Simultaneous Pressures Research Articles

Thermal stress in Danio rerio: a link between temperature, light, thermo-TRP channels, and clock genes

It is believed that the biological systems perceiving temperature and light daily cycles were subjected to the simultaneous selective pressures, which resulted in their co-evolutionary association. We investigated the influence of 1h 33°C heat shock on the expression of clock and heat shock protein genes, as well as the role of the thermo-TRP channel, TRPV1, in ZEM-2S cells of the teleost Danio rerio, in constant dark (DD) or light-dark cycles (LD). After heat shock, we observed an acute increase of hsp90 aa1 levels in both DD and LD conditions. Interestingly, the expression of hsp90 aa1 was two-fold lower in LD than in DD, what suggests an antagonistic effect of white light on heat shock action. Regarding clock genes, no effect was found in cells subjected to the heat shock in DD. When cells were kept in LD, the expression of per1, per2, cry1a, and cry1b increased in response to heat shock, indicating that heat shock only affects clock core of LD-synchronized ZEM-2S cells. We then evaluated whether TRPV1 played a role in heat-mediated hsp90 aa1 and per2 responses: hsp90 aa1 increase was unaffected whereas per2 increase was partially blocked by TRPV1 inhibitor, demonstrating the channel participation in clock gene regulation by heat shock. Taken together, our results open a novel investigative perspective regarding the relationship between temperature and clock genes, placing a new player in the regulation of this phenomenon: the TRPV1 channel.

Laser-assisted processing of Ni-Al-Co-Ti under high pressure

ABSTRACTLaser-assisted processing and in-situ characterization of a Ni0.7-Al0.1235-Co0.15-Ti0.0265 alloy were carried out under a range of simultaneous hydrostatic high pressures of ∼30 GPa and high temperature conditions ∼2000°C using a laser-assisted heating in diamond anvil cell with synchrotron X-ray micro-diffraction. The characterization of the microstructure and X-ray diffraction analysis at ambient conditions confirmed the formation of the cuboids of ordered γ′ phase in the disordered γ matrix. The isothermal bulk modulus (B0) and its first-order derivative (B0’) of the alloy were determined to be B0 = 123 ± 9 GPa and B0’ = 5.7 ± 2.8. The in-situ characterization of the alloy at high temperatures under high pressures revealed that the γ′ phase transforms into the tetragonaly distorted D022-type structure. This transformation is similar to the transformation that occurs in the ordered Ni3Al, responsible for the improved strength at high temperatures. High pressure was found to increase the onset temperature of the structural distortion. The pressure–temperature phase diagram of the Ni0.7-Al0.1235-Co0.15-Ti0.0265 up to ∼30 GPa and ∼2000°C was determined and is reported here.

A Balanced Mixture of Antagonistic Pressures Promotes the Evolution of Parallel Movement.

A common hypothesis about the origins of collective behaviour suggests that animals might live and move in groups to increase their chances of surviving predator attacks. This hypothesis is supported by several studies that use computational models to simulate natural evolution. These studies, however, either tune an ad-hoc model to ‘reproduce’ collective behaviour, or concentrate on a single type of predation pressure, or infer the emergence of collective behaviour from an increase in prey density. In nature, prey are often targeted by multiple predator species simultaneously and this might have played a pivotal role in the evolution of collective behaviour. We expand on previous research by using an evolutionary rule-based system to simulate the evolution of prey behaviour when prey are subject to multiple simultaneous predation pressures. We analyse the evolved behaviour via prey density, polarization, and angular momentum. Our results suggest that a mixture of antagonistic external pressures that simultaneously steer prey towards grouping and dispersing might be required for prey individuals to evolve dynamic parallel movement.

An evidence synthesis of the international knowledge base for new care models to inform and mobilise knowledge for multispecialty community providers (MCPs).

