Simultaneous Electrodeposition Research Articles

Electrodeposition of copper on glassy carbon and palladium from choline chloride - ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent

Electrodeposition of copper from deep eutectic solvents (DES) based on a mixture of choline chloride and ethylene glycol containing CuCl2·2H2O at 50 °C and 80 °C was studied. Electrochemical reduction/oxidation of Cu(II)/Cu(0) on glassy carbon (GC) and palladium (Pd) electrodes was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) emphasizing that this process takes place through two steps, Cu(II) ↔ Cu(I) and Cu(I) ↔ Cu(0). The CV results showed that in chloride-rich DES electrolytes, the increased presence of chloro ligands raises the overpotential required for Cu electrodeposition. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicate simultaneous electrodeposition of Cu and electrosorption of large cations on electrodeposited Cu on both GC and Pd substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that Cu grains of approximately 1 μm were obtained by electrodeposition of Cu on both Pd and GC, whereby better coverage by electrodeposited Cu was obtained on Pd than on GC. Cu electrodeposited on Pd was relatively uniform and smooth, but porous, while Cu electrodeposited on GC was dispersed in small agglomerates. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of Cu electrodeposited on Pd detected the dominant presence of Cu with the possibility of the formation of CuPd alloy. The presence of CuPd alloy face-centred cubic structures is confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) along with metallic Cu.

(Invited) Ultrafast Electrodeposition of Faceted Li Metal

Electrochemical deposition of metals with precise morphological and chemical control is of fundamental importance to a broad range of electrochemical systems, including energy storage, large scale manufacturing, electronics, and electrocatalysis. For non-reactive metals (e.g. Ni, Pt), electroplating is a commercially established process that gives the desired control of deposition morphology and chemistry. However, deposition of reactive metals (e.g. Li, Na) critical for enabling next-generation batteries is complicated by metal surface corrosion that occurs concurrently with metal deposition, making such electrodeposition processes neither well-understood nor well-controlled. This work highlights the electrodeposition of lithium (Li), a reactive metal anode plagued with uncontrolled dendritic morphologies and surface corrosion, both of which are intimately linked and occur simultaneously. Despite tremendous research efforts to mitigate these issues, common literature descriptions of Li metal deposits (e.g. “chunky”, “pancake”) and their corrosion films (e.g. “strong”, “stable”) are ill-defined and often qualitative, highlighting our incomplete understanding of the deposition process and hindering the practical application of high energy battery chemistries enabled by Li metal. Our work seeks to bridge this critical gap in understanding by solving the fundamental challenge of (1) decoupling simultaneous electrodeposition from surface corrosion of reactive metals and (2) observing their reactive nanoscale interface.

Two-step electrodeposition synthesis of lamellar Ni@NiCo phosphate heterostructures as cathodes for high-performance hybrid supercapacitors

Porous structures grown in situ increase the electrode contact area with the electrolyte, reduce ion diffusion distance, and enhance electrode material electrochemical properties. In this paper, we have adopted a dual-channel electrodeposition strategy with simultaneous electrodeposition and phosphorylation to construct metal-semiconductor contact heterostructures by depositing Ni@NiCo phosphate microspherical nanostructures directly on a copper foam (CF) (Ni@NiCoP/CF) framework at room temperature. The results show that Ni@NiCoP/CF has excellent electrochemical performance with a high specific capacity of 200 mAh g–1 at 1 A g–1, 147.2 mAh g–1 at 20 A g–1 and 93.6 % after 5000 cycles, showing excellent ration performances and cycling stability. In addition, the hybrid supercapacitor composed of Ni@NiCoP/CF as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode achieves a high energy density of 48.7 Wh kg−1 at 874 W kg−1 and has excellent cycling stability with 113.23 % capacity retention after 30,000 charge/discharge cycles at a high current density of 10 A g–1. This study serves as a guide for the development of high-performance capacitor cathode materials with high electrochemical activity and capacity.

Advanced Procedure of Simultaneous Electrodeposition from a Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent of a Drug and a Polymer Used to Improve TiZr Alloy Behavior.

