Simulator Sickness Research Articles

On-road virtual reality autonomous vehicle (VRAV) simulator: An empirical study on user experience

Autonomous-vehicle (AV) technologies are rapidly advancing, but a great deal remains to be learned about their interaction and perception on public roads. Research in this area usually relies on AV trials using naturalistic driving which are expensive with various legal and ethical obstacles designed to keep the general public safe. The emerging concept of Wizard-of-Oz simulation is a promising solution to this problem wherein the driver of a standard vehicle is hidden from the passenger using a physical partition, providing the illusion of riding in an AV. Furthermore, head-mounted display (HMD) virtual reality (VR) has been proposed as a means of providing a Wizard-of-Oz protocol for on-road simulations of AVs. Such systems have potential to support a variety of study conditions at low cost, enabling simulation of a variety of vehicles, driving conditions, and circumstances. However, the feasibility of such systems has yet to be shown. This study makes use of a within-subjects factorial design for examining and evaluating a virtual reality autonomous vehicle (VRAV) system, with the aim of better understanding the differences between stationary and on-road simulations, both with and without HMD VR. More specifically, this study examines the effects on user experience of conditions including presence, arousal, simulator sickness and task workload. Participants indicated a realistic and immersive driving experience as part of subjective evaluation of the VRAV system, indicating the system is a promising tool for human-automation interaction and future AV technology developments.

Assessment of virtual reality based safety training simulator for electric overhead crane operations

In this paper, we have assessed the efficiency and effectiveness of a developed immersive VR-based safety training simulator that allowed procedural training to electric overhead crane (EOT) operators. The primary objective of the training simulator is to help the novices to understand the sequence of operations as well as manage the potential hazards while working. Two types of assessment are carried out: simulator effectiveness and safety training effectiveness. We have developed three experimental setups, namely practice environment, familiarization environment, and virtual workplace environment, for improving acquaintance, learning of navigation and control, and operational and safety training, respectively. 19 operators from an integrated steel plant have participated in the experiments; among them, 16 are young operators (average age: 32.68 years, average experience: 4 years) and 3 are experienced operators (average age: 49.66 years, average experience: 12.5 years). The participants have provided their responses on the effectiveness of the simulator using the presence, system usability, and simulation sickness questionnaires. Cronbach’s alpha (>0.7), concordance (>0.5), and convergent validity (>0.7) show that the responses are consistent and reliable. Further, the t-test shows that the simulator is equally effective for both young and experienced operators. For validation purposes, the proposed VR simulator’s performance is compared with the desktop simulator using t-test and signal to noise (S/N) ratio and the results show that the VR simulator is better than the desktop simulator. Finally, the safety training effectiveness is assessed based on the improvement of identifying accident path elements for five tasks. 18 hazardous elements (HEs) and 14 initiating mechanisms (IMs) were identified by the operators before VR-based safety training and additional 10 hazardous elements (HEs) and 13 initiating mechanisms (IMs) were identified after the training. Further, hazard-identification improvement index is proposed as a quantitative measure for safety training effectiveness. Then, task module prioritization analysis using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was done and the results show that tasks 2 and 5 need more safety training compared to the other three tasks.-

Driving simulation sickness and the sense of presence: Correlation and contributing factors

Driving simulators are useful and effective tools for conducting studies in the field of traffic safety. Simulation sickness (SS) and the sense of presence (SP) are two well-known factors that could affect the results of the driving simulator experiments. This study investigated the relationship between SP and SS in a medium-fidelity driving simulator. Additionally, the impact of the road environment (urban arterials or rural expressways) on these subscales was investigated. Data was collected by means of self-reported questionnaires, which were conducted after the participants have driven the simulation scenarios in a fixed-base medium-fidelity driving simulator. A total of 125 drivers participated in this study. Results showed that females reported significantly higher SS scores than males. An increasing trend in the SS was observed with the increase of age. Importantly, designing buildings that replicate a real-world environment could increase SP and decrease SS. Moreover, designing high quality and resolution scenarios could also increase SP, thus decreasing the severity of SS symptoms. The results of this study can help researchers using medium-fidelity driving simulators to know the influencing factors for each subscale of SP on SS. Adjustments in the driving simulator and scenario settings as well as additional training exercises for higher speed scenarios can be beneficial in reducing the severity of SS.

Predicting Individual Susceptibility to Visually Induced Motion Sickness by Questionnaire

Background:The introduction of new visual technologies increases the risk of visually induced motion sickness (VIMS). The aim was to evaluate the 6-item Visually Induced Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire (VIMSSQ; also known as the VIMSSQ-short) and other predictors for individual susceptibility to VIMS.Methods:Healthy participants (10M + 20F), mean age 22.9 (SD 5.0) years, viewed a 360° panoramic city scene projected in the visual equivalent to the situation of rotating about an axis tilted from the vertical. The scene rotated at 0.2 Hz (72° s−1), with a ‘wobble’ produced by superimposed 18° tilt on the rotational axis, with a field of view of 83.5°. Exposure was 10 min or until moderate nausea was reported. Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) was the index of VIMS. Predictors/correlates were VIMSSQ, Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire (MSSQ), migraine (scale), syncope, Social & Work Impact of Dizziness (SWID), sleep quality/disturbance, personality (“Big Five” TIPI), a prior multisensory Stepping-Vection test, and vection during exposure.Results:The VIMSSQ had good scale reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.84) and correlated significantly with the SSQ (r= 0.58). Higher MSSQ, migraine, syncope, and SWID also correlated significantly with SSQ. Other variables had no significant relationships with SSQ. Regression models showed that the VIMSSQ predicted 34% of the individual variation of VIMS, increasing to 56% as MSSQ, migraine, syncope, and SWID were incorporated as additional predictors.Conclusion:The VIMSSQ is a useful adjunct to the MSSQ in predicting VIMS. Other predictors included migraine, syncope, and SWID. No significant relationship was observed between vection and VIMS.

Association of Individual Factors with Simulator Sickness and Sense of Presence in Virtual Reality Mediated by Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs)

Many studies have attempted to understand which individual differences may be related to the symptoms of discomfort during the virtual experience (simulator sickness) and the generally considered positive sense of being inside the simulated scene (sense of presence). Nevertheless, a very limited number of studies have employed modern consumer-oriented head-mounted displays (HMDs). These systems aim to produce a high the sense of the presence of the user, remove stimuli from the external environment, and provide high definition, photo-realistic, three-dimensional images. Our results showed that motion sickness susceptibility and simulator sickness are related, and neuroticism may be associated and predict simulator sickness. Furthermore, the results showed that people who are more used to playing videogames are less susceptible to simulator sickness; female participants reported more simulator sickness compared to males (but only for nausea-related symptoms). Female participants also experienced a higher sense of presence compared to males. We suggest that published findings on simulator sickness and the sense of presence in virtual reality environments need to be replicated with the use of modern HMDs.

Individual differences in the temporal progression of motion sickness and anxiety: the role of passengers’ trait anxiety and motion sickness history

The objective of the study is to show that trait anxiety and motion sickness history are responsible for different temporal progressions of sickness in passengers. The level of inflight anxiety and inflight sickness severity was monitored for 124 passengers in a full-motion cabin simulator during a short-haul flight with four different flight segments. Four groups with different characteristics in trait anxiety and motion sickness susceptibility showed different profiles of inflight sickness development. High trait anxiety was responsible for high inflight anxiety and a constantly high level of motion sickness, while passengers with just a motion sickness history showed an increase in motion sickness severity over time. We suggest that trait anxiety and motion sickness susceptibility interact and have an impact on the temporal progression of inflight sickness severity. The analysis of temporal developments of anxiety and sickness are fruitful for understanding the origins of motion sickness, research and individual treatments. Practitioner summary: In a full-motion cabin simulator study with 124 passengers the level of inflight anxiety and inflight sickness severity was monitored. Trait anxiety and motion sickness history were found to have different impacts on the temporal progression of individual sickness severity. Abbreviations: ANOVA: analysis of variance; AVES: air vehicle simulator; hiA/hiM: group with high anxiety and high motion sickness susceptibility; hiA/loM: group with high anxiety and low motion sickness susceptibility;MSSQ: motion sickness susceptibility scale; loA/hiM: group with low anxiety and high motion sickness susceptibility; loA/loM: group with low anxiety and low motion sickness susceptibility; SPSS: statistical package for the social sciences; SSQ-TS: total score from the simulator sickness questionaire; STAI: state trait anxiety inventory

Impact of Different Types of Head-Centric Rest-Frames on VRISE and User Experience in Virtual Environments

This paper presents the results of a user study of the effects of different head-centric rest-frames on Virtual Reality-Induced Symptoms and Effects (VRISE) and the user experience in virtual environments (VE). Participants played the custom-designed 3D game in two different game modes (high action and low action). For assessing VRISE levels, we used the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and Fast Motion Sickness Score (FMS). The presence was evaluated by SPES (Spatial Presence Experience Scale), and for the user experience, the short version of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ-S) was used. The results indicate that the usage of head-centric rest-frames negatively affected VRISE levels (more sickness) in the low action mode of the game. However, for the users experienced with VR technology, the VRISE disorientation symptoms were alleviated in a high action mode of the game with rest-frame glasses. We found no negative effect of rest-frames on the user experience and presence, except for some negative impact when using rest-frame glasses in the low action mode of the game. No negative impact on the performance itself was observed. That means that the usage of head-centric rest-frames is suitable for usage in VR applications. In terms of VRISE levels, we found out that rest-frame glasses are more suitable for the wearers of the distance spectacles, and a baseball hat is more suitable for non-wearers of distance spectacles.

User discomfort while using a virtual reality headset as a personal viewing system for text-intensive office tasks

Ergonomics issues while using virtual reality (VR) headