Sinapic Acid Research Articles

Flaxseed polyphenols: Effects of varieties on its composition and antioxidant capacity

This study identified phenolic compounds in five flaxseed varieties and evaluated their antioxidant activities. Results showed significant variations in phenolic acids and flavonoids among the varieties. Longya 16 had the lowest flavonoid content, Longya 13 had the lowest phenolic acid content, while Longya 10 exhibited the highest content and diversity of polyphenols, including six flavonoids (vitexin, quercitrin, quercetin, apigenin, kaempfero1, (+)-dihydroquercetin) and five phenolic acids (gallic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid). Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, and cell-based assays under tBHP-induced oxidative stress. Flaxseed polyphenol extracts significantly reduced ROS, MDA, and GSSG levels and increased SOD and CAT activities, preserving cell vitality and morphology. These findings confirmed the significant antioxidant activity of flaxseed polyphenols, providing a theoretical basis for their application in antioxidative functional areas.

Differential Effects of In Vitro Simulated Digestion on Antioxidant Activity and Bioaccessibility of Phenolic Compounds in Purple Rice Bran Extracts.

Pigmented rice varieties are abundant in phenolic compounds. Antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds are modified in the gastrointestinal tract. After in vitro simulated digestion, changes in antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, and anthocyanins) in purple rice brans (Hom Nil and Riceberry) were compared with undigested crude extracts. The digestion method was conducted following the INFOGEST protocol. Antioxidant activity was determined using the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assays. The bioaccessibility index (BI) was calculated from the ratio of digested to undigested soluble phenolic content. Overall results showed that the in vitro simulated digested rice brans had lower antioxidant activity and lower total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents. However, the concentration of sinapic acid was stable, while other phenolic acids (gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, ρ-coumaric, and ferulic acids) degraded after the oral, gastric, and intestinal phases. The BI of sinapic, gallic, vanillic, and ferulic acids remained stable, and the BI of quercetin was resistant to digestion. Conversely, anthocyanins degraded during the intestinal phase. In conclusion, selective phenolic compounds are lost along the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that controlled food delivery is of further interest.

Screening of phenolic components and antimicrobial properties of Iris persica L. subsp. persica extracts by in vitro and in silico methods

AbstractThe tendency toward natural herbal products has increased due to the antibiotic resistance developed by microorganisms and the severe side effects of antibiotics commonly used in infectious diseases worldwide. Although antimicrobial studies have been conducted with several species of the Iris genus, this study is the first in the literature to be performed with Iris persica L. subsp. persica aqueous and methanol extracts. In this study, the phenolic content of I. persica was determined by LC–MS/MS analysis, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of I. persica aqueous and methanol extracts was examined, and this study was supported by in silico analysis. Consequently, methanol and aqueous extracts were observed to have inhibitory effects against all tested microorganisms except Candida krusei. Although the MIC values of aqueous extract and methanol extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae are the same (22.5 and 11.25 mg/mL, respectively), the inhibitory effect of aqueous extract is generally more potent (MIC value is 11.25 mg/mL for Candida parapsilosis and other bacterial species, and 90 mg/mL for Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis) than that of methanol extract. In silico results showed that hydroxybenzaldeyde, vanillin, resveratrol, isoquercitrin, kaempferol‐3‐glucoside, fisetin, and luteolin were more prone to antifungal activity. Hence, shikimic, gallic, protocatechuic, vanillic, caffeic, o‐coumaric, trans‐ferulic, sinapic acids, and hesperidin were more prone to antibacterial activity. In vitro and in silico results show that the antibacterial activity of our extracts may be higher than the antifungal activity. This preliminary study indicates the anti‐infective potential of I. persica extracts and their usability in medicine and pharmacology.

