coordinated upregulation of genes responsible for cell-wall strengthening, disease resistance, and pathogenesis-related proteins in the resistant genotype. Conversely, compromised expression patterns in the susceptible genotype underscore its challenge in mounting a robust defense. Strikingly, genes regulating intracellular pH homeostasis emerge as potential countermeasures against S. sclerotiorum virulence. Ultimately, these findings provide a new perspective on the molecular basis of the SPSMR mechanism in boosting host genetic resistance against S. sclerotiorum in oilseed Brassica and other hosts. However, future research is required to investigate diverse genotypes, additional pathways, and regulatory elements in order to achieve a comprehensive understanding of SPSMR in oilseed Brassica.

PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF BIODEGRADABLE CRYOGELS BASED ON POLYVINYL ALCOHOL AND POTATO STARCH FOR USE IN SOIL EROSION CONTROL

Compositions for the formation of three-component elastic cryogels based on the aqueous solutions of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and potato starch are proposed. It is shown that the viscosity of aqueous solutions depends both on the kind of polymer and on the total content of polymers in the system. The elasticity modulus of three-component cryogels depends on the concentration of starch in them and increases from 5 to 15 kPa with the addition of starch in the amount of 1-5 wt. %. By introducing a dispersed material (soil) into the matrix of two-and three-component cryogels, due to the high adhesion of the polymer to the filler, the filled cryogels were obtained, with the elasticity modulus 16 times higher than that of cryogels without the filler. The introduction of potato starch in the amount of 5 wt. % into PVA cryogel caused an increase in the time of its complete drying by 24 h, and an increase in its destruction during exposure in water by 5% within a week. Two-component cryogels exhibited sharply different types of behaviour during storage in water: PVA cryogel did not lose its mass, while mass loss by the cryogel of potato starch was 11% within a week. A decrease in the mass of three-component cryogels by 75-89% due to the loss of moisture and destruction was demonstrated in the soil test under the action of aboriginal soil microflora. The mass loss by the two-component cryogel based on PVA was 60%. Soil testing for phytotoxicity after the destruction of three-component cryogels revealed a decrease in the germination capacity of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) by 2-10% with respect to the reference experiment, depending on starch content, while for the reference two-component PVA cryogel the corresponding decrease was by 18%. Cryostructuring of the upper soil layer by PVA cryogel caused an increase in the dry above-ground mass of plants by 3.2% in comparison with the reference, while the cryogel with potato starch caused an increase by 7.1%, and cryogel based on PVA and potato starch gave 9.4%.

Synergism between yellow mustard gum and κ-carrageenan studied by structural and rheological methods

Yellow mustard gum (YMG), a clean-label hydrocolloid with commercial potential, has been found to synergistically interact with κ-carrageenan to form a stronger gel. The primary gelation mechanism has been proposed but needs a thorough investigation and understanding from multiple techniques. In addition to the rheological methods of dynamic oscillation, this study used transient mechanical tests (stress relaxation), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) to evaluate gel characteristics, thermal properties and microstructure of YMG-κ-carrageenan binary gels. The stress relaxation spectrum showed that the interactions between the two types of gums were mainly polymer associations. The DSC cooling and heating scans revealed that YMG did not disturb the coil-to-helix transition of κ-carrageenan but affected its helix aggregation during gel setting. The microstructure of the binary gel network captured by cryo-SEM showed a denser and more compact gel structure with smaller pores in comparison with the κ-carrageenan gel structure. All these results supported a refined gelation mechanism proposed in this study. This thorough investigation of the synergistic gelation between YMG and κ-carrageenan not only supports applications of the binary mixtures as texturizers, gelling aids and thickeners but also expands the application of YMG to promote its eventual commercialization.

Alteration of Hordeum vulgare and Sinapis alba germination and early growth in response to airborne low-metallic automotive brake wear debris

