Sinapis Alba Seeds Research Articles

Natural occurrence of bisphenol F in mustard

ABSTRACTBisphenol F (BPF) was found in mustard up to a concentration of around 8 mg kg−1. Contamination of the raw products or caused by the packaging could be ruled out. Also, the fact that only the 4,4ʹ-isomer of BPF was detected spoke against contamination from epoxy resin or other sources where technical BPF is used. Only mild mustard made of the seeds of Sinapis alba contained BPF. In all probability BPF is a reaction product from the breakdown of the glucosinolate glucosinalbin with 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol as an important intermediate. Hot mustard made only from brown mustard seeds (Brassica juncea) or black mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) contained no BPF. BPF is structurally very similar to bisphenol A and has a similar weak estrogenic activity. The consumption of a portion of 20 g of mustard can lead to an intake of 100–200 µg of BPF. According to a preliminary risk assessment, the risk of BPF in mustard for the health of consumers is considered to be low, but available toxicological data are insufficient for a conclusive evaluation. It is a new and surprising finding that BPF is a natural food ingredient and that this is the main uptake route. This insight sheds new light on the risk linked to the family of bisphenols.

Study of metal mobility and phytotoxicity in bottom sediments that have been influenced by former mining activities in Eastern Slovakia

The aim of this study was to determine the mobility of metals in contaminated sediments in the water reservoir Ružin No.I, which is situated on the Hornad and Hnilec Rivers (Eastern Slovakia). Bottom sediments are contaminated above all by heavy metals, namely As, Cu, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn and Zn, which were alluvial into the reservoir from localities of former mining activities, and thus they represent ecological load mainly at the inputs into reservoir. The mobilities and solid-state distributions of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn ions in impoundment materials were investigated using a five-step sequential extraction procedure. The greatest quantity of Hg was released in the organic–sulfide fraction (F4), in the range of 75.2–87.6 % in both samples. The highest percentage of the total metal content for As, Cr, and Sb was between 82.0 and 94.6 % in the fifth step for both samples also. Cu and Pb were released in the greatest quantities in the third step in the reducible fraction, from 45 to 65.7 % in sample HN and up to 68–50 % in sample HR. High bioavailability was observed for copper, zinc, lead, and cadmium. Nickel, arsenic, antimony, and chromium were only extracted in the residue fraction and displayed low bioavailability. The bioavailability of the metals in the sediments followed the sequence: Cu > Hg > Pb > Cd > Zn > Ni > As > Cr > Sb. The sediment phytotoxicity was evaluated based on the germination of seeds and decreases in the root growth of the plant Sinapis alba. The percentage inhibition of seed germination was 8.9–41.1 % in the 2010–2011 HR samples and 9.1–45.1 % in the 2010–2011 HN samples, which was higher than the inhibition of root growth. In the majority of tested Sinapis alba seeds, the metals displayed no phytotoxic effect. This indicates that the Sinapis alba test still exhibited a strong tolerance to contaminated sediment as this plant species has developed distinct detoxification mechanisms.

Protective Role of (RS)-glucoraphanin Bioactivated with Myrosinase in an Experimental Model of Multiple Sclerosis

The discovery of new natural compounds with pharmacological properties is a field of interest widely growing. Recent literature shows that Brassica vegetables (Cruciferae) possess therapeutic effects particularly ascribed due to their content in glucosinolates, which upon myrosinase hydrolysis release the corresponding isothiocyanates. This study examines the potential neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects of (RS )-glucoraphanin from Tuscan black kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala sabellica) bioactivated with myrosinase (bioactive RS -GRA) (10 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally), in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis. EAE was induced by immunization with myelin oligodendroglial glycoprotein peptide (MOG35-55 ) in mice. After immunization, mice were observed daily for signs of EAE and weight loss. Clinical score was evaluated using a standardized scoring system. By Western blot analysis of spinal cord tissues, we have demonstrated that treatment with bioactive RS -GRA significantly decreased nuclear factor (NF)-kB translocation, pro-inflammatory cytokine production such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and apoptosis (Bax and caspase 3 expression). Our results clearly demonstrate that bioactive RS -GRA treatment may represent a useful therapeutic perspective in the treatment of this disease.