BackgroundNHS England’s Five Year Forward View (NHS England, Five Year Forward View, 2014) formally introduced a strategy for new models of care driven by simultaneous pressures to contain costs, improve care and deliver services closer to home through integrated models. This synthesis focuses on a multispecialty community provider (MCP) model. This new model of care seeks to overcome the limitations in current models of care, often based around single condition-focused pathways, in contrast to patient-focused delivery (Royal College of General Practitioners, The 2022 GP: compendium of evidence, 2012) which offers greater continuity of care in recognition of complex needs and multimorbidity.MethodsThe synthesis, an innovative combination of best fit framework synthesis and realist synthesis, will develop a “blueprint” which articulates how and why MCP models work, to inform design of future iterations of the MCP model. A systematic search will be conducted to identify research and practice-derived evidence to achieve a balance that captures the historical legacy of MCP models but focuses on contemporary evidence. Sources will include bibliographic databases including MEDLINE, PreMEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, HMIC and Cochrane Library; and grey literature sources. The Best Fit synthesis methodology will be combined with a synthesis following realist principles which are particularly suited to exploring what works, when, for whom and in what circumstances.DiscussionThe aim of this synthesis is to provide decision makers in health and social care with a practical evidence base relating to the multispecialty community provider (MCP) model of care.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42016039552.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13643-016-0346-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The Vulnerability of Rice Value Chains in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review

Rice is one of the most important food crops in sub-Saharan Africa. Climate change, variability, and economic globalization threatens to disrupt rice value chains across the subcontinent, undermining their important role in economic development, food security, and poverty reduction. This paper maps existing research on the vulnerability of rice value chains, synthesizes the evidence and the risks posed by climate change and economic globalization, and discusses agriculture and rural development policies and their relevance for the vulnerability of rice value chains in sub-Saharan Africa. Important avenues for future research are identified. These include the impacts of multiple, simultaneous pressures on rice value chains, the effects of climate change and variability on parts of the value chain other than production, and the forms and extent to which different development policies hinder or enhance the resilience of rice value chains in the face of climatic and other pressures.

Managing the Marine Environment, Conceptual Models and Assessment Considerations for the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive

Conceptual models summarize, visualize and explain actual or predicted situations and how they might be tackled. In recent years, Pressure-State-Response (P-S-R) frameworks have been central to conceptualizing marine ecosystem issues and then translating those to stakeholders, environmental managers and researchers. Society is concerned about the risks to the natural and human system posed by those Pressures (thus needing risk assessment) and then needs to act to minimize or compensate those risks (as risk management). This research relates this to the DPSIR (Drivers-Pressure-State(change)-Impact-Response) hierarchical framework using standardized terminology/definitions and lists of impacting Activities and Pressures affecting ecosystem components, incorporating the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) legal decision components. This uses the example of fishing activity and the pressure of trawling from abrasion on the seabed and its effects on particular components. The mechanisms of Pressure acting on State changes are highlighted here as an additional refinement to DPSIR. The approach moves from conceptual models to actual assessments including: assessment methodologies (interactive matrices, ecosystem modeling, Bayesian Belief Networks, Bow-tie approach, some assessment tools) data availability, confidence, scaling, cumulative effects and multiple simultaneous Pressures, which more often occur in multi-use and multi-user areas. In defining and describing the DPSIR Conceptual Framework we consider its use in re-world ecosystems affected by multiple pressures or multiple mechanisms of single pressures, and show how it facilitates management and assessment issues with particular relevance to the MSFD.

The mathematics of random mutation and natural selection for multiple simultaneous selection pressures and the evolution of antimicrobial drug resistance.

The random mutation and natural selection phenomenon act in a mathematically predictable behavior, which when understood leads to approaches to reduce and prevent the failure of the use of these selection pressures when treating infections and cancers. The underlying principle to impair the random mutation and natural selection phenomenon is to use combination therapy, which forces the population to evolve to multiple selection pressures simultaneously that invoke the multiplication rule of probabilities simultaneously as well. Recently, it has been seen that combination therapy for the treatment of malaria has failed to prevent the emergence of drug‐resistant variants. Using this empirical example and the principles of probability theory, the derivation of the equations describing this treatment failure is carried out. These equations give guidance as to how to use combination therapy for the treatment of cancers and infectious diseases and prevent the emergence of drug resistance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

High Intensity Interval Training is Superior to Continuous Training in a Pulmonary Hypertension Rat Model