Road transportation significantly contributes to environmental pollution, both in terms of exhaust and non-exhaust (brake wear) emissions. As was proven, brake wear debris is released in a wide variety of sizes, shapes, and compositions. Although studies confirming the possible adverse health and environmental impact of brake wear debris were published, there is no standardized methodology for their toxicity testing, and most studies focus only on one type of brake pad and/or one test. The lack of methodology is also related to the very small amount of material released during the laboratory testing. For these reasons, this study deals with the mixture of airborne brake wear debris from several commonly used low-metallic brake pads collected following the dynamometer testing. The mixture was chosen for better simulation of the actual state in the environment and to collect a sufficient amount of particles for thorough characterization (SEM, XRPD, XRF, chromatography, and particle size distribution) and phytotoxicity testing. The particle size distribution measurement revealed a wide range of particle sizes from nanometers to hundreds of nanometers, elemental and phase analysis determined the standard elements and compounds used in the brake pad formulation. The Hordeum vulgare and Sinapis alba were chosen as representatives of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. The germination was not significantly affected by the suspension of brake wear debris; however, the root elongation was negatively influenced in both cases. Sinapis alba (IC50 = 23.13 g L−1) was more affected than Hordeum vulgare (IC50 was not found in the studied concentration range) the growth of which was even slightly stimulated in the lowest concentrations of brake wear debris. The plant biomass was also negatively affected in the case of Sinapis alba, where the IC50 values of wet and dry roots were determined to be 44.83 g L−1 and 86.86 g L−1, respectively.

Utilization of crop wild relatives for biotic and abiotic stress management in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.

Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss. (Indian mustard) is an economically important edible oil crop. Over the years, plant breeders have developed many elite varieties of B. juncea with better yield traits, but research work on the introgression of stress resilience traits has largely been lagging due to scarcity of resistant donors. Crop wild relatives (CWRs) are the weedy relatives of domesticated plant species which are left unutilized in their natural habitat due to the presence of certain undesirable alleles which hamper their yield potential, and thus, their further domestication. CWRs of B. juncea namely include Sinapis alba L. (White mustard), B. tournefortii Gouan. (African mustard), B. fruticulosa Cirillo (Twiggy turnip), Camelina sativa L. (Gold-of-pleasure), Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua Delile (Wall rocket), D. erucoides L. (White wall rocket), D. muralis L. (Annual wall rocket), Crambe abyssinica R.E.Fr. (Abyssinian mustard), Erucastrum gallicum Willd. (Common dogmustard), E. cardaminoides Webb ex Christ (Dogmustard), Capsella bursa-pastoris L. (Shepherds purse), Lepidium sativum L. (Garden Cress) etc. These CWRs have withstood several regimes of biotic and abiotic stresses over the past thousands of years which led them to accumulate many useful alleles contributing in resistance against various environmental stresses. Thus, CWRs could serve as resourceful gene pools for introgression of stress resilience traits into Indian mustard. This review summarizes research work on the introgression of resistance against Sclerotinia stem rot (caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), Alternaria blight (caused by Alternaria brassicae), white rust (caused by Albugo candida), aphid attack, drought and high temperature from CWRs into B. juncea. However, various pre- and post-fertilization barriers due to different ploidy levels are major stumbling blocks in the success of such programmes, therefore, we also insightfully discuss how the advances made in -omics technology could be helpful in assisting various breeding programmes aiming at improvisation of stress resilience traits in B. juncea.

ECOTOXICOLOGICAL TESTS OF THE PARTICLEBOARDS CONTAINING RUBBER WASTE

The article is focused on the production and environmental evaluation of wood composites using waste rubber in the construction industry. Used aqueous extracts were prepared from theexperimental wooden composites with various additions of thewaste rubber from tires and waste seals. The pH value and organic pollution (by COD) were determined in the aqueous extracts. The effect on the environmental components (aquatic and terrestrial) was ecotoxicologically tested using the test organisms Sinapis alba, Lemna minorand Daphnia magna. Preliminary acute ecotoxicity tests were performed.

Kinetics of Brassicaceae glucosinolates sinigrin, sinalbin, and glucolimnanthin hydrolysis by myrosinase isoenzymes for biopesticide development

Biopesticides from Brassicaceae plants can reduce the impact of synthetic pesticides by providing an environmentally sustainable yet economically sound pest control option. Meals of Brassicaceae oilseed crops are by-products of oil extraction, that are both affordable and easily accessible. Pesticidal activity of Brassicaceae oilseed meals is attributed to glucosinolates that upon hydrolysis by myrosinase produce pesticidal isothiocyanates. Here we present kinetics analysis of extracts from Sinapis alba and Brassica juncea containing active myrosinase isoenzymes toward the endogenous and exogenous glucosinolates with the goal of improving the biopesticide formulation. Based on Michaelis–Menten kinetics, S. alba myrosinase had 10–20 times higher activity toward endogenous sinalbin and exogeneous sinigrin and glucolimnanthin glucosinolates. B. juncea myrosinase exhibited Michaelis–Menten kinetics with endogenous sinigrin and exogeneous glucolimnanthin but not with exogeneous sinalbin. These findings indicate the preferential activity of isoenzymes toward glucosinolates and possibility of using an exogenous myrosinase for improving the release rate of pesticidal isothiocyanates in Brassicaceae biopesticides.