Sinapis alba seed as a prospective biodiesel source

Seed processing and oil pre-treatment were optimised to improve the yield and quality of biodiesel obtained from Sinapis alba. By using solvent extraction or mechanical pressing followed by solvent extraction, an oil extraction yield greater than 41 wt.% and a de-oiled cake with less than 2 wt.% of oil could be obtained. The oil characterisation showed that erucic acid was the most predominant fatty acid in the oil composition (>50 wt.%). A high phosphorous content (>36 mg/kg) and acid value (>1.5 mg KOH/g) were obtained. To obtain a biodiesel with a high methyl ester content, it was necessary to carry out an oil refining process (acid degumming and chemical de-acidification) followed by a standard transesterification with methanol and sodium methoxide as a catalyst. Finally, the quality of the purified biodiesel was tested according to the EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 standards. The results of this work revealed the possibility of using the oil from Sinapis alba seeds as a suitable source for biodiesel.

Toxicity Testing of Sediments

Abstract This study presents the results of the testing toxicity of the contaminated sediments from the water reservoir of Ružín No.I deposit (Slovak Republic) by using Phytotoxkit tests (MicroBioTests Inc., Belgium). The Phytotoxkit system is a screening tool used for a variety of toxicity testing applications. The advantages of this toxicity bioassay are its speed, relative simplicity and low cost compared to chemical analysis and many other biotests. Evaluation of sediments phytotoxicity was based on the testing of seed germination and the assesment of the root growth decrease of the plant Sinapis alba which allows to complete the assays after only 3 days of incubacion. Chemical analysis of the sediment samples involved determination of heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Ni, As, Sb and Hg) concentration. No potential phytotoxic effect of heavy metals in contaminated sediments was observed in the majority of tested seeds of Sinapis alba.

EFFECT OF CERTAIN MEDICINAL PLANT NATURAL PRODUCTS ON Meloidogyne Incognita MANAGEMENT On tomato UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS

Under greenhouse conditions, the tested materials i.e. plant water seeds extract solutions have significantly reduced and affected number of galls and eggmasses of Meloidogyne incognita on roots and its number of J2 in soilof tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Castle Rock compared to untreated control . Isothiocyantes components from seeds of Sinapis alba, Ammi visnaga, and Lepidium sativum using its biofumigation separately on the degree of nematode reduction parameters varied according to the concentration and type of the tested materials. Significant increase in weight of fruits / plant was also achieved by most tested materials. These results suggested that species of Apiaceae plants may be used in crop rotations as antagonistic plants or green manures to reduce Meloidogyne galls and eggs on rot systems. Dry preparations of these tested plants or extracts could be used as bionematicides.

Activity of myrosinase from Sinapis alba seeds immobilized into Ca-polygalacturonate as a simplified model of soil-root interface mucigel

Ca-polygalacturonate is a demethoxylated component of pectins which are constitutive of plant root mucigel. In order to define the role of root mucigel in myrosinase immobilization and activity at root level, a myrosinase enzyme which had been isolated from Sinapis alba seeds was immobilized into Ca-polygalacturonate. The activity profile for the immobilized and free enzyme was evaluated using the pH-Stat method as a function of time, temperature, and pH. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters change between the immobilized (V max = 127 ± 13 U mg−1 protein; K M = 6.28 ± 0.09 mM) and free (V max = 17 ± 1 U mg−1 protein; K M = 0.96 ± 0.01 mM) forms of myrosinase, probably due to conformational changes involving the active site as a consequence of enzyme immobilization. Immobilized enzyme activity evaluated as a function of different substrates gave the highest value with nasturtin, the glucosinolate that is typical of several brassicaceae plant roots containing the glucosinolate-myrosinase defensive system. No feedback regulation mechanism was found in the presence of an excess of enzymatic reaction products (i.e. allyl isothiocyanate or sulphate). The high enzyme immobilization yield into Ca-polygalacturonate and its activity preservation under different conditions suggest that the enzyme released by plants at root level could be entrapped in root mucigel in order to preserve its activity.

Identification and characterization of soluble and insoluble myrosinase isoenzymes in different organs of Sinapis alba.

Extraction of Sinapis alba seeds under native conditions solubilized 3 myrosinase isoforms, pool I, II and III, which could be separated by ion exchange chromatography. Sequencing of numerous peptides of the I and III isoforms showed that they belonged to the Myrosinase A (MA) family of myrosinases and that they were encoded by different genes. Western blot analysis of S. alba seed proteins, extracted with a sodium dodecyl sulphate-containing buffer, using an anti-myrosinase monoclonal antibody, showed the presence of two additional myrosinase isoforms with approximate molecular sizes of 62 and 59 kDa. These myrosinases, which only could be solubilized from seeds by inclusion of denaturing agents in the extraction buffer, were by sequence analysis identified as MB myrosinases. These isoenzymes or very similar forms were also present in seedling cotyledons. However, from this tissue, they could be extracted with non-denaturing buffers. In addition, cotyledons contained a 65-kDa MB myrosinase not found in seeds. In contrast, seedling cotyledons contained only minute amounts of pool I and no pool III MA myrosinases, emphasizing the tissue-specific expression of the corresponding gene families. Sequence analysis of myrosinase cDNAs generated cDNA by reversed transcription-polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers with mRNA isolated from seeds, cotyledons and leaves confirmed the result that the MA isoforms were expressed only in seed tissue, while MB myrosinases were found in all tissues investigated. Furthermore, seed and leaf contained unique MB myrosinase transcripts, suggesting organ-specific expression of individual MB genes.