Phenol Profiling of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) Leaves by LC-MS

Lab experiment was carried out at Department of Agricultural Biotechnology of Anand agricultural university, Anand, Gujarat during 2023-24. Study on phenol profiling was carried out by Liquid Chromatography Mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. Experimental materials for phenol profiling, fresh leaves of 28 genotypes of brinjal along with parents AB 15-06 (P1) and GRB 5 (P2) selected after three months of transplanting. Total 20 phenolic acids used as standard were; salicylic acid, gallic acid, hydroquinone, esculin hydrate, pyrocatechol, methylumbelliferone, umbelliferon, quercetin, coumaric acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, cinnamic acid, syringaldehyde, fraxetin, 4-hydroxy cinnamaldehyde, aminobenzoic acid, catechin hydrate, sinapic acid and epigallocatechin gallate. Out of Twenty, seven (ferrulic aicd, caffeic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, salicylic acid, syringaldehyde, chlorogenic acid) phenolic compounds were found to be present in detectable quantities in brinjal leaves.

Anthocyanin glucosylation mediated by a glycoside hydrolase family 3 protein in purple carrot.

Purple carrot accumulates anthocyanins modified with galactose, xylose, glucose, and sinapic acid. Most of the genes associated with anthocyanin biosynthesis have been identified, except for the glucosyltransferase genes involved in the step before the acylation in purple carrot. Anthocyanins are commonly glycosylated in reactions catalyzed by UDP-sugar-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Although many studies have been conducted on UGTs, the glucosylation of carrot anthocyanins remains unknown. Acyl-glucose-dependent glucosyltransferase activity modifying cyanidin 3-xylosylgalactoside was detected in the crude protein extract prepared from purple carrot cultured cells. In addition, the corresponding enzyme was purified. The cDNA encoding this glucosyltransferase was isolated based on the partial amino acid sequence of the purified protein. The recombinant protein produced in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves via agroinfiltration exhibited anthocyanin glucosyltransferase activity. This glucosyltransferase belongs to the glycoside hydrolase family 3 (GH3). The expression pattern of the gene encoding this GH3-type anthocyanin glucosyltransferase was consistent with anthocyanin accumulation in carrot tissues and cultured cells.

Phytochemicals, UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis, potential acaricidal activity and molecular modeling of Datura metel grown in North-Eastern India

The present investigation emphasized exploitation of Datura metel L. for potential acaricidal activity. Extraction method suggested higher extraction efficiency with the use of 50 % methanol over aqueous medium. UPLC-QTOF-ESI-MS analysis of the extracts resulted tentative identification of eighteen tropane alkaloids such as tigloidin, hyoscyamine N-oxide, scopolamine N-oxide, hyocyamine, hydroxyapoatropine, tropinone, scopine, hyoscine, atropine, valtropine, ditigloyloxytropane, ditigloyloxytropanol, apohyoscine, tigloyloxytropane, norhyoscine, meteloidine, cuscohygrine and tropine in the aerial parts (EAP) and roots (ER). Further, nine phenolic acids such as gallic, protocatechuic, chlorogenic, vanillic, p-coumaric, ferulic, quinic, syringic, and sinapic acids along with fourteen flavonoids such as luteolin-7-glucoside, catechin-3-O-rhamnoside, kempferol-3,7-O-diglucoside, naringenin-6-β-D-glucopyranoside, quercetin 3-O-glucosyl-xyloside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, flavonol-3-glucoside, luteolin, epicatechin, chrysoeriol, diadzein, genistein, hesperidin and hydroxycoumarin were also identified. Highest acaricidal activity was observed for ER showing LC50 and LC90 of 112.5 and 317.3 μg/mL after 48 h of exposure, respectively. Molecular modeling analysis revealed favourable interaction of tigloidine with UDP transferase of T. urticae through attractive charge, pi-alkyl, alkyl and conventional H bonds. Though, ER was found to be phytotoxic with the highest root growth inhibition in terms of IC50 value of 131.2 and 184.9 μg/mL against Chenopodium album and Triticum aestivum, respectively. Being eco-benign natural products, Datura phytochemicals can serve as potential bio-acaricide, thereby, a smart delivery system could be developed comprising synergistic concoction of the alkaloid rich phytochemical fractions for efficient management of the notorious acarids.