Development of Fast Method to Upscaling Microbial Inoculums on Two Seedling Testplants

We investigated the effect of different microbial species on the germination and growth of white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tested for two weeks. The experiment was carried out in a cell tray, filled with sandy soil:compost (9:1) mixture. The following microorganisms were used as treatment: Enterobacter ludwigii, Bacillus megaterium, B. subtilis, Kosakonia cowanii, Pseudomonas fluorescens Hx1 bacteria and Trichorderma harzianum T-22 microscopic fungi. After two weeks, we assessed the number of germinated mustard seeds, the wet and dry weight of the mustard, the length of the mustard, the wet and dry weight and the length of the ryegrass. We measured the enzyme activity of the fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis analysis (FDA) of the soils and calculated the correlation of FDA with the parameters, tested on seedling-plants. FDA generally was positively correlated, however, the above findings could not be verified statistically. The simple and relatively fast method can be suitable for the cost-effective pre-testing of different microbes and for the pre-selection of strains that can be used in further field tests.

Processing Stage-Induced Formation of Advanced Glycation End Products in Cooked Sausages with the Addition of Spices.

This study aims to evaluate the relationship between the four processing stages of cooked sausage preparation (raw, drying, baking, and steaming) and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds, and lipid and protein oxidation in sausages with spices. Baking and steaming significantly promoted lipid and protein oxidation. The Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML) content increased from 4.32-4.81 µg/g in raw samples to 10.68-16.20 µg/g in the steamed sausages. Nε-carboxyethyllysine (CEL) concentrations increased by approximately 1.7-3.7 times after steaming. The methylglyoxal concentration increased dramatically after baking and then rapidly decreased in the steaming stage. Chili promoted the formation of CML and CEL. The CEL concentration increased in samples containing garlic, but yellow mustard and garlic slightly reduced CML concentrations in the cooked sausages. The spices decreased the lipid and protein stability of the cooked sausages, increasing malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls. Lipid oxidation and 3-deoxyglucosone positively correlated with CML and CEL levels. Black pepper had no impact on CML when the sausages were baked but remarkably increased the content of both CML and CEL in the steaming stage. Thus, the impact of spices on sausages depends on both the specific spices used and the category of AGEs formed.

Effect of Sowing Method on Yield of Different Plants Grown as a Catch Crop

Currently, the most important task of stubble catch crops, as an element of sustainable agriculture, is to provide the soil with organic matter. The basic problem in the implementation of this task is the shortage of precipitation during the sowing period, which, combined with high temperatures in Europe in August, results in the loss of soil water and, consequently, weakening of germination and delay in plant emergence. The development of agrotechnics to increase the reliability of germination of seeds of plants grown as a catch crops is very important for the use of this valuable source of organic matter in regions with low and irregular rainfall, especially in the case of light soils with low water retention capacity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the response to furrow sowing of plants from various botanical groups grown as a stubble catch crop. Field studies were carried out on lessive soil in 2013–2015 at the Research Station in Mochełek near Bydgoszcz. The subject of the research was the sowing method (factor I): furrow sowing versus traditional (row) sowing. Sowing methods were tested for four crops (factor II): white mustard, tansy phacelia, common buckwheat, and common vetch. Certain plants reacted differently to the use of furrow sowing, and this reaction was different in various years of the study. In years with average soil moisture during the sowing period, furrow sowing made it possible to increase the yield of green mass and post-harvest residues of catch crop. In a year with very low soil moisture in this period, the desired effect of this method was not obtained. Furrow sowing allows seeds to be placed in a deeper, more moist soil layer, which can contribute to the acceleration of plant emergence. However, it requires refinement in terms of the precision of covering the sown seeds with soil.

Ecological characterisation of the mycotoxin Alternariol in the green mass of spring wheat and white mustard under the conditions of the Moscow region

The article presents the results of the study of the influence of agro-ecological factors on the content of mycotoxins in the green mass of white mustard (Sinapis alba) and the spring wheat variety Lyubava (Triticum aestivum L.). The study was conducted at the experimental field «Yuzhnoe» of the Ecological Station of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy using chemical and microbiological methods. Agro-ecological factors were evaluated by the following parameters: humus content, soil acidity, phosphorus, potassium and lead content. The immunoenzyme method was used to determine the content of mycotoxins in the vegetative mass of white mustard and spring wheat (according to development stages). As a result, the highest levels of mycotoxin contamination were found in the mid-ripe stage of the crops, exceeding the average level of contamination by 8‑11 times in wheat and 4‑5 times in white mustard. The highest inverse correlation was found between the Alternariol content in the studied crops and the soil temperature of the upper layer of the humus horizon of 0‑5 cm. This fact justifies a more detailed study of the effect of this environmental factor.