Supercritical fluid chromatography as a method of analysis for the determination of 4-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate degradation products

In the present study analytical and preparative supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) were used for investigation of myrosinase catalysed degradation of 4-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate (sinalbin). Sinalbin occurs as a major glucosinolate in seeds of Sinapis alba L., in various mustards and other food products. The degradation products were identified and quantified by analysis based on a developed SFC method using a bare silica column. Determinations comprised transformation products of sinalbin, produced both during degradation of isolated sinalbin, and during autolysis of meal from S. alba seeds. The conditions in the developed SFC method were used as basis for the preparative SFC procedure applied for isolation of the components prior to their identification by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Myrosinase catalysed sinalbin hydrolysis resulted in the reactive 4-hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate as an initial product at pH values from 3.5 to 7.5 whereas 4-hydroxybenzyl cyanide was one of the major products at low pH values. 4-Hydroxybenzyl isothiocyanate was found to disappear from the aqueous reaction mixtures in a few hours, as it reacted easily with available nucleophilic reagents. 4-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol was found as the product from reaction with water, and with ascorbic acid, 4-hydroxybenzylascorbigen was produced.

Rapid aqueous extraction of mucilage from whole white mustard seed

Yellow or white mustard mucilage, present on the surface of Sinapis alba seeds, causes major difficulties in the separation of the oil during aqueous processing due to its effectiveness as an emulsifier. A rapid, efficient aqueous extraction process for the removal of the mucilage from the whole seeds prior to grinding and oil separation has been developed and demonstrated on 1 and 5 l scales. A two-stage extraction process using water with an initial temperature of 45°C at an 8:1 water to seed ratio resulted in over 90% mucilage removal in approximately 3 h. Mucilage removal significantly reduced the water requirement for aqueous oil separation. A three-parameter mathematical model, based upon mass transfer considerations and diminishing mucilage layer thickness, was developed and shown to fit the bulk phase mucilage concentration data during extraction. Concentration data from many different experimental conditions were shown to superimpose when time scaling factors were employed.

Hydrolysis of glucosinolates using nylon-immobilized myrosinase to produce pure bioactive molecules.

Bioactive compounds were produced from natural glucosinolates, secondary plant metabolites, using myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase EC 3.2.3.1) isolated from ripe seeds of Sinapis alba. The enzyme was immobilized on granular nylon 6.6 with the crosslinking technique. Immobilized myrosinase displayed extraordinary operational and storage stability. Using a small thermostatted continuous packed-bed bioreactor, the enzyme activity was unchanged after 15 days of continuous use at 37 degrees C and after >1 year of storage at room temperature. The bioreactor was particularly efficient in producing pure isothiocyanates, but it was less efficient for pure nitrile production.

Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Antifungal Peptide from Aspergillus niger

A novel antifungal peptide (termed as Anafp) was isolated from the culture supernatant of the filamentous fungi, Aspergillus niger. The whole amino acid sequence of Anafp was determined and the peptide was found to be composed of a single polypeptide chain with 58 amino acids including six cysteine residues. The peptide shows some degree of sequence homology to a cysteine-rich antifungal peptides reported from the seeds of Sinapis alba and Arabidopsis thaliana or the extracellular media of Aspergillus giganteus and Penicillium chrysogenumsome. Cysteine-spacing pattern of Anafp was similar to that of the antifungal peptide from Penicillium chrysogenum. The Anafp exhibited potent growth inhibitory activities against yeast strains as well as filamentous fungi at a range from 4 to 15 μM. In contrast, Anafp did not show antibacterial activity against Echerichia coli and Bacillus subtilis even at 50 μM.