Exercise appears to have overall benefit in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); however, studies to date indicate little effect on the elevated pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) or RV hypertrophy (RVH) and dysfunction associated with the disease. We investigated if the greater endothelial stimulation of high intensity interval training (HIIT) would provide superior benefit over the more customary prolonged continuous exercise training (CExT) protocol in a rat model of PAH. We further sought to characterize acute PAP responses to HIIT and CExT in a PAH rat. METHODS: Six wks of treadmill training was performed 5x/wk in male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300g) with monocrotaline- (MCT, 40 mg/kg) induced mild PAH. Training sessions were either HIIT (2 min at ~90% VO2 reserve [VO2R] + 3 min at 30% VO2R, for 5 cycles; n=8), or low intensity CExT (60 min at 50% VO2R; n=7). In an additional rat, telemetric recording of simultaneous PAP and systemic pressures were obtained during HIIT and CExT running, serially at pre- and 2, 4, 6, and 8 wks post-MCT. Values are means±SE. RESULTS: MCT-induced decrement in VO2max was ameliorated by both HIIT and CExT (p≤0.01 vs. sedentary MCT rats, MCT-SED, n=6), and were similar to healthy sedentary controls (CON, n=6). Most importantly, RV systolic pressure (in mmHg) and RVH (ratio of RV to LV+S mass) were lowered (p<0.05) only by HIIT (28.7±2, and 0.32±0.02) and not by CExT (44.1±3, and 0.43±0.01) vs. MCT-SED (40.2±3.2, and 0.41±0.02). Echocardiography performed pre- and post-HIIT also indicated reduced RVH ([INCREMENT] wall thickness 0.11±8 mm) and improved RV function ([INCREMENT] cardiac output 117±28 μl) vs. MCT-SED (0.79±8 mm, and 6±42 μl, p<0.05). RV fibrosis was less only for HIIT (p<0.05 vs. MCT-SED), and no training effect was observed on RV inflammation and apoptosis or pulmonary vascular remodeling. Pulmonary endothelial nitric oxide synthase was increased (p<0.05) only with HIIT, consistent with enhanced endothelial stimulation. Implantable telemetry revealed repeated ‘surging’ of PAP during HIIT running, followed by more pronounced PAP reduction during recovery. CONCLUSIONS: HIIT may be superior to CExT for improving hemodynamics and RV dysfunction in PAH and may be explained by greater sheer-stress mediated vascular endothelial adaptation to HIIT stimulus. Funding: Amer. Heart Assoc. SDG to Brown.

The Functional Lumen Imaging Probe Detects Esophageal Contractility Not Observed With Manometry in Patients With Achalasia

The functional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) could improve the characterization of achalasia subtypes by detecting nonocclusive esophageal contractions not observed with standard manometry. We aimed to evaluate esophageal contractions during volumetric distention in patients with achalasia using FLIP topography. Fifty-one treatment-naive patients with achalasia, defined and subclassified by high-resolution esophageal pressure topography, and 10 asymptomatic individuals (controls) were evaluated with the FLIP during endoscopy. During stepwise distension, simultaneous intrabag pressures and 16 channels of cross-sectional areas were measured; data were exported to software that generated FLIP topography plots. Esophageal contractility was identified by noting periods of reduced luminal diameter. Esophageal contractions were characterized further by propagation direction, repetitiveness, and based on whether they were occluding or nonoccluding. Esophageal contractility was detected in all 10 controls: 8 of 10 had repetitive antegrade contractions and 9 of 10 had occluding contractions. Contractility was detected in 27% (4 of 15) of patients with type I achalasia and in 65% (18 of 26, including 9 with occluding contractions) of patients with type II achalasia. Contractility was detected in all 10 patients with type III achalasia; 8 of these patients had a pattern of contractility that was not observed in controls (repetitive retrograde contractions). Esophageal contractility not observed with manometry can be detected in patients with achalasia using FLIP topography. The presence and patterns of contractility detected with FLIP topography may represent variations in pathophysiology, such as mechanisms of panesophageal pressurization in patients with type II achalasia. These findings could have implications for additional subclassification to supplement prediction of the achalasia disease course.

Effect of local wall thinning on shakedown regimes of pressurized elbows subjected to cyclic in-plane and out-of-plane bending

The current research utilizes a direct non-cyclic technique to generate elastic shakedown domains for thinned-wall 90° elbows. The elbows are subjected to simultaneous steady internal pressures and cyclic in-plane and out-of-plane bending moments. Wall thinning is located at the intrados, extrados, and crown once at a time. Effects of thinning depth and thinning location under both cyclic in-plane and out-of-plane bending modes are investigated. Generated shakedown boundaries are compared to those corresponding to sound elbows. Elbows subjected to out-of-plane bending moments revealed relatively higher shakedown domains compared to corresponding elbows subjected to in-plane bending. It is generally noticed that thinning at the intrados or crown has more severe effect on reducing elbows shakedown domains as compared to thinning at the extrados for both in-plane and out-of-plane bending modes.