Comparison of some species in genus Brassica cultivated on clay loamy soils under semi-arid agroecosystem for suitability to biodiesel production

ABSTRACT Instead of using canola purelines, the use of other species in genus Brassica will be a novel concept to obtain sustainable biodiesel production. This study compares the crude oil percentage, fatty acid composition, and biodiesel characteristics of spring and autumn sown Brassica juncea, B. rapa ssp. oleifera, Sinapis alba, B. nigra purelines appropriateness for biodiesel production. The results indicated that crude oil percentage and fatty acid composition are significantly affected by an interaction between years × genotypes. The crude oil percentage in all species in genus Brassica changed between 14.31 and 30.46% in spring crops and 22.29 and 36.88% in autumn crops. Erucic acid (C22:1; 10.2–42.8%), oleic acid (C18:1; 14.2–34.9%), and linoleic acid (C18:2; 6.8–25.1%) were identified as major fatty acids in all genotypes. Technical features of biodiesel produced by transesterification of species in genus Brassica oil such as acid value (0.18–0.50 mg KOH g−1), water content (110–480 mg kg−1), iodine value (97.30–119.89 g iodine 100 g−1), cold filter plugging point (−5–5°C), flash point (170–205°Ϲ), and glyceride (0.003–0.46% mm−1). These values indicated that regardless of the time of sowing, these lines are appropriate for biodiesel production in accordance with the TS EN 14,214 standards. Br2 (B. rapa ssp. oleifera) autumn and Bj3 (B. juncea) spring crops are preferable compared to other genotypes to achieve higher yield and quality. Therefore, these genotypes are recommended for further evaluation and sustainable biodiesel production.

Resources of Melliferous and Polleniferous Plants of Central Asia and Kazakhstan Based on Melissopalynological Analysis

Abstract—A palynological study of 82 samples of honey from Middle Asia and Kazakhstan was carried out in order to determine the resources of the key melliferous and polleniferous plants. The obtained results made it possible to establish 8 productive beekeeping zones in the studied territory. The most common pollen combinations are identified for each zone. The selected zones can be combined into two large groups: northern and southern, with a transitional area (zone 3, the Dzungarian Alatau mountain ridge) between them, where honey with mixed palynological characteristics is obtained. In the northern part, in zones 1 and 2 (northern and eastern Kazakhstan) Origanum vulgare L., Rubus idaeus L., Salix L. are important wild native melliferous plants, Helianthus annuus L., Sinapis alba L. are agricultural melliferous plants, and Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. is important polleniferous plant. Further south, in zones 4–8 (south and southeast Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), the principal wild native melliferous plants are Salvia L., Thymus L., Alhagi Tourn. ex Adans., Halimodendron halodendron (Pall.) C.K. Schneid., Tamarix L., Psoralea drupacea Bunge, agricultural melliferous plants – Gossypium hirsutum L. and Onobrychis Mill., weeds – Echium vulgare L., Onopordum acanthium L., Sophora L., and polleniferous plants – Hypericum L., Artemisia L., Plantago L. and Chenopodiaceae.

Influence of Green and Mineral Fertilizers on Agrochemical Indicators of the Soil and the Yield of Flax Products in Crop Rotations with Short Rotation

In the Central region of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation, on sod-podzolic medium loamy soil with a high phosphorus content, 4-field crop rotations with short rotation, with the cultivation of long-leg flax, were studied. The results of changes in agrochemical indicators of the soil and an increase in the yield of flax products during the sowing of flax after new precursors, with the use of a green mass for fertilizing by sowing white mustard, taking into account the mineral fertilizers applied for crop rotation crops, are considered. The positive effect of biofungicide Sternifaga after harvesting barley on the yield of flax products was noted. It was established that the highest yield of flax seed was obtained after the predecessor of white mustard for green feed with sowing of white mustard for green fertilizer in the amount of 5.3 t/ha, flax seed – 1 t/ha, total and tattered flax fiber – 1.7 and 1.8 t/ha with high quality indicators of flax seed corresponding to number 2.5. It has been shown that with the help of the soil biofungicide Sternifaga (the active substance is the spores of the fungus Trichoderma harziannum VISR-18, titer 1010 CFU/g), intended for the decomposition of plant residues and the suppression of soil phytopathogens, it is possible to improve the soil. In the crop rotation, where the vico–oatmeal mixture was sown for green fodder with a lean sowing of white mustard for green fertilizer, the yield of trusts increased by 0.5 t/ha and amounted to 2.2 t/ha, total fiber – by 0.1, trepan – by 0.2 t/ha, the quality of trusts improved by 0.5 numbers, crop rotation productivity increased by 13% after the predecessor of barley using biofungicide compared to the crop rotation, where flax was sown repeatedly for 3 years in a row.

The Effect of Biofumigation on the Microbiome Composition in Replanted Soil in a Fruit Tree Nursery

The imbalance of the soil microbiome is a primary indicator of ARD (apple replant disease). Biofumigation is a treatment that enables the restoration of microbiome balance. This study involved an analysis of the taxonomic and functional diversity of bacterial communities in replanted soil (ARD), in replanted soils with forecrops of French marigold (Tagetes patula L.), white mustard (Sinapis alba), and oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleifera), and in agricultural soil. The biofumigation treatment with phytosanitary plants changed the structure and abundance of the replanted soil microbiome in a fruit tree nursery. The count of operational taxonomic units (OTU) of the Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Patescibacteria, Chloroflexi, and Verrucomicrobiota phyla increased, whereas the count of the Firmicutes, Acidobacteriota, and Actinobacteriota phyla decreased. Biofumigation caused an increase in the content of some dominant bacterial genera, such as Flavobacterium, Massila, Sphingomonas, Arenimonas, and Devosia, in the replanted soil. Their presence in the soil may improve the growth of plants, induce their systemic resistance, and thus improve the production properties of soil with ARD. The research results led to the conclusion that the use of phytosanitary plants in nursery production can be an effective alternative to the chemical fumigation of soil.

Assessing the chronic toxicity of spreading organic amendments on agricultural soil: Tests on earthworms and plants

Recycling organic wastes on agricultural soils improves the soil quality, but the environmental and health impact of these organic amendments closely depends on their origins, their bio-physicochemical characteristics and the considered organisms potentially affected. The aim of this study was to assess the potential chronic ecotoxicity of spreading organic amendments on agricultural soils. To do this, we characterized three different organic amendments: sewage sludge from an urban wastewater treatment plant, cow manure and liquid dairy manure. Their chronic ecotoxicity was studied through assays exposing earthworms of the species Eisenia fetida and two plants: Medicago sativa and Sinapis alba. Of the three amendments, the sewage sludge presented the highest concentrations of micropollutants and a considerable fraction of available and biodegradable organic matter. The cow manure and liquid dairy manure had lower chemical contamination and similar characteristics with lower biodegradable fractions of their organic matter. No chronic phytotoxicity was evidenced: on the contrary, particularly with sewage sludge, the germination rate and aerial and root biomass of the two plants increased. Considering earthworms, their biomass increased considerably during the reproduction assays in soil amended with sewage sludge, which contained the more bioavailable organic matter. Nonetheless, the earthworms presented an inhibition close to 78% of the production of juveniles when exposed to sewage sludge exceeding 20 g.kg-1 DW (that means 2 times the agronomic dose). This reprotoxic effect was also observed in the presence of liquid dairy manure, but not with cow manure. At the end of the assays, the glycogen and protein reserves in earthworms exposed to sewage sludge were inferior to that of control earthworms, respectively around 50% and 30%. For the earthworms exposed to liquid dairy manure, protein and lipid reserves increased. In the case of liquid dairy manure, this reprotoxic effect did not appear to be linked to the presence of micropollutants. In conclusion, our results confirm the need to use several ecotoxicity assays at different biological levels and with different biological models to assess the ecotoxic impacts of soil amendments. Indeed, although certain organic wastes present a strong nutritional potential for both plants and earthworms, a not inconsiderable risk was apparent for the reproduction of the latter. An integrated ecotoxicity criterion that takes into account a weighted sum of the different results would guide the utilization of organic amendments while ensuring the good health of agricultural ecosystems.