Oil and fatty acid changes in Sinapis and Crambe seeds during germination and early development

Seeds of Sinapis alba L. and Crambe abyssinica L. contain oil, rich in erucic acid (50–60%), which is valuable for industrial purposes. During germination and early growth at 20°C changes in lipid content and fatty acid composition were followed for 15 days. Reduction in the oil content started only 8 days after the onset of germination and was more rapid in C. abyssinica. Oil reduction was accelerated by light and the content reached low levels of 6.7 and 13.7% in seeds of C. abyssinica and S. alba, respectively. No change in dry weight was observed during this period. In cotyledons of S. alba and C. abyssinica respectively, levels of 12 and 25% erucic acid were found after 15 days of development in darkness. Lower levels (4 and 18%) were found in cotyledons developed in the light. No more than 5% erucic acid was detected in the 15-day-old roots of both species. In cotyledons, the decline in erucic acid was accompanied by significant increases in linolenic acid (32% in S. alba and 27% in C. abyssinica) which was also stimulated by light (to 45 and 32%, respectively). No synthesis of linolenic acid was detected in the roots of either species. However, a novel synthesis of saturated palmitic and stearic acids was observed in these species, with a 10-fold increase in their contents. The present results provide an example of the selective utilization of the fatty acids in the reserve oil of seeds during germination and the subsequent growth of seedlings.

Biosynthesis of glucosinolates in the developing silique walls and seeds of Sinapis alba

When [ 14C]tyrosine was administered to developing seeds and silique walls of Sinapis alba L. both tissues de novo synthesized p-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate ( p-OHBG). Within a silique, the incorporation rate of tyrosine to p-OHBG was up to 70-fold higher in the silique walls compared to the seeds as evidenced by both in vivo and in vitro measurements. During development, the amount of p-OHBG increases in the seeds, whereas the level remains relatively constant in the corresponding walls in radioisotope feeding experiments using intact siliques. This shows that p-OHBG is translocated from the walls to the seeds in S. alba. Although translocation is a major contributor to glucosinolate accumulation in the seeds, we also demonstrate that seeds of S. alba contain all the enzymes required for de novo biosynthesis of p-OHBG.

Comparative Study of Ecotoxicological Effect of Triorganotin Compounds on Various Biological Subjects

The toxic and inhibitory effect of 10 triorganotin compounds (triphenlyl-, tribenzyl-, and tributyltins) were determined under standardized conditions on four biological subjects:Tubifex tubifex, Chironomus plumosus, Sinapis albaseeds, and the algaScenedesmus quadricauda.Observed were the mortality ofT. tubifexandCh. plumosusafter 96 hr, the root growth inhibition ofS. albaseeds after 72 hr, and the inhibition of growth, photosynthesis, and chlorophyllacontent ofS. quadricaudaafter 12 days of cultivation. The effect of triorganotins was expressed as LC50values for mortality and EC50values for inhibition. For each subject and observed parameter the rank order of toxicity/or inhibition was arranged.

Germination of 110-year-old cereal and weed seeds, the Vienna Sample of 1877. Verification of effective ultra-dry storage at ambient temperature

AbstractAfter 110 years of hermetic sealed storage at temperatures between 10 and 15°C and at a moisture content of 3.12%, Hordeum vulgare showed 90% germination and Avena sativa 81%. In addition, some seeds of Agrostemma githago, Lolium temulentum, Sinapis alba, Sinapis arvensis, and Vaccaria hispanica were still capable of germinating. This demonstrates that ultra-dry, long-term seed storage under ambient temperature conditions can successfully be achieved with the intention of cutting down risks and costs in germplasm conservation.

Germination potential of Sinapis alba seedscollected in Israel

Seeds of Sinapis alba collected from the dry and hot southern regions of Israel had a lower per cent of germination and of emerging seedlings than seeds collected in northern regions, where a more normal level of rainfall occurs. These results were obtained when seeds were germinated on germination paper, sterile sand or naturally infested soil. The presence of seed and/or soilborne pathogenic fungi did not seem to play a role in the decrease of germination. The inability to germinate resulted from dormancy, since exogenous GA 3 stimulated seed germination. The intensity of dormancy depended on the origin of the seeds, being deeper in seeds which originated from the southern part of Israel than in those collected in the north. The dormancy of seeds collected at Sa'ad was expressed over a wide range of temperatures, while that of seeds collected at the Ma'abarot, Bet Dagan and Quiryat Gat stations was expressed only at high temperatures (30°C).