Magnetic resonance imaging catheter stress haemodynamics post-Fontan in hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Exercise limitation is common post-Fontan. Hybrid X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (XMR) catheterization allows haemodynamic assessment by means of measurement of ventricular volumes and flow in major vessels with simultaneous invasive pressures. We aim to assess haemodynamic response to stress in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) post-Fontan. Prospective study of 13 symptomatic children (NHYA 2) with HLHS post-Fontan using XMR catheterization. Three conditions were applied: baseline (Stage 1), dobutamine at 10 µg/kg/min (Stage 2), and dobutamine at 20 µg/kg/min (Stage 3). Seven consecutive patients received inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) at peak stress. Control MRI data were from normal healthy adults. In the HLHS patients, baseline mean pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was 1.51 ± 0.59 WU m(2) and aortopulmonary collateral flow was 17.7 ± 13.6% of systemic cardiac output. Mean right ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 6.7 ± 2.5 mmHg which did not rise with stress. Cardiac index (CI) increased at Stage 2 in HLHS (40%) and controls (61%) but continued to increase at Stage 3 only in controls (19%) but not in HLHS. The blunted rise in CI in HLHS was due to a continuing fall in end-diastolic volume throughout stress, with no significant change in PVR or CI at peak stress in response to iNO. Cardiac output post-Fontan in HLHS at peak stress is blunted due to a limitation in preload which is not responsive to inhaled pulmonary vasodilators in the setting of normal PVR.

Behavior of CaBSiO4(OH) datolite at high temperatures and pressures of a water medium

The behavior of CaBSiO4(OH) datolite compressed in a water medium at simultaneous high temperatures and pressures corresponding to the cold zones of tectonic plate subduction (up to P ~5.3 GPa and T ~250°C) is studied in situ via Raman spectroscopy. Two polymorphic transitions are found: (i) upon an increase of up to 2 GPa in pressure at a constant temperature of 22°C and (ii) upon heating to ~90°C at a constant pressure of ~5–5.3 GPa. Major trends of the variations in the Raman spectra are identified for all phases of the indicated P–T parameters. No overhydration and amorphization of datolite is observed.

Saturation curve of SiO2 component in rutile-type GeO2: A recoverable high-temperature pressure standard from 3 GPa to 10 GPa

The accuracy and precision of pressure measurements and the pursuit of reliable and readily available pressure scales at simultaneous high temperatures and pressures are still topics in development in high pressure research despite many years of work. In situ pressure scales based on x-ray diffraction are widely used but require x-ray access, which is lacking outside of x-ray beam lines. Other methods such as fixed points require several experiments to bracket a pressure calibration point. In this study, a recoverable high-temperature pressure gauge for pressures ranging from 3GPa to 10GPa is presented. The gauge is based on the pressure-dependent solubility of an SiO2 component in the rutile-structured phase of GeO2 (argutite), and is valid when the argutite solid solution coexists with coesite. The solid solution varies strongly in composition, mainly in pressure but also somewhat in temperature, and the compositional variations are easily detected by x-ray diffraction of the recovered products because of significant changes in the lattice parameters. The solid solution is measured here on two isotherms, one at 1200°C and the other at 1500°C, and is developed as a pressure gauge by calibrating it against three fixed points for each temperature and against the lattice parameter of MgO measured in situ at a total of three additional points. A somewhat detailed thermodynamic analysis is then presented that allows the pressure gauge to be used at other temperatures. This provides a way to accurately and reproducibly evaluate the pressure in high pressure experiments and applications in this pressure-temperature range, and could potentially be used as a benchmark to compare various other pressure scales under high temperature conditions.

