Simultaneous Controls Research Articles

Leukotriene biosynthesis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes from two patients with chronic granulomatous disease.

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) isolated from two patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) were tested for their ability to metabolize arachidonic acid to lipoxygenase products including 5(S),12(R)-dihydroxy-6,14-cis-8,10-trans-eicosatetraenoic acid (LTB4). Analyses of incubations of these PMNL with arachidonic acid and the calcium ionophore A23187 did not differ from simultaneous controls in the production of LTB4, other 5,12-dihydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids, or monohydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids. The clinical diagnosis of CGD was confirmed in both cases by determination of PMNL chemiluminescence. Leukocytes from both patients failed to generate active oxygen species in response to either LTB4 or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. The observation of arachidonic acid oxidation in the absence of superoxide anion precludes a role for the active oxygen species in this metabolic process. These studies clearly dissociate the ionophore-induced leukocyte respiratory burst from the oxidation of arachidonate to the leukotrienes. In addition, the defect of CGD appears to be unrelated to the ability of PMNL to carry out arachidonate oxygenation.

Toxicity of Phenol, Pentachlorophenol and Sodium Pentachlorophenolate to a Freshwater Teleost Lebistes reticulatus (Peters)

AbstractLebistes reticulatus (Peters) was exposed to various concentrations of phenol, pentachlorophenol and sodium pentachlorophenolate to determine their toxicity, lethal concentrations and slope functions by a static bioassay procedure. Simultaneous controls were also run. The 94h LC50 values were 47.5mg/l (42.04 … 53.68) for phenol, 0.77 mg/l (0.616 … 0.963) for sodium pentachlorophenate and 0.97 mg/l (0.866 … 1.086) for pentachlorophenol. On this basis, the rank order is sodium pentachlorophenolate‐pentachlorophenol‐phenol. During the treatment, fish showed an abnormal swimming reflex, excessive mucus secretion, haemorrhage near lips, abdomen and basis of fins and loss of equilibrium followed by death.

Early auxin-regulated polyadenylylated mRNA sequences in pea stem tissue

Polyadenylylated mRNA from etiolated pea stem segments treated with or without 20 muM indoleacetic acid (IAA) for various periods of time was assayed by translating it in a wheat germ extract containing [(35)S]methionine and separating the translation products by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Within 2 hr IAA causes at least five mRNA sequences to increase in translational activity, relative to initial levels and to simultaneous controls; three of these rise significantly within 20 min after exposure of tissue to IAA but are apparently not elevated at 10 min, whereas the others begin to increase at successive times later than 30 min, and still others begin to change only later than 2 hr. These observations indicate an early, highly selective IAA regulation of mRNA amounts or activities, becoming progressively more extensive with time. The earliest detected enhancement seems close to the primary action of IAA but appears not to be rapid enough to be responsible for auxin induction of cell enlargement.

Influence of Fibrinogen Levels in Dogs on Mortality from Hemorrhagic and Traumatic Shock

1) Fibrinogen levels appear related to the outcome of hemorrhagic shock in dogs. 2) Fibrinogen levels can vary with different animals based on location, disease, stress, nutrition, or other factors. 3) Any experiments in hemorrhagic shock (or anything else) should utilize simultaneous and paired controls of animals from the same source or they may be subject to major error.

The Fruits of Cultivation Analysis: A Reexamination of Some Effects of Television Watching

A set of items from the General Social Survey for 1975 and 1977 measuring alienation and fear of walking near one's home at night, which were claimed by Gerbner et al. (1978a) to be related to heavy television watching, are reanalyzed with simultaneous controls for age, sex, race, income, education, hours worked per week outside the home, church attendance, membership in voluntary associations, and population size. The effects of television watching on responses to these items which were claimed by Gerbner et al. are largely absent in this analysis. Items in the same data set used by Gerbner et al., but not included in their analysis are analyzed using the technique above, with results that fail to support the contention of Gerbner and his associates. The implications of these findings for a cultivation theory of television effects are discussed. Michael Hughes is Assistant Professor of Sociology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The author wishes to thank Richard A. Peterson, Walter R. Gove, Cathleen Burnett, Ricky McCarty, Michael R. Wood, Jerome B. Price, and two anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft. Also helpful were conversations with Anthony Oberschall, G. Russell Carpenter, John Ryan, Lynn Ballew, and Christian D. Hughes, and research assistance provided by Eileen Covey and Timothy J. Carter. Public Opinion Quarterly ?) 1980 by The Trustees of Columbia University Published by Elsevier North-Holland, Inc. 0033-362X/80/0044-287/$1.75 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.110 on Sat, 24 Sep 2016 04:41:39 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

Basophil chemotaxis under agarose: Variability among guinea pig donors and response to sera of different species

Guinea pig basophils were tested against chemotactic factor(s) generated from homologous and heterologous sera. An “under agarose” method of quantitating leukocyte chemotaxis was adapted to measure serum-derived basophil chemotactic factor(s) (BCF). The method was found to be simple, reproducible, and sparing of time and reagents and it provided simultaneous controls. Because of the economy of reagents compared with the Boyden chamber technique, basophils from individual guinea pigs could be studied and were found to be variable in responsiveness. A definite difference in the response of guinea pig basophils to zymosan-activated sera of various other species was demonstrated. Guinea pig basophils responded to zymosan-activated serum from guinea pig and rat but failed to respond to zymosan-activated serum from human, hamster, rabbit, or cow. Optimal conditions were determined for cell numbers, serum activation and dilution, and migration times for studies of guinea pig BCF. The under agarose technique provides a practical alternative to chamber methods for the study of basophil chemotaxis. Although guinea pig basophils do not respond to human serum-derived BCF, the economy of reagents with this technique gives promise toward adaptation of the method to studies of human basophil chemotaxis.

Arsenic and Cancer: Effects of Joint Administration of Arsenite and Selenite on the Genesis of Mammary Adenocarcinoma in Inbred Female C 3H/St Mice

The joint administration of 2 ppm of arsenic as arsenite and of 2 ppm of selenium as selenite in the drinking water of inbred female C 3H/St mice increases the incidence of spontaneous mammary adenocarcinoma significantly over the simultaneous controls and animals receiving 2 ppm As as arsenite or 2 ppm Se as selenite alone, indicating that arsenic abolishes the anticarcinogenic effect of selenium. Arsenite caused a significant increase of the tumor growth rates and raised the incidence of multiple tumors. The tumor growth rates in the As-Se group were also increased, but the incidence of multiple tumors was lower than in the 2 ppm As group.

Mid-dermis Grafting—A Clinical Study

SummaryTwenty two patients requiring skin coverage were subjected to mid-dermis grafting. Thirty one mid-dermis grafts were applied and all the patients had simultaneous controls provided by split skin grafts. Take up of grafts was reasonably good. Mid-dermis grafts were permanent, and more stable then split skin. The greatest advantage lay in doubling the donor site potential.

The control of haemorrhagic septicaemia in West Malaysia.

The control of haemorrhagic septicaemia in the past has generally been ineffective mainly as a result of the lack of proper understanding of the epidemiology of the disease, wrongly timed vaccination programmes and the poor quality of the immunising agents used. With the introduction of oil adjuvant vaccine the incidence of the disease has decreased. Broth vaccine is mainly used to provide immediate cover during an outbreak pending the use of oil adjuvant vaccine. Simultaneous administration controls outbreaks.

The rheological behaviour of the dynamically stressed concrete

In the field of concrete dynamics the knowledge so far available has been too disjointed and scanty. To enable a sound analytical arrangement of rheological bonds, we have therefore carried out a vast experimental work, devised to allow simultaneous and cross controls of the several quantities in play: velocity of strains, amplitude of stress excursions, stress gradients, average stresses, physical state, metallic reinforcement, etc. This investigation has given us a general, yet detailed, picture of the dynamic behaviour of concrete, or non-fissured reinforced concrete, clearing up some aspects and correlations that until now seemed to be confused, or did not appear at all. The adoption of special techniques to reveal parasitic energy dissipations, has further shown us how easily certain behaviour in a dynamic system can be confused, and perhaps it has at times happened, for a peculiarity of the material.

Coronary Artery Disease, Diet, and Statistics

To the Editor:— Due to the paucity of qualified consultants, many investigators have not had the help which they should have had in the planning and analysis of medical studies according to basic principles. Intuitive designs and evaluations have often been the consequence. There is increasing pressure for the inclusion of statistical words and symbols in medical publications. Too often, in the absence of competent consultation, this leads to improper and misleading application of formulae rather than to the increased clarity and precision which should result. A case in point, Modified-Fat Dietary Management of the Young Male With Coronary Disease (202:1119, 1967), demonstrates several misapplications of statistics. The lack of simultaneous randomized controls leaves the study open to the question of unrecognized bias, and the authors appreciate this problem. However, if one assumes that bias can be discounted, the allegations that rates of recurrence and death in the dietary-managed

Antitumor efficacy of fluoxymesterone. Use in advanced breast cancer.

Recent reports have aroused considerable interest in fluoxymesterone, * an orally effective, highly potent androgen, for the treatment of advanced breast carcinoma. 1-7 Because its exact antitumor efficacy in breast carcinoma was uncertain and had not been studied with simultaneous controls, we attempted an objective comparison of the effects of fluoxymesterone with those of testosterone propionate in a random series of patients who had received no previous hormonal therapy. Fluoxymesterone differs from testosterone in having a methyl group in the 17-α position (as does methyltestosterone), a fluorine atom in the 9-α position, and a hydroxyl group in the 11-β position (Figure). Method of Study Selection and Classification of Patients.— All patients seen in the Advanced Breast Tumor Clinic with recurrent, inoperable, or metastatic carcinoma of the breast, including inflammatory carcinoma, were admitted to the study if they had had no hormonal therapy for breast cancer, were postmenopausal, and had

Survival of thermally injured rats infused with saline, polyvinylpyrrolidone, dextran and oxypolygelatin.