Effect of Zinc Excess on Some Physiological Parameters and on the Fatty Acids Profile of Sinapis alba L. and Brassica juncea L. (Czern)

Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient for all living organisms, but in high concentrations, it is a major anthropogenic pollutant. In this study, it was investigated the effect of zinc excess concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg kg−1) in the substrate on some physiological parameters and the dynamics of fatty acid (FA) content in yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L. cv. Belgia) and oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L. (Czern) cv. Slavanka). The Zn concentration of 50 mg kg−1 did not affect the physiological parameters of yellow mustard, whereas some physiological parameters slightly decreased in oriental mustard. Moreover, this concentration stimulated an increase in total and unsaturated FAs content in leaves of both species, along with high Zn accumulation by both species. The Zn concentrations of 100 and 150 mg kg−1 in substrate had a negative effect on the state of plants as measured by the studied physiological parameters and caused different changes in FAs content in yellow and oriental mustard. Particularly, the total amount of FA increased in comparison to the control, but this increase was due to an elevation in saturated FA (SFA) content. At the same time, the total FA content in oriental mustard slightly decreased while the proportion of unsaturated FAs to SFA kept rising. According to the present data and analysis of the available literature, two strategies of adaptation to heavy metals were suggested through the changes in FAs: height-resistant horticultural plant species on the one side and sensitive species on the other.

Field germination of white mustard seeds depending on agrotechnical measures

Field germination of white mustard seeds depending on agrotechnical measures

«Influence of Excess Zinc on the Activity of Components of the Antioxidant System in Brassica juncea L. (Czern.) and Sinapis alba L. Plants»

Under the conditions of a growing experiment, the authors studied the effect of zinc at concentra_x0002_tions of 5 (control), 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg substrate on growth, the intensity of lipid peroxidation (LPO), and the activity of the components of the antioxidant system in Brassica juncea L. (Сzern.) variety Slavyanka and Sinapis alba L. cultivar Belgium plants. Some differences and similarities were found in the AOS response of the studied species to an excess of zinc in the root environment. Thus, there were no changes in the inten_x0002_sity of lipid peroxidation in B. juncea under the influence of zinc in high concentrations, despite the high con_x0002_tent of the metal in the roots and shoots. At the same time, even in the presence of metal at a concentration of 50 mg/kg substrate, an increase in the activity of guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) and catalase was observed. In S. alba at high concentrations of zinc in the substrate, the metal content in the shoots was higher than in B. juncea. At the same time, the content of malondialdehyde noticeably increased, despite the increased activity of superoxide dismutase and GPX. In both studied plant species, an increase in the zinc concentra_x0002_tion in the substrate to 50 mg/kg and above led to an increase in the level of proline, while the content of carotenoids decreased. Considering that, in the studied concentrations, the metal had a less strong negative effect on shoot growth in B. juncea compared with S. alba, it was concluded that plants of this species are more resistant to excess zinc in the root environment.

Evaluation of the Phytoremediation Potential of the Sinapis alba Plant Using Extractable Metal Concentrations.

Testing the feasibility of soil phytoremediation requires the development of models applicable on a large scale. Phytoremediation mechanisms include advanced rhizosphere biodegradation, phytoaccumulation, phytodegradation, and phytostabilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of the Sinapis alba. Identification of the factors influencing the extraction process of metals from contaminated soils in a laboratory system suitable for evaluating the phytoavailability of these metals in three solutions (M1-CaCl2, M2-DTPA, and M3-EDTA) included the following: distribution of metals in solution (Kd), soil properties and mobile fractions (SOC, CEC, pH), response surface methodology (RSM), and principal component analysis (PCA). The evaluation of the phytoremediation potential of the Sinapis alba plant was assessed using bioaccumulation coefficients (BACs). The accumulation of heavy metals in plants corresponds to the concentrations and soluble fractions of metals in the soil. Understanding the extractable metal fractions and the availability of metals in the soil is important for soil management. Extractable soluble fractions may be more advantageous in total metal content as a predictor of bioconcentrations of metals in plants. In this study, the amount of metal available in the most suitable extractors was used to predict the absorption of metals in the Sinapis alba plant. Multiple regression prediction models have been developed for estimating the amounts of As and Cd in plant organs. The performance of the predictive models generated based on the experimental data was evaluated by the adjusted coefficient of determination (aR2), model efficiency (RMSE), Durbin-Watson (DW) test, and Shapiro-Wilk (SW) test. The accumulation of the analyzed metals followed the pattern Root > Pods > Leaves > Seeds, stems > Flowers for As and Leaves > Root > Stem > Pods > Seeds > Flowers for Cd in soil contaminated with different metal concentrations. The obtained results showed a phytoremediation potential of the Sinapis alba plant.