An index of human alteration of lake shore morphology

Abstract Morphological degradation constitutes one of the most severe threats to the ecological integrity of lakes. The development of biotic assessment methods for human lake shore alterations using littoral macroinvertebrates requires quantification of the degree of degradation by a stressor index and is complicated through simultaneous physical pressures that alter natural habitat structure. The Lake Habitat Survey (LHS) method and macroinvertebrate sampling were used to produce a pan‐European dataset of morphological lake shore degradation and macroinvertebrate densities covering 51 lakes in seven countries and across four geographical regions – northern, western, southern and central Europe. Lake Habitat Survey parameters that differed significantly among three categories of morphological pressure were combined to develop the stressor index components ‘Number of habitats', ‘Habitat diversity', ‘Total percentage volume inhabited by macrophytes', ‘Sum of macrophyte types', ‘Sum of vegetation cover types', ‘Sum of coarse woody debris/roots/overhanging vegetation', ‘Pressure index' (number of human disturbance sources) and ‘Natural/artificial dominant land cover type'. Stressor index components were tested for cross‐correlations and for differences among pressure levels. The final composition of the stressor index was optimized for the four studied geographical regions in Europe. The resulting stressor index correlated more strongly with macroinvertebrate metrics than simpler site‐specific LHS parameters or the HabQA index developed previously in one lake in north‐western Europe. The stressor index developed provides deeper insight into the morphological pressures that affect littoral invertebrate communities. The results also support the use of LHS to quantify morphological stressors at sampling site level, which can ease developing other multimetric bioassessment methods. The stressor index offers the possibility for wide and regional specific application to assess hydromorphological pressures on lakes to assist conservation planning and management and further global efforts to develop and test biotic assessment methods for lakes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

High-pressure synthesis and application of a 13C diamond pressure sensor for experiments in a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell

AbstractPolycrystalline, cubic 13C diamond was synthesized from amorphous carbon in the Kawai-type multianvil apparatus at 21 GPa and at a temperature greater than 2350ºC. The polycrystalline diamond was homogeneous with a small grain size (10–20 μm) and a sharp Raman peak, and thereby was suitable as a pressure sensor for the experiments in a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell. Pressure- and temperature-dependence of the Raman shift of the synthesized 13C diamond was investigated in situ at simultaneous high pressures and high temperatures in the hydrothermal diamond anvil cell, using the ruby fluorescence line, quartz Raman shift and H2O phase transitions as pressure references. It was observed that the frequency shift with pressure is independent of temperature and vice versa up to 500ºC and 4.2 GPa. The present study indicates that the 13C diamond Raman shift can be used for pressure determination with an accuracy better than ±0.3 GPa under the conditions examined.

Typology and Effects of Co-opetition in Buyer-Supplier Relationships: Evidence from the Chinese Home Appliance Industry. 供应链关系中竞合分类及其影响：来自中国家电业的实证研究

Building on the co-opetition perspective, this study takes a unified approach to examine relationship benefits and transaction costs in buyer–supplier relationships. We argue that buyer–supplier vertical dyads fall into one of four distinct co-opetition types based on their respective degrees of cooperation and competition. Each co-opetition situation then corresponds to unique levels of relationship benefits and transaction costs. A sample of 225 supplier–buyer dyads from the Chinese home appliance industry confirms that competition has a positive effect on transaction costs and a negative effect on relationship benefits, while cooperation stimulates greater relationship benefits but affects transaction costs mainly at low competition levels. The results advance prior research on buyer–supplier relationships and co-opetition and offer valuable avenues for future research. 摘要 基于竞合的观点，本文采用了一个整合的模型对供应链关系中的关系收益和交易成本进行了研究。本文认为，依据双方合作和竞争程度的不同，买卖双方间的交易关系可以划分为四种不同的竞合关系类型，且每种竞合类型分别对应不同的关系收益和交易成本水平。利用来自中国家电行业225对买卖双方的配对样本，本文发现，买卖双方间的竞争对交易成本有正向作用，对关系收益有负面影响；而双方间的合作会促进关系收益的提高，但只在竞争水平较低时，合作才会对交易成本产生影响。本文研究发展了以往关于买卖双方关系和竞合的相关文献，并指明了有价值的未来研究发展方向。

On isotropic states in α-LiNH4SO4 crystals

The spectral and baric dependences of the birefringence of α-LiNH4SO4 crystals are studied. It is found that the birefringence is rather sensitive to uniaxial compressions. A baric shift of the isotropic point to longer or shorter wavelengths depending on the uniaxial compression direction is observed and a generalized temperature-spectral-baric diagram of the isotropic state is plotted. A possibility of the appearance of a pseudoisotropic state under the action of uniaxial pressure σz or simultaneous pressures σx = σz is shown.