This paper presents research about the embedding and release of gentamicin from an electrochemical deposition of polypyrrole from ionic liquids such as choline chloride on TiZr bioalloy. The electrodeposited films were morphologically investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with an EDX module, and polypyrrole and gentamicin were both identified using structural FT-IR analysis. The film's characterization was completed with an evaluation of hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance, with electrochemical stability measurements in PBS and with antibacterial inhibition. A decrease in the value of the contact angle was observed from 47.06° in the case of the uncoated sample to 8.63° in the case of the sample covered with PPy and GS. Additionally, an improvement in the anticorrosive properties of the coating was observed by increasing the efficiency to 87.23% in the case of TiZr-PPy-GS. A kinetic study of drug release was performed as well. The drug molecule might be provided by the PPy-GS coatings for up to 144 h. The highest amount released was calculated to be 90% of the entire drug reservoir capacity, demonstrating the effectiveness of the coatings. A non-Fickian behavior was established as a mechanism for the release profiles of the gentamicin from the polymer layer.

Simultaneous electrodeposition behavior of dysprosium and terbium in 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid

The simultaneous electrodeposition of dysprosium and terbium on platinum electrode in 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF4) ionic liquid was investigated. The cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and constant electrolysis experiments have been employed to examine the electrochemistry of dysprosium and terbium ions in 0.01 mol/L DyCl3-0.023 mol/L TbCl3-0.27 mol/L LiCl-EMIMBF4 ionic liquid. The electrochemistry experiments indicated that the reduction of dysprosium and terbium ions in 0.01 mol/L DyCl3-0.023 mol/L TbCl3-0.27 mol/L LiCl-EMIMBF4 ionic liquid was an irreversible process and simultaneous process. In 0.01 mol/L DyCl3-0.023 mol/L TbCl3-0.27 mol/L LiCl-EMIMBF4 ionic liquid the diffusion coefficient of the diffusion process of species which controlled the total electrochemical reduction process have been determined to be (3.79–7.07) × 10−6 cm2/s from cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry results. XRD spectrum of constant electrolysis samples showed that dysprosium and terbium deposits were obtained.

Microfluidic Platform Integrated with Carbon Nanofibers-Decorated Gold Nanoporous Sensing Device for Serum PSA Quantification.

Prostate cancer is a disease with a high incidence and mortality rate in men worldwide. Serum prostate-specific antigens (PSA) are the main circulating biomarker for this disease in clinical practices. In this work, we present a portable and reusable microfluidic device for PSA quantification. This device comprises a polymethyl methacrylate microfluidic platform coupled with electrochemical detection. The platinum working microelectrode was positioned in the outflow region of the microchannel and was modified with carbon nanofibers (CNF)-decorated gold nanoporous (GNP) structures by the dynamic hydrogen bubble template method, through the simultaneous electrodeposition of metal precursors in the presence of CNF. CNF/GNP structures exhibit attractive properties, such as a large surface to volume ratio, which increases the antibody's immobilization capacity and the electroactive area. CNFs/GNP structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, and cyclic voltammetry. Anti-PSA antibodies and HRP were employed for the immune-electrochemical reaction. The detection limit for the device was 5 pg mL-1, with a linear range from 0.01 to 50 ng mL-1. The coefficients of variation within and between assays were lower than 4.40%, and 6.15%, respectively. Additionally, its clinical performance was tested in serum from 30 prostate cancer patients. This novel device was a sensitive, selective, portable, and reusable tool for the serological diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer.

Au-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles anchored on conducting polymer: An effective electrocatalyst for direct electrooxidation of sodium borohydride in alkaline solution

This work proposes Au-Pt nanoparticles decorated poly(p-aminophenol) (PAP) film on a glassy carbon electrode for direct electrochemical oxidation of sodium borohydride. The Au-Pt bimetallic surfaces were prepared with two electrodeposition procedures which are the simultaneous electro-deposition (1-Au-Pt/PAP/GCE) and the successive electro-deposition (2-Au-Pt/PAP/GCE) procedures. The catalysts were used for the investigation of borohydride electrochemical oxidation and compared catalytic activities by CV, RDEs and chronoamperometric techniques. AFM, SEM, XPS, XRD and CV were used to identify of the structural and morphological properties of the developed modified surfaces. The results of electrochemical measurements indicated that simultaneous electro-deposition of Au-Pt to the polymer structure significantly shifted negative oxidation potential and increases the current density of borohydride electrochemical oxidation.The exchange electron number of 1-Au-Pt/PAP/GC and 2-Au-Pt/PAP/GC electrodes were calculated as 7.8 and 6.7, respectively. This approves the strong tendency of the 1-Au-Pt/PAP catalyst toward effective direct electrochemical oxidation of NaBH4 in an alkaline medium.