Use of Sinapic Acid Alkyl Esters as Antioxidants in Microencapsulated Flaxseed Oil

Use of Sinapic Acid Alkyl Esters as Antioxidants in Microencapsulated Flaxseed Oil

Unraveling the In Vitro Anti-Advanced Glycation End-Product (Anti-AGE) Potential of Fermented Red Cabbage and Beetroot: Insights into Composition and Activities.

This study verified the in vitro activity of red cabbage and beetroot against the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and their relationship with the biomolecules' content. Fermentation of cabbage increased the total phenolic (~10%) and flavonoid contents (~14%), whereas decreased total phenolics/flavonoids in beetroot. Fermented cabbage exhibited higher ability against AGEs, i.e., 17% in the bovine serum albumin-methylglyoxal (BSA-MGO) model and 25% in the BSA-glucose model, while beetroot exhibited 23% and 18%, respectively. The major compounds of cabbage products were cyanidin 3-(sinapoyl)(sinapoyl)-diglucoside-5-glucoside, sinapic acid, and epicatechin. Syringic acid and epicatechin were predominantly present in fermented beetroot. 2,17-bidecarboxy- and 2,15,17-tridecarboxy-betanin were the major betalains. Fermented vegetables can be effective inhibitors of the AGE formation/accumulation and could be recommended in the prevention of diet-related diseases.

In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of a novel toffee type soft candy formulated by a latex obtained from Gundelia tournefortii L. and enriched with a lactic acid-based propolis extract

In this study, a toffee type soft candy product was developed for the first time with a new production process by means of using a plant based latex (kenger gum) obtained from Gundelia tournefortii L. D-optimal mixture design was used for the optimization of components in the kenger gum added sugared (KGS) and sugar-free (KGSF) candy samples. According to optimization step, the amounts of kenger gum that provided the best sensory scores were found as 2.16 g/100 g and 2.00 g/100 g sample for KGS and KGSF formulations, respectively, and then lactic acid (80 %) based propolis extract (LPE, 0.5 %, 1 %, 2.5 %) were added to these novel candy samples. According to the results, water activity values were determined as 0.6210–0.6315, 0.6197–0.6290 and 0.5226–0.5313 for the control, KGS, and KGSF groups, respectively. Considering the instrumental texture and color parameters, use of kenger gum and different amounts of LPE caused differences in the characteristic properties of samples. Compared to the control group, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, and rosmarinic acid were detected in the samples with added kenger gum. The presence of both kenger gum and LPE in candy samples might have resulted with an interaction and affected the in vitro bioaccessibility of the phenolic compounds.

A ternary correlation multi-symptom network strategy based on in vivo chemical profile identification and metabolomics to explore the molecular basis of Ephedra herb against viral pneumonia.

Ephedra herb (EH), an important medicine prescribed in herbal formulas by Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners, has been widely used in the treatment of viral pneumonia in China. However, the molecular basis of EH in viral pneumonia remains unclear. In this study, a ternary correlation multi-symptom network strategy was established based on in vivo chemical profile identification and metabolomics to explore the molecular basis of EH against viral pneumonia. Results showed that 143 compounds of EH and 70 prototype components were identified in vivo. EH could reduce alveolar-capillary barrier disruption in rats with viral pneumonia and significantly downregulate the expression of inflammatory factors and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Plasma metabolomics revealed that EH may be involved in the regulation of arachidonic acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, nicotinate, and nicotinamide metabolism. The multi-symptom network showed that 12 compounds have an integral function in the treatment of viral pneumonia by intervening in many pathways related to viruses, immunity and inflammation, and lung injury. Further verification demonstrated that sinapic acid and frambinone can regulate the expression of related genes. It has been shown to be a promising representative of the pharmacological constituents of ephedra.

Hesperidin, vanillic acid, and sinapic acid attenuate atorvastatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction via inhibition of mitochondrial swelling and maintenance of mitochondrial function in pancreas isolated mitochondria.

