Simultaneous Steam Distillation-solvent Extraction Research Articles

Volatile flavor constituents of acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) fruit.

Volatile components were isolated from acerola fruit by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction according to the Likens-Nickerson method and analyzed by GC and GC-MS methods. One hundred fifty constituents were identified in the aroma concentrate, from which furfural, hexadecanoic acid, 3-methyl-3-butenol, and limonene were found to be the major constituents. The amounts of esters, 3-methyl-3-butenol, and their various esters were thought to contribute to the unique flavor of the acerola fruit.

The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on strawberry flavour compounds

Abstract The effects of high hydrostatic pressure on strawberry flavour compounds and the enzyme β-glucosidase were investigated. Strawberry ( Fragaria × ananassa , cv. Elsanta) samples were submitted to high pressure ranging from 200 to 800 MPa. After the high pressure treatment, the samples were kept for 24 h at three different storage temperatures (4, 20 and 30°C) and, thereafter, the flavour was extracted by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction using dichloromethane. Analysis was carried out by GC–MS and HPLC. The analytes of this study are three acids (namely butanoic acid, 2-methyl-butanoic acid and hexanoic acid), one ketone (2,4,6-heptatrione) and three furanones (5-hexyl-dihydro- 3H -furan-2-one, 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy- 2H -furan-3-one and 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy- 2H -furan-3-one-glucoside). The highest flavour stability was observed when samples were treated with lower pressures and they were stored at 4 and 30° C. The enzyme β-glucosidase was found to be activated when pressures of 200 and 400 MPa were applied but inactivated considerably in the 600 and 800 MPa treatments.

Brominated anisoles and cresols in the red alga Polysiphoniasphaerocarpa

The red marine alga Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa was extracted by a simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction technique and several brominated compounds were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The compounds detected were 2,4-dibromoanisole, 2,4,6-tribromoanisole, 3-bromocresol, 3,5-dibromocresol, 3-bromo-4- hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 2-bromophenol, 4-bromophenol, 2,4-dibromophenol, 2,6-dibromophenol and 2,4,6-tribromophenol. This is the first time brominated anisoles and cresols have been detected in marine algae.

Volatile Constituents of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Fruits from Cuba

Volatile constituents obtained from four cultivars of guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction, and analyzed by GC/MS. More than 40 compounds were identified in each cultivar, 17 of which have been identified for the first time as volatile constituents of guava. Each cultivar has a typical composition, characterized by a specific ratio between die main components and classes of substances. The major volatiles were either β-caryophyllene, limonene, 3-phenylpropyl acetate, (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate or (E)-cinnamyl acetate.

Volatile Constituents of Custard Apple (Annona atemoya)

Volatile constituents of custard apple were isolated by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction and analyzed by GC/MC. Fifty-three compounds were identified, 29 for the first time as volatile constituents of custard apple. The major compounds in the volatile concentrate were α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, bornyl acetate and germacrene D.

Volatile components in crabmeats of Charybdis feriatus.

The volatile components of different meats (legs with claws, body, and carapace) of a popularly consumed edible crab in Asia, Charybdis feriatus, were investigated. Samples were extracted by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Among 177 compounds detected, 130 were positively identified. Seventy-six compounds were previously reported in other crab species. A greater number of naphthalenes were detected in this crab compared with other crabs in the literature. Aromatic compounds, alcohols, and sulfur-containing compounds were the three predominant groups with >15 components. Carapace tissue contained a greater number of volatile components in each group, except for sulfur-containing compounds. Most of the common components in the leg meat and the body meat were found at similar levels (p > 0.05). Carapace tissue generally had the highest quantity of common components among the meats. The higher levels of volatile components present in the carapace tissue might account for its stronger flavor compared with the other meats. Furthermore, the higher number of aldehydes and lower number of sulfur-containing compounds detected in the carapace meat might contribute to its unique flavor.