Comparative study of plant growth hormone (herbicide) toxicity in various biological subjects

Due to their widespread distribution and toxic nature, herbicides may have a serious impact on the environment and exert adverse effects on associated organisms. The present study was conducted to determine the acute toxicological effects of some plant growth hormones used as herbicides on four biological subjects and compare the subjects' sensitivity to individual testing substances. The herbicides 4-(indol-3-yl)acetic acid C 10H 9O 2N (IAA), N 6-( β 2-isopentenyl)adenosine (π-indolylpropionic acid) C 11H 11O 2N (IPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid C 8H 6O 3Cl 2 (2,4-D), 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid C 9H 9O 3Cl (MCPA), and 1,napthylacetic acid C 12H 10O 2 (NAA) were tested and the following biological subjects were used: Daphnia magna, Tubifex tubifex, Scenedesmus quadricauda, and seeds of Sinapis alba. For S. alba, the influence of herbicides on seed germination (G) and root growth inhibition (I) was observed. For T. tubifex, the tests lasted 96 hr, for D. magna 48 hr, for S. quadricauda 20 days, and for S. alba 72 hr. The rank order of toxicity of herbicides used for T. tubifex was NAA > IAA > IPA > 2,4-D > MCPA; for D. magna. NAA > IAA > IPA > MCPA > 2,4-D; for S. quadricauda, IAA > IPA > NAA > MCPA > 2,4-D; for S. alba seed germination, NAA > IPA > 2,4-D > MCPA > IAA; and for root growth inhibition. NAA > 2,4-D > MCPA > IAA > IPA. When the sensitivity of tested organisms to individual herbicides was studied from LC 50 and EC 50 values, the following rank orders of sensitivity were obtained: for IAA, it was S. alba (I) > S. quadricauda > T. tubifex > D. magna > S. alba (G); for 2,4-D, it was S. alba (I) > S. quadricauda > T. tubifex = S. alba (G) > D. magna; for MCPA, it was S. alba (I) > S. quadricauda > T. tubifex = D. magna = S. alba (G); for IPA, it was S. alba (I) > T. tubifex > S. quadricauda > D. magna = S. alba (G); and for NAA, it was S. alba (I) > S. quadricauda > T. tubifex > S. alba (G) > D. magna.

Effect of Pb, Cd, Hg, As, and Cr on germination and root growth of Sinapis alba seeds.

Heavy metals have been widely recognized as highly toxic and dangerous. Plants, algae and bacteria respond to heavy metal toxicity by inducing different enzymes, creating ion influx/efflux for ionic balance and synthesizing small peptides. These peptides bind metal ions and reduce toxicity. Metals come from the natural weathering processes of the earth's crust, industrial discharge, pest or disease control agents applied to plants, urban run-off, mining, soil erosion, sewage effluents, air pollution fallout and other sources. Plants can be affected directly by air pollutants, as well as indirectly through the contamination of soil and water. At the same time, plant is a member of the food chain and may create a risk for man and animals through contamination of food supplies. In recent years a considerable progress has been made in the assay of trace elements in environmental plant samples. For higher plants, the accumulation of metals, especially cadmium, was tested when plants grew on sewage sludge-amended soils or in soils of cadmium residues from phosphate fertilizers. No reports were accessible to us on the direct effect of tested metals (Pb, Hg, Cr, As, Cd) on seed germination and root growth. The paucity of literature initiated our present work. Inmore » this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the acute toxicity of five metals (Cr[sup 6+], Cd[sup 2+], Hg[sup 2+], Pb[sup 2+], As[sup 5+]) which are widely spread in the environment and are widely recognized as highly toxic and dangerous. As the testing subject, mustard seeds (Sinapis alba) were used and their germination and root growth were observed. 12 refs., 1 tab.« less

Gamma‐irradiation to inactivate thioglucosidase of crucifers

AbstractThe crucifers contain glucosinolates which through enzymatic hydrolysis give rise to toxicants that limit the use of oil‐free meal obtainable from this plant family. Seeds from three crucifers were used to test gamma irradiation to inactivate enzyme systems as a step toward detoxification. Seeds ofCrambe abyssinica Hochst (crambe), ground seeds ofSinapis alba L. (mustard), and seeds ofBrassica napus L. (rape) were subjected to gamma‐irradiation (6.25, 12.5, 25.0 and 50.4 Mrad) to inactivate thioglucosidase and/or destroy glucosinolates. Samples of ground seeds, their oil‐free meals, previously irradiated ground seeds and their oil‐free meals were assayed for glucose, a product of enzymatic hydrolysis of glucosinolates present in the crucifer seeds. The 50.4 Mrad exposure inactivated thioglucosidase but did not destroy glucosinolates. The fatty acid contents of extracted oils were affected. The amino acid profile of defatted crambe protein meal was affected, while that of white mustard was not.