It has been reported that lipophilic statins such as atorvastatin can more readily penetrate into β-cells and reach the mitochondria, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, decrease in insulin release. Many studies have shown that natural products can protect mitochondrial dysfunction induced by drug in different tissue. We aimed to explore mitochondrial protection potency of hesperidin, vanillic acid, and sinapic acid as natural compounds against mitochondrial dysfunction induced by atorvastatin in pancreas isolated mitochondria. Mitochondria were isolated form rat pancreas and directly treated with toxic concentration of atorvastatin (500 µM) in presence of various concentrations hesperidin, vanillic acid, and sinapic acid (1, 10, and 100 µM) separately. Mitochondrial toxicity parameters such as the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, succinate dehydrogenases (SDH) activity, mitochondrial swelling, depletion of glutathione (GSH), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, and malondialdehyde (MDA) production were measured. Our findings demonstrated that atorvastatin directly induced mitochondrial toxicity at concentration of 500 μM and higher in pancreatic mitochondria. Except MDA, atorvastatin caused significantly reduction in SDH activity, mitochondrial swelling, ROS formation, depletion of GSH,and collapse of MMP. While, our data showed that all three protective compounds at low concentrations ameliorated atorvastatin-induced mitochondrial dysfunction with the increase of SDH activity, improvement of mitochondrial swelling, MMP collapse and mitochondrial GSH, and reduction of ROS formation. We can conclude that hesperidin, vanillic acid, and sinapic acid can directly reverse the toxic of atorvastatin in rat pancreas isolated mitochondria, which may be beneficial for protection against diabetogenic-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in pancreatic β-cells.

Phenolic and Metabolic Profiles, Antioxidant Activities, Glycemic Control, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Three Thai Papaya Cultivar Leaves.

This study thoroughly examined the proximate composition, bioactive composition, and in vitro biological activities of three different cultivars of papaya leaf extracts (PLEs) as potential functional ingredients and nutraceuticals. The dark green leaves of three papaya cultivars, Khaek Dam (KD), Holland (H), and Thai Local (L), were used in this study. The protein content of the leaves ranged from 25.96 to 32.18%, the fat content ranged from 7.34 to 11.66%, the carbohydrate content ranged from 5.80 to 17.91%, the moisture content ranged from 6.02 to 6.49%, the ash content ranged from 11.23 to 12.40%, and the fiber content ranged from 23.24 to 38.48%. The L cultivar possessed significantly higher protein and carbohydrate contents, whereas the H cultivar had the highest ash content (p < 0.05). The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 113.94 to 173.69 mg GAE/g extract, with the KD cultivar having the highest TPC (p < 0.05). Several metabolic compounds such as phenolic compounds (particularly kaempferol, isorhamnetin, quercetin, ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, salicylic acid, sinapic acid, syringic acid, and vanillin), terpenoids (such as eucalyptol), glycosides, and indole were identified. The PLE from the KD cultivar had the highest levels of DPPH• inhibition, metal chelation, reducing power, and antidiabetic activity (p < 0.05), suggesting superior biological activity. All three PLEs reduced the proliferation of RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner with low nitric oxide formation. These results indicate that the papaya leaf, particularly from the KD cultivar, could be a promising source of functional food ingredients.

Investigation into the Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and In-Vitro Anti-Diabetic Efficacy of Ulva lactuca Extracts.

In this research, the chemical compositions of various extracts obtained from Ulva lactuca, a type of green seaweed collected from the Nador lagoon in the northern region of Morocco, were compared. Their antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties were also studied. Using GC-MS technology, the fatty acid content of the samples was analyzed, revealing that palmitic acid, eicosenoic acid, and linoleic acid were the most abundant unsaturated fatty acids present in all samples. The HPLC analysis indicated that sinapic acid, naringin, rutin, quercetin, cinnamic acid, salicylic acid, apigenin, flavone, and flavanone were the most prevalent phenolic compounds. The aqueous extract obtained by maceration showed high levels of polyphenols and flavonoids, with values of 379.67 ± 0.09 mg GAE/g and 212.11 ± 0.11 mg QE/g, respectively. This extract also exhibited an impressive ability to scavenge DPPH radicals, as indicated by its IC50 value of 0.095 ± 0.12 mg/mL. Additionally, the methanolic extract obtained using the Soxhlet method demonstrated antioxidant properties by preventing β-carotene discoloration, with an IC50 of 0.087 ± 0.14 mg/mL. Results from in-vitro studies showed that extracts from U. lactuca were able to significantly inhibit the enzymatic activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Among the various extracts, methanolic extract (S) has been identified as the most potent inhibitor, exhibiting a statistically similar effect to that of acarbose. Furthermore, molecular docking models were used to evaluate the interaction between the primary phytochemicals found in these extracts and the human pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. These findings suggest that U. lactuca extracts contain bioactive substances that are capable of reducing enzyme activity more effectively than the commercially available drug, acarbose.

In vitro anthelmintic efficacy of Ferulic and Sinapic acid against zoonotic cestode Hymenolepis diminuta (Rudolphi, 1819).

The present study is aimed to investigate potential in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of two phenolic compounds Ferulic acid and Sinapic acid against the parasite H. diminuta. Adult parasites collected from infected rat's intestine (maintained in our laboratory) were treated with 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20mg/mL concentrations of both the compounds in RPMI-1640 media containing 1% Tween 20. Further, one group was treated in Praziquantel as a reference drug and another group of parasites were kept as control. The efficacy was evaluated on the basis of motility and mortality of the parasites. The paralyzed worms were further processed for the morphological and ultrastructural studies and observed through light and scanning electron microscopy. A significant dose-dependent efficacy was found in all treatment and decrease in relative movability value was also recorded in all the concentrations of two compounds treated parasites. The time taken for paralysis in 5mg/mL of Ferulic acid and 10mg/mL of Sinapic acid were 1.47 ± 0.04h and 0.88 ± 0.03h respectively which is accorded with the standard concentration of Praziquantel. Morphological micrographs revealed pronounced distortion and altered topography of scolex and tegument while histological study showed loss of uniform tegumental integrity with folds and cracks in the treated parasites. Further, extensive alteration in the scolex and irrevocable disruption all over the body surface with loss of trapezoid shape, shrinkage of tegument and sloughing off microtriches were observed in electron microscopic study. The study indicated that both the compounds possess strong activity against H. diminuta and further studies are required to understand their detailed mode of action to exploit them as potential alternative candidates for curing helminthiases.

Antioxidant Properties of Azadirachta Indica Leave Extracts

Background: Azadirachta Indica is an important medicinal plant commonly found in India, Africa, America, Europe, and many other regions of the world. The current study was designed to investigate the concentrations of important phenolic/flavonoid contents of ethanolic extracts of Azadirachta Indica (neem) leaves (Lahore, Pakistan). Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed the presence of three phenolic compounds (gallic acid, sinapic acid, and caffeic acid) and two flavonols (Myricetin and Kaempferol). The plant extract contained the highest and lowest concentrations of myricetin acid (26.41µg/g) and kaempferol (3.35µg/g) among flavonols, respectively. Results: Both acids are helpful in the manufacturing of antioxidant medicines. Among phenolics, sinapic acid (45.73µg/g) and gallic acid (1.96µg/g) were present in highest and lowest concentrations in plant leaves, respectively. Conclusion: Gallic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, and kaempferol possess antioxidant and therapeutic potential and are highly beneficial for human health. Human beings can get many benefits and produce more medicines from the leaf extract of neem in the future. Many more advantages can also be taken from different parts of neem (leaves, seeds, and bark).

Seasonality Affects Low-Molecular-Weight Organic Acids and Phenolic Compounds' Composition in Scots Pine Litterfall.

Secondary plant metabolites, including organic acids and phenolic compounds, have a significant impact on the properties of organic matter in soil, influencing its structure and function. How the production of these compounds in foliage that falls to the forest floor as litterfall varies across tree age and seasonality are of considerable interest for advancing our understanding of organic matter dynamics. Monthly, we collected fallen needles of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) across stands of five different age classes (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 years) for one year and measured the organic acids and phenolic compounds. Seven low-molecular-weight organic acids and thirteen phenolic compounds were detected in the litterfall. No differences were observed across stand age. Significant seasonal differences were detected. Most compounds peaked during litterfall in the growing season. Succinic acid was the most prevalent organic acid in the litterfall, comprising 78% of total organic acids (351.27 ± 34.27 µg g- 1), and was 1.5 to 11.0 times greater in the summer than all other seasons. Sinapic acid was the most prevalent phenolic compound in the litterfall (42.15 µg g- 1), representing 11% of the total phenolic compounds, and was 39.8 times greater in spring and summer compared to autumn and winter. Growing season peaks in needle concentrations were observed for all thirteen phenolic compounds and two organic acids (lactic, succinic). Citric acid exhibited a definitive peak in late winter into early spring. Our results highlight the seasonal dynamics of the composition of secondary plant metabolites in litterfall, which is most different at the onset of the growing season. Fresh inputs of litterfall at this time of emerging biological activity likely have seasonal impacts on soil's organic matter composition as well.

Detection of KPC directly from positive blood cultures by MALDI-TOF: From research to the clinical microbiology laboratory routine

Bloodstream infections (BSI) caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (CR-GNB) are a subject of major clinical concern, mainly those associated with carbapenemase-producing isolates. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been proposed to detect specific β-lactamases, including KPC. We aimed to detect KPC enzyme directly from positive blood cultures using MALDI-TOF MS. Overall, 146 clinical Gram-negative bacilli (46 CR-GNB) recovered from consecutive blood cultures were evaluated. Proteins were extracted using formic acid, isopropyl alcohol, and water and spotted onto a steel target plate using the double-layer sinapinic acid method. The relative ions intensity ≥120 arbitrary units (a.u.) of a peak close to 28,700 m/z indicated the presence of KPC. The results were compared to HRM-qPCR methodology. This specific peak was observed in 11/14 blood bottles with blaKPC positive isolates (78.6% sensitivity), with 3 false-positive results (97.7% specificity). Analysis from colonies reached identical sensitivity (78.6%), but higher specificity (100%). The detection of KPC peaks directly from positive blood cultures using MALDI-TOF MS is feasible and rapid. It's excellent specificity indicates that positive results are consistently associated with the presence of a KPC producer in positive blood culture.

Solid state fermentation of Diaphragma juglandis fructus with Aspergillus niger alleviates hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells via Nrf2 signaling pathway

Diaphragma juglandis fructus (DJF) is a traditional medicine, which is rich in bioactive polyphenols and has been proven to exhibit better antioxidant activity. However, the potential effects of fermentation of DJF on oxidative stress remains unclear. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the impact of solid-state fermentation (SSF) with Aspergillus niger (A. niger) on the polyphenol content and biological activity in DJF. Furthermore, compared with unfermented Diaphragma juglandis fructus (UF-DJF) extracts, ellagic acid (EA), sinapic acid (SA) and (+)-catechin (CA) displayed the highest increase in soluble phenolics (SPs) of fermented Diaphragma juglandis fructus (F-DJF) extracts. Thus, we explored the protective effect of EA, SA, CA and co-existing of EA, SA, CA against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Our results demonstrated that the insoluble-bound phenolics (IBPs) could be released, thereby increasing the SPs content and in vitro antioxidant activity after SSF. In addition, we also found that F-DJF extracts had the best inhibitory effect on three digestive enzymes among UF-DJF, before fermented Diaphragma juglandis fructus (BF-DJF) and F-DJF extracts. Moreover, our results revealed that pre-treatment with EA, SA, CA and co-present of EA, SA, CA could protect HepG2 cells from oxidative damage through activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway and up-regulating the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone1 (NQO1), glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC), cytoplasmic Cu-Zn-SOD (SOD1), mitochondrial Mn-SOD (SOD2) and catalase (CAT). Remarkably, the co-presence of EA, SA, CA showed the best protective effect. In conclusion, our research highlights SSF is an effective method for enhancing polyphenol content and biological activity in DJF. Moreover, these findings provide novel insights into the role of F-DJF extracts in prevention chronic diseases associated with oxidative stress and the possibility of their application in functional foods. In addition, fermentation may be a reliable strategy to enhance the medicinal value of DJF.

Berberis vulgaris L. Root Extract as a Multi-Target Chemopreventive Agent against Colon Cancer Causing Apoptosis in Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines.

Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae) is a shrub that has been widely used in European folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. The purpose of our study was to elucidate the mechanisms of the chemopreventive action of the plant's methanolic root extract (BVR) against colon cancer cells. Studies were conducted in human colon adenocarcinoma cell lines (LS180 and HT-29) and control colon epithelial CCD841 CoN cells. According to the MTT assay, after 48 h of cell exposure, the IC50 values were as follows: 4.3, 46.1, and 50.2 µg/mL for the LS180, HT-29, and CCD841 CoN cells, respectively, showing the greater sensitivity of the cancer cells to BVR. The Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS kit demonstrated that BVR induced programmed cell death only against HT-29 cells. Nuclear double staining revealed the great proapoptotic BVR properties in HT-29 cells and subtle effect in LS180 cells. RT-qPCR with the relative quantification method showed significant changes in the expression of genes related to apoptosis in both the LS180 and HT-29 cells. The genes BCL2L1 (126.86-421.43%), BCL2L2 (240-286.02%), CASP3 (177.19-247.83%), and CASP9 (157.99-243.75%) had a significantly elevated expression, while BCL2 (25-52.03%) had a reduced expression compared to the untreated control. Furthermore, in a panel of antioxidant tests, BVR showed positive effects (63.93 ± 0.01, 122.92 ± 0.01, and 220.29 ± 0.02 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g in the DPPH•, ABTS•+, and ORAC assays, respectively). In the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition test, BVR revealed 62.60 ± 0.87% of enzyme inhibition. The chemical composition of BVR was determined using a UHPLC-UV-CAD-MS/MS analysis and confirmed the presence of several known alkaloids, including berberine, as well as other alkaloids and two derivatives of hydroxycinnamic acid (ferulic and sinapic acid hexosides). The results are very promising and encourage the use of BVR as a comprehensive chemopreventive agent (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and pro-apoptotic) in colorectal cancer, and were widely discussed alongside data from the literature.

Sinapic Acid Mitigates Pentylenetetrazol-induced Acute Seizures By Modulating the NLRP3 Inflammasome and Regulating Calcium/calcineurin Signaling: In Vivo and In Silico Approaches.

Sinapic acid (SA) is a naturally occurring carboxylic acid found in citrus fruits and cereals. Recent studies have shown that SA has potential anti-seizure properties due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic effects. The present study investigated the neuroprotective role of SA at two different dosages in a pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced acute seizure model. Mice were divided into six groups: normal control, PTZ, SA (20mg/kg), SA (20mg/kg) + PTZ, SA (40mg/kg), and SA (40mg/kg) + PTZ. SA was orally administered for 21days, followed by a convulsive dose of intraperitoneal PTZ (50mg/kg). Seizures were estimated via the Racine scale, and animals were behaviorally tested using the Y-maze. Brain tissues were used to assess the levels of GABA, glutamate, oxidative stress markers, calcium, calcineurin, (Nod)-like receptor protein-3 (NLRP3), interleukin (IL)-1β, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), Bcl-2-associated death protein (Bad) and Bcl-2. Molecular docking of SA using a multistep in silico protocol was also performed. The results showed that SA alleviated oxidative stress, restored the GABA/glutamate balance and calcium/calcineurin signaling, downregulated NLRP3 and apoptosis, and improved recognition and ambulatory activity in PTZ-treated mice. In silico results also revealed that SA strongly interacts with the target proteins NLRP3 and ASC. Overall, the results suggest that SA is a promising antiseizure agent and that both doses of SA are comparable, with 40mg/kg SA being superior in normalizing glutathione, calcium and IL-1β, in addition to calcineurin, NLRP3, ASC and Bad.