Summary1. Ten-day survival percentages are recorded for severely burned rats, infused with saline and several macromolecular solutions and for the simultaneous untreated controls, a) Hypertonic saline solutions were more effective in promoting survival than isotonic saline solutions, b) Effectiveness of the macromolecular solutions in promoting survival decreased as the concentration of these substances was increased, c) Due to the specific allergic reaction of rats to Dextran, the relative effectiveness of this plasma expander could not be ascertained. 2. Hematocrit data recorded in terms of per cent of initial values are given for several animals in all groups, a) Hypertonic saline solutions tend to maintain a cell-plasma ratio more nearly approaching the initial than isotonic solutions, b) Increased hemodilution followed infusions of the higher concentrations of macromolecular substances. c) Hemodilution in general cannot be directly correlated with survival; however, the lowest hemodilution values wer...

THE ACTION OF TERRAMYCIN ON THE GROWTH OF STRAINS OF INFLUENZA, HERPES SIMPLEX, AND RABIES VIRUSES IN CHICK EMBRYOS AND MICE

‘The value of terramycin as an antibacterial agent has been shown in previous publi~ationsl-~ and in other reports presented in this monograph. It is the purpose of this paper to describe some experiences with terramycin salts and how they influenced the course of a few experimental virus infections. The bulk of our attention has been focused on the action of this drug in influenza virus infections. Mention will also be made, however, of some work done on two strains of herpes simplex virus and a strain of rabies virus. Malerial and Melhods. The sodium terramycin salt was highly soluble in phosphate saline buffer (pH 7.4). Consequently, this diluent was used in all chick embryo experiments. The final pH of the solutions used was between 8.3 and 8.6. The material inoculated subcutaneously in mice was dissolved in distilled water and had approximately the same pH. All solutions were made up fresh for each inoculation. The viruses used and their passage history are as follows: PR8 strain of type A influenzaFerrets 198, Mouse 285, Egg 64, for egg inoculation and F 198, M 846 for mouse inoculation; Lee strain of Type B influenza virus, M 137E141; Armstrong strain of herpes simplex virus, M 49E31, M5E6; HF strain of herpes simplex virus, M?M5; rabies virus, passed in mice with passage once a month in rabbits, number of passages not known. The volume of drug solution injected in all instances was 0.2 ml. and contained the desired dosage of terramycin. The interval between injection of terramycin and virus was varied and is discussed under results. Most injections of both virus and terramycin were made into the allantoic cavity of 10 to 12 day-old embryos. A few tests utilizing the yolk sac as the route of injection were done and resulted in more deaths than by the allantoic method. In all tests, simultaneous controls of drug alone and virus alone were also carried out. Furthermore, preliminary tests for the toxic effect of drug alone were carried out in groups of 8 to 20 eggs. Influenza virus was diluted 10-fold in nutrient broth, and herpes simplex in 10 per cent horse serum in saline. The volume of inoculum was 0.2 ml., and 4 to 6 eggs were used for each dilution of virus. The eggs were incubated for 40 hours a t 35°C. for influenza and 72 hours at 37°C. for herpes. The eggs were chilled for 2 hours at 4°C. in those instances where allantoic fluids were to be removed. Such fluids were tested by diluting 1 to 4 with Experimenls with Chick Embryos.

Use of Aluminum Metal in Contact with Blood in Perfusion Systems

In attempting to use the Bayliss-Fee oxygenator in isolated mammalian heart studies it was found that the life of the preparation was very short, as little as 30 minutes. The coronary flow was found to diminish progressively and the hearts failed rapidly. In investigating possible causes it was found that considerable Al(OH)3 accumulated in the system. The oxygenator is made of cast aluminum. The corrosion of the aluminum metal obviously led to the production of Al(OH)3. Therefore all surfaces were covered with a uniform thin coat of clear lacquer. The life of the isolated heart in the system was thereby greatly prolonged. To elucidate the mechanism of the effect of aluminum two types of experiments were performed. First, frog hearts were set up on Straub cannulæ and Ringer containing 200-400 mg % of Al(OH)3, as alumina cream, was substituted for the plain Ringer placed in the cannula for control observations. These amounts of Al(OH)3 had no toxic effects upon the frog hearts, rather there was a slight tonic effect and the hearts kept beating longer than did simultaneous controls. A second group of experiments were run upon rabbit hearts perfused by the Langendorff technic. There was a trace of blood in the perfusion fluid in the first experiments. Addition of 2 cc of 2% Al(OH)3 in Ringer to the perfusion fluid caused almost immediate stoppage of the heart, and of the flow of fluid through the coronaries. In other experiments the heart was perfused with Ringer containing no blood and the perfusate discarded. It was washed with 1500 cc of Ringer, after which the emerging fluid was protein-free by the tungstic acid test. Addition of 15cc of 2% Al(OH)3 thereafter did not stop the heart, although the amplitude of contraction was somewhat diminished.