Equations of state in the Fe‐FeSi system at high pressures and temperatures

AbstractEarth's core is an iron‐rich alloy containing several weight percent of light element(s), possibly including silicon. Therefore, the high pressure‐temperature equations of state of iron‐silicon alloys can provide understanding of the properties of Earth's core. We performed X‐ray diffraction experiments using laser‐heated diamond anvil cells to achieve simultaneous high pressures and temperatures, up to ~200 GPa for Fe–9 wt % Si alloy and ~145 GPa for stoichiometric FeSi. We determined equations of state of the D03, hcp + B2, and hcp phases of Fe–9Si, and the B20 and B2 phases of FeSi. We also calculated equations of state of Fe, Fe11Si, Fe5Si, Fe3Si, and FeSi using ab initio methods, finding that iron and silicon atoms have similar volumes at high pressures. By comparing our experimentally determined equations of state to the observed core density deficit, we find that the maximum amount of silicon in the outer core is ~11 wt %, while the maximum amount in the inner core is 6–8 wt %, for a purely Fe‐Si‐Ni core. Bulk sound speeds predicted from our equations of state also match those of the inner and outer core for similar ranges of compositions. We find a compositional contrast between the inner and outer core of 3.5–5.6 wt % silicon, depending on the seismological model used. Theoretical and experimental equations of state agree at high pressures. We find a good match to the observed density, density profile, and sound speed of the Earth's core, suggesting that silicon is a viable candidate for the dominant light element.

An end-to-end coupled model ROMS-N2P2Z2D2-OSMOSE of the southern Benguela foodweb: parameterisation, calibration and pattern-oriented validation

In order to better understand ecosystem functioning under simultaneous pressures (e.g. both climate change and fishing pressures), integrated modelling approaches are advocated. We developed an end-to-end model of the southern Benguela ecosystem by coupling the high trophic level model OSMOSE with a biophysical model (ROMS-N2P2Z2D2). OSMOSE is a spatial, multispecies, individual-based model simulating the whole life cycle of fish with fish schools interacting through opportunistic and size-based predation. It is linked to the biogeochemical model through the predation process; plankton groups are food for fish and fish apply a predation mortality on plankton. Here we describe the two-way coupling between the models and follow a pattern-oriented modelling approach to validate the simulations. At the individual level, model outputs are consistent with observed diets for several species from small pelagic fish to top predatory fish, although biases emerge from underestimation of macrozooplankton and lack of vertical structure. At the population level, the seasonality of the size structure is similar between the model and data. At the community level, the modelled trophic structure is consistent with the knowledge available for this ecosystem. The structure of the foodweb is an emergent property of the model, showing trophic links between species, their strength and the strong connectivity observed. We also highlight the capacity of this model for tracking indicators at various hierarchical levels.

Elasticity and sound velocities of polycrystalline grossular garnet (Ca3Al2Si3O12) at simultaneous high pressures and high temperatures

The elastic wave velocities of a dense polycrystalline specimen (99.7% of theoretical density) of synthetic grossular garnet (Ca3Al2Si3O12) were measured to pressures of ∼10GPa and temperatures of 1000K by transfer-function ultrasonic interferometry in conjunction with energy-dispersive synchrotron X-radiation in a deformation DIA-type cubic-anvil apparatus. The calculated elastic bulk (Ks) and shear (G) moduli data were fitted to functions of Eulerian strain to 3rd order, yielding the zero-pressure values [Ks=171.2 (8)GPa; G=107.4 (2)GPa] and their pressure derivatives [(∂Ks/∂P)T=4.47 (2); (∂G/∂P)T=1.29 (5)]. The temperature dependences of the elastic moduli obtained from linear regression of entire P–T–Ks and P–T–G data are: (∂Ks/∂T)P=−1.38 (3)×10−2 GPa/K and (∂G/∂T)P=−1.28 (2)×10−2GPa/K. These results together with those from previous studies for garnets with varying compositions suggest that most of the thermo-elastic properties of garnet are insensitive to grossular content, with the exception of the shear modulus, which significantly depends on the calcium content.