Selective extraction of polychlorinated biphenyls from dairy products using steam distillation–solvent extraction at normal pressure

A simultaneous steam distillation–solvent extraction (SDE) procedure was used for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in dairy products. In spite of the good results previously obtained for the recovery of these pollutants at sub-μg/l levels in spiked water samples, the SDE apparatus did not prove to be an efficient way of extracting endogenous PCBs from dairy products. In an attempt to optimise the simultaneous extraction-clean-up procedure proposed, the different variables affecting the SDE were systematically investigated in depth. These studies have shown that both the extremely low concentration levels of the PCBs in this kind of matrix and the intrinsic complexity of the samples investigated were very important factors affecting the efficiency of SDE for endogenous PCB extraction. Recoveries below 10% were found when different types of dairy products and spiked samples were investigated.

Volatile secondary metabolites from Spilanthes americana obtained by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction

Secondary volatile metabolites were isolated by simultaneous distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) and supercritical (CO 2) extraction (SFE) from flowers, leaves and stems of Spilanthes americana (Mutis) Hieron (Compositae). The extracts were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography using flame ionization, nitrogen-phosphorus (NPD) or mass spectrometric detection. Compounds were identified according to their Kováts indexes, mass spectra (EI, 70 eV), or by comparison with standard substances. The method of extraction (SDE, SFE) and the source of the plant material (flowers, stems, leaves) affected the composition of the extracts. SFE extracts from stems were rich (>40%) in sesquiterpenes (α- and ß-bisabolenes, caryophyllene and cadinenes), while those from leaves and flowers were abundant in nitrogenated (43 and 27%) and oxygenated (36 and 23%) compounds. N-(isobutyl)-2 E,6 Z,8 E-decatrienamide, N-(2-methylbutyl)-2 E,6 Z,8 E-decatrienamide, decatrienamide, N-(isobutyl)-6 Z,83-decadienamide and N-(2-phenelethyl)2- E,6 Z,-8 E-decatrienamide are examples of the nitrogenated compounds found. SDE extracts from stems, leaves, and flowers of S. americana contained sesquiterpene levels of 32, 28 and 20%, and a generally higher proportion of oxygenated compounds (28, 52 and 32%) and monoterpenes (27, 10 and 42%) than their SFE counterparts. Only trace-level contents of nitrogenated compounds were found using NPD in SDE extracts. Some heavy hydrocarbons (C n >20) originated from flower pigments and waxes were isolated by SFE but not by SDE. SFE was both selective and highly efficient in the isolation of sesquiterpenes, heavy hydrocarbons and nitrogenated compounds (amides).

Enantioselective analysis of chiral polychlorinated biphenyls in sediment samples by multidimensional gas chromatography-electron-capture detection after steam distillation-solvent extraction and sulfur removal

Enantioselective analysis of the chiral polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 95, 132 and 149 in river sediment samples was carried out by multidimensional gas chromatography with an achiral-chiral column combination and electron-capture detection. The investigations revealed the PCB congeners analysed to be present racemic within experimental error. A micro simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction device was used as extraction method. This technique proved to be a versatile tool for the extraction of organochlorine compounds from several matrices and was used for the extraction of PCBs from sediment samples. The removal of interfering elementary sulfur was carried out by the treatment with copper powder during the extraction.

Recoveries of organochlorine compounds (polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans) in water using steam distillation-solvent extraction at normal pressure

A simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) procedure was used for determining polychrlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs) at sub-ppb levels in water samples. Recoveries of 39.8–138.7% and a standard deviation of lower than 10% were achieved for the individual coplanar PCB and the 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDD/F congeners. SDE is a fast, clean, inexpensive and reproducible procedure for the determination of individual PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in waters at very low concentrations.

Essential Oil ofTorreya taxifoliaArnott

ABSTRACT The leaf oil of the Florida torreya, Torreya taxifolia, an endangered species, which was obtained by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Although 24 components were identified in the oil, it was found to be hydrocarbon-rich with limonene (40.78%), α-pinene (7.59%), (E)-β-farnesene (6.16%), and δ-cadinene (6.60%) being in greatest abundance.

Aroma Extract Dilution Analysis of Blue Crab Claw Meat Volatiles

Volatile extracts were prepared from cooked blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) claw meat by both atmospheric (A-SDE) and vacuum simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction (V-SDE) techniques using dichloromethane as extractant. Serially diluted extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography/olfactometry (GC/O). Eleven and 14 aromas were consistently detected in replicate A-SDE and V-SDE extracts, respectively. Among these, seven aromas were commonly found in both extracts. Four compounds having high log 2 (flavor dilution factors) (>5) were identified as 2,3-butanedione (sour, creamy); (Z)-4-heptenal (potato-like); 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (nutty, popcorn-like); and 3-(methylthio)propanal (salty, soy sauce-like)

Universal sample enrichment technique for organochlorine pesticides in environmental and biological samples using a redesigned simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction apparatus

A comparison is made of simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDE) with two other preconcentration techniques, soxhlet extraction (SE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) used for the determination of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in soil and oleaginous matrices. The effects of several experimental factors such as process time, vapor flow, analyte concentration, sample amount, and the addition of codistillant solvents on the pesticide recovery by SDE have been studied and compared to a theoretical model

Volatile reaction products from a heated xylose-lysine model system

Aqueous solutions of xylose (1 molal) and lysine monohydrochloride (1 molal) were refluxed without pH control (initial pH 4.9) for 240 min by simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction using a modified Likens and Nickerson apparatus. The solvent extract was replaced by fresh solvent after 15, 30, 45, 60, 120 and 180 min refluxing and subsequently concentrated to give a series of volatile isolates. Isolates were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry, and a total of 44 reaction products could be identified. 2-Furfural constituted over 99% (w/w) of the volatiles in each isolate. The most numerous reaction products were monocyclic furans (20 being identified), whereas only eight nitrogen-containing compounds were noted. Yields of total reaction products increased up to 120 min refluxing, and then decreased, but if 2-furfural is excluded from the calculations, yields of the remaining reaction products increased up to 180 min before decreasing. Individual classes of compounds also tended to follow this general rule, notable exceptions being the nitrogen-containing components. Monocyclic pyrroles, 2,3-dihydro-1 H-pyrrolizines and pyridines were identified only after 45, 45 and 60 min refluxing, respectively, whereas yields of 1-(2-furfuryl)pyrroles increased throughout the heating period.

Preconcentration of volatile components of foods: optimization of the steam distillation-solvent extraction at normal pressure

Optimization of the experimental conditions affecting the simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction of volatile components of foods was carried out by using the modified sequential simplex method. For this purpose, a new micro steam distillation-extraction device was constructed. The apparatus includes an enlarged surface condenser which contributes to preventing eventual losses of high-volatility components. Determination in the μg/l range of compounds having different polarities and volatilities are accomplished with high recoveries. The construction of the apparatus is such that the use of extraction solvents having densities either higher or lower than that of the solvent sample is feasible with only one configuration.

Effects of Surfactants on Products Formed from Trans-Cinnamic Alcohol Upon Photoirradiation

Abstracttrans-Cinnamic alcohol with sodium dodecyl sulfate, polyoxyethylene-10-oleyl ether, or polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate, which are commonly used in sunscreen formulations as surfactants, was irradiated in an aqueous solution by ultraviolet light (λ=300 nm). The photoreaction products were isolated using a simultaneous steam distillation-solvent extraction and then analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography /mass spectrometry. Small but significant effects of surfactants on the photochemical reactions of trans-cinnamic alcohol were observed. Increased rates of production of rearrangement products of trans-cinnamic alcohol were found with 0.01 M sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) compared to those in the absence of surfactant. Both benzaldehyde and ben-zoic acid showed slightly greater increases after 3 hr irradiation in 2% polyoxyethylene-10-oleyl ether (Brij 96), whereas the rate of cis-trans isomerization of trans-cinnamic alcohol appeared to be greater in 2% polyoxyethylene sorbitan mon...