A Study of Cu‐Rh Electrodeposition**

AbstractThis manuscript reports the simultaneous electrodeposition of Cu and Rh from an aqueous nitrate solution. The early stages of nucleation and growth of the bimetallic layer were explored using techniques such as cyclic voltammetry and current transients. Non‐dimensional Scharifker‐Hills graphs showed the occurrence of diffusion‐controlled three‐dimensional nucleation and growth best described by the Volmer‐Weber mechanism. Additionally, different ratios of Cu−Rh electrodes were synthesized by varying the potential of deposition and the Rh content in the deposition bath. Characterization techniques including electron microscopy, x‐ray diffraction, and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were employed to investigate the chemical composition and structure of the deposits. The results showed a higher amount of Cu2+species in the layer than Cu+/Cu0when a more negative potential was applied, and when Rh was present in high amounts in the deposition bath. The final morphology of the obtained material proved to be dependent on the deposition potentials and the Cu : Rh content, showing interdependency between the metals.

Electrosynthesis of ternary nonprecious Ni, Cu, Fe oxide nanostructure as efficient electrocatalyst for ethanol electro-oxidation: Design strategy and electrochemical performance

Materials composed of various constituents with distinct physical or chemical features are named composites. Merging components in the composite structure leads to new properties creation or the intrinsic properties magnification of the components, or synergetic effects. Here, the ternary nanocomposite of copper, nickel, and iron oxides was electrodeposited on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface to facilitate the ethanol electro-oxidation reaction (EOR) and overcome the electrode fouling problem while prolonging its efficiency. The GCEs were modified by three different procedures and activated by CV cycling in an alkaline solution, and their electro-catalytic activity was tested toward EOR. The ternary electrocatalysts prepared by two-steps electrodeposition of their components (Ni,Fe2O3/Cu and Cu/Ni,Fe2O3) demonstrated higher peak current and more negative peak potential (Epa = 476 mV, Ipa = 492 μA, and Epa = 510 mV, Ipa = 644 μA, respectively) than the binary electrocatalyst of Ni,Fe2O3 toward EOR. The best electro-catalytic efficiency was acquired for the simultaneous electrodeposition of nano Cu, Ni, and Fe2O3 on the GCE surface (Cu,Ni,Fe2O3, Epa = 530 mV, Ipa = 3179 μA). The physicochemical and electro-catalytic characterizations of the fabricated electrocatalysts were evaluated by various techniques. The fast and facile engineered design of the GCE modification with the ternary Cu,Ni,Fe2O3 components led to a high current density of about 101 mA/cm2 with increased tolerance against poisoning intermediates resulting in longtime stability for EOR in alkaline media. The synergistic effect between nano Ni, Cu, and Fe oxides provided promising properties for the EOR pursuing the construction of a powerful device with commercialization potential.

Influence of the electrochemical processing parameters on the photocurrent–voltage conversion characteristics of copper bismuth selenide photoactive films

Thin-film deposition using electrodeposition techniques is highly preferable because of its capability to deposit multi-component alloys at low temperatures. In this regard, copper bismuth selenide (CBSe) films were electrodeposited in two various ways, simultaneous and successive electrodeposition processes. The structural and morphological characterizations of the obtained films were performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS). The CBSe alloy films formed by successive electrodeposition revealed better crystallinity and more regular morphology in comparison with simultaneous electrodeposited CBSe films. The prepared CBSe film by successive electrodeposition exhibited high light absorptivity and low band gap energy value (Eg = 1.65 eV) resulting in a higher photoelectrical response. The crystallization of the ternary CBSe film electrodeposited via successive routine obeyed the instantaneous nucleation mechanism, while the CBSe film obtained by simultaneous electrodeposition agreed with the progressive nucleation mechanism. Successive electrodeposition of ternary CBSe alloy film achieved greater values of photocurrent–voltage conversion efficiency (η = 1.26%) in photoelectrochemical systems.Graphic abstract

Fabrication and Electrochemical Performance of TiO2–TiN/Sn–SnO2 Composite Films on Ti for LIB Anodes with High Capacity and Excellent Conductivity

AbstractAccording to the requirements for anode materials of safe and high‐capacity lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), various Sn/TiO2 and SnO2/TiO2 composite materials have been developed, but no reports have yet combined them by a simple fabrication method. Herein, a novel and simple approach is reported for the fabrication of nanoporous TiO2–TiN/Sn–SnO2 composite films by successive Ti anodization and cathodic hybrid electrodeposition of Sn in a nitric acid‐based aqueous solution containing Sn2+ and/or Sn4+ ions. The conductivity of the anodic TiO2–TiN composite films facilitates the simultaneous electrodeposition of metallic Sn and electrophoretic deposition of SnO2 colloids, both on the surface and inside the nanopores of the film. Notably, the nanoporous structure is preserved, which provides a large surface area. The electrodeposition of Sn–SnO2 nanoparticles on the nanoporous TiO2–TiN film significantly improves the charge transfer and conductivity of the composite film and enhances the discharge capacity to up to 2386.1 µAh cm−2 (approximately sixfold higher than that of the bare matrix film).

Engineering bio-interfaces for the direct electron transfer of Myriococcum thermophilum cellobiose dehydrogenase: Towards a mediator-less biosupercapacitor/biofuel cell hybrid

Direct electron transfer (DET) of enzymes on electrode surfaces is highly desirable both for fundamental mechanistic studies and to achieve membrane- and mediator-less bioenergy harvesting. In this report, we describe the preparation and comprehensive structural and electrochemical characterization of a three-dimensional (3D) graphene-based carbon electrode, onto which the two-domain redox enzyme Myriococcum thermophilum cellobiose dehydrogenase (MtCDH) is immobilized. The electrode is prepared by an entirely novel method, which combines in a single step electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO) and simultaneous electrodeposition of positively charged polyethylenimine (PEI), resulting in a well dispersed MtCDH surface. The resulting MtCDH bio-interface was characterized structurally in detail, optimized, and found to exhibit a DET maximum current density of 7.7 ± 0.9 μA cm−2 and a half-lifetime of 48 h for glucose oxidation, attributed to favorable MtCDH surface orientation. A dual, entirely DET-based enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC) was constructed with a MtCDH bioanode and a Myrothecium verrucaria bilirubin oxidase (MvBOD) biocathode. The EBFC delivers a maximum power density (Pmax) of 7.6 ± 1.3 μW cm−2, an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.60 V, and an operational lifetime over seven days, which exceeds most reported CDH based DET-type EBFCs. A biosupercapacitor/EBFC hybrid was also constructed and found to register maximum power densities 62 and 43 times higher than single glucose/air and lactose/air EBFCs, respectively. This hybrid also shows excellent operational stability with self-charging/discharging over at least 500 cycles.

One-step synthesis of amorphous NiCoP nanoparticles by electrodeposition as highly efficient electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution

Exploring a simple, low-cost preparation method to synthesize excellent catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline solution is highly meaningful for large-scale electrolysis of water for hydrogen production. Herein, a one-step electrodeposition method with simultaneous electrodeposition and phosphation was proposed to synthesize the three-dimensional NiCoP/carbon cloth (NiCoP/CC) nanoparticles at room temperature on the conductive carbon cloth (CC). The results showed that the NiCoP nanoparticles covered by nanowires had an amorphous structure. The NiCoP/CC electrode exhibited a good catalytic activity in 1.0 M KOH solution. It required only 74, 101, 149 mV overpotential for HER in basic solution to obtain current densities of − 10, − 20, − 50 mA cm−2, respectively, with a corresponding Tafel slope of 89.5 mV dec−1. Furthermore, after 24 h constant voltage test, the current density of NiCoP/CC only showed 2% decay, indicating a good stability. The obtained excellent catalytic activity can be attributed to the amorphous structure, the synergetic effect of Ni and Co, the charge transfer among Ni/Co and P, and nanoparticles in situ grown on carbon cloth. The simple one-step electrodeposition method shows a very promising potential for the preparation of bimetallic phosphides.

Simultaneous Electrodeposition of Reduced Graphene Quantum Dots/Copper Oxide Nanocomposite on the Surface of Carbon Ceramic Electrode for the Electroanalysis of Adenine and Guanine

AbstractIn this study, simultaneous deposition of copper oxide and electro‐reduced graphene quantum dots (ErGQDs) on the surface of carbon ceramic electrode (CCE) was reported. The prepared ErGQDs‐CuO/CCE was carefully characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical techniques in details. According to scan rate studies in hexacyanoferrate, a remarkable increase in the surface coverage in the presence of ErGQDs was achieved. According to square wave voltammetry results, limit of detection, linear range and sensitivity of the developed biosensor for the simultaneous measurement of Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) were obtained to be 0.041 and 0.111 μM, 0.1–13 μM and 0.25–23 μM, and 4.261 and 1.311 μA μM cm−2 respectively.

Simultaneous electrodeposition of electrochemically reduced graphene oxide-binary metal chalcogenide composites to enhance photoelectrochemical performance

In this study, a facile and one-step simultaneous electrodeposition of the composite thin films bearing binary metal chalcogenides (CdxZn1-xS (x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0)) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was carried out via repetitive cyclic voltammetry (rCV). Then their photoelectrochemical (PEC) performances were investigated under the solar light irradiation to find out the optimized composition of the composites. Immobilization of Cd1-xZnxS nanoparticles among the RGO sheet with the rCV confined the Cd1-xZnxS nanoparticles between the RGO sheets, which prevented leakage of these particles from the electrode surface and contributed to the increase of active sites for the PEC reaction. PEC results showed that increasing x from 0 to 0.8 in CdxZn1-xS composition boosted the photocurrent density, reaching from 25 μA cm−2 to 438 μA cm−2. Incorporation of RGO to the structure increased the conductivity and prevented the photocorrosion of Cd0.8Zn0.2S, thus, RGO(0.25)-Cd0.8Zn0.2S enhanced the photocurrent density from 0.44 mA cm−2 (as-synthesized Cd0.8Zn0.2S) to 1.38 mA cm−2.

A novel label-free electrochemical immunesensor for ultrasensitive detection of LT toxin using prussian blue@gold nanoparticles composite as a signal amplification

In the current study, a novel electrochemical label-free immunosensor is proposed for sensitive detection of heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) from Escherichia coli. Firstly, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified by a mixture containing reduced graphene oxide/room temperature ionic liquid (rGO/RTIL) composite. Then, simultaneous electrodeposition of prussian blue and gold nanoparticles led to formation of prussian blue@gold nanoparticles (PB@GNPs) composite on the electrode surface. The modified electrode was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. After immobilization of anti-LT and blocking the unreacted sites with BSA (bovine serum albumin), the analytical performance of the proposed immunosensor was evaluated under optimal conditions (i.e. optimal pH, incubation time and temperature of incubation). Square wave voltammetry (SWV) was used to determine different concentrations of the LT antigen. The linear dynamic range of the proposed immunosensor was from 0.01 to 50 µg/mL and the detection limit of the immunosensor was found to be 0.0023 µg/mL. An acceptable selectivity in the real sample, long-term stability and goodreproducibility made the fabricated immunosensor a good candidate for detecting LT.

MnO2@Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite-Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Simultaneous Determination of Trace Cd(II), Zn(II) and Cu(II) in Water Samples.

The rapid detection of trace metals is one of the most important aspect in achieving environmental monitoring and protection. Electrochemical sensors remain a key solution for rapid detection of heavy metals in environmental water matrices. This paper reports the fabrication of an electrochemical sensor obtained by the simultaneous electrodeposition of MnO2 nanoparticles and RGO nanosheets on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode. The successful electrodeposition was confirmed by the enhanced current response on the cyclic voltammograms. The XRD, HR-SEM/EDX, TEM, FTIR, and BET characterization confirmed the successful synthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles, RGO nanosheets, and MnO2@RGO nanocomposite. The electrochemical studies results revealed that MnO2@RGO@GCE nanocomposite considerably improved the current response on the detection of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II) ions in surface water. These remarkable improvements were due to the interaction between MnO2 nanomaterials and RGO nanosheets. Moreover, the modified sensor electrode portrayed high sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability on the simultaneous determination of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) ions. The detection limits of (S/N = 3) ranged from 0.002–0.015 μg L−1 for the simultaneous detection of Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) ions. The results show that MnO2@RGO nanocomposite can be successfully used for the early detection of heavy metals with higher sensitivity in water sample analysis.

Single‐Step and Sustainable Fabrication of Ni(OH)2/Ni Foam Water Splitting Catalysts via Electric Field Assisted Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid

AbstractThe prevailing barrier to produce hydrogen from water splitting is disappointingly sluggish kinetics. Furthermore, a lack of understanding of the key obstacle in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), is an obstruction to the design of efficient water‐splitting electrocatalysts. Here, we present the single‐step and fast fabrication of ready‐made Ni(OH)2/nickel foam (NF) electrocatalysts for overall water splitting by using the environmentally friendly and sustainable approach of electric‐field‐assisted pulsed laser ablation in liquid for the generation of nanoparticles (NPs) and the simultaneous electrodeposition of the NPs on the NF substrate. The as‐fabricated electrocatalyst is found to be highly efficient and stable in alkaline medium for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and OER kinetics with remarkably low overpotentials of 187 mV (vs. RHE for HER) and 166 mV (vs. RHE for OER) to reach a current density of 20 mA cm−2, with HER and OER Tafel slopes of 82 and 69 mV dec−1, respectively. The two‐electrode electrochemical cell made of the bifunctional Ni(OH)2/NF electrocatalyst requires an overpotential as low as 168 mV to drive a 10 mA/cm2 current density over a long period. These results reveal the long‐term stability and activity of the Ni(OH)2)/NF electrocatalyst towards overall water (OW) splitting. The developed sustainable approach of electrocatalyst fabrication can be extended to a range of materials, beyond Ni(OH)2/NF, to boost a range of chemical reactions, beyond water splitting.

Obtaining and Corrosion Performance of Composite Zinc Coatings with Incorporated Carbon Spheres

The present work describes one possible way to prepare a stable aqueous suspension of carbon sphere particles with a positive charge that is suitable for simultaneous electrodeposition with zinc on steel substrate. In order to stabilize the suspension against aggregation, tri-block amphiphilic copolymer Pluronic F127, which is commercially available, was adsorbed on the surface of carbon sphere particles. This polymer contained poly (ethylene oxide) blocks as hydrophilic segments and poly (propylene oxide) blocks as the hydrophobic part. Scanning electron microscopy and visual observations confirmed the stability of the obtained suspension. The carbon sphere particles were embedded into the zinc coating by the co-electrodeposition process. The surface morphology of the composite coating was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. The influence of the carbon spheres on the cathodic and anodic processes was evaluated with cyclic voltammetry studies. The electrochemical investigations were realized in a model corrosion medium (5% NaCl solution with pH 6.7) by application of selected methods such as polarization resistance, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which revealed higher protective ability of the composite coating against corrosion in an aggressive environment.

Simultaneous Electrodeposition of Silver and Tungsten from [EMIm]Cl:AlCl3 Ionic Liquids outside the Glove Box

Ag–W two-phase system was prepared by electrodeposition using anhydrous 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIm]Cl ionic-liquid (IL) solution with AlCl3 in different ratios. The deposition took place outside the glove box with a continuous Ar stream over the electrolyte at 120 °C and a pulsed-like current regime. Resultant layers show areas of Ag and W with an overall W content with a mass fraction of w W = 50% (mole fraction x W = 36.9%). The phase composition of Ag–W layers was observed by X-ray diffraction, and the chemical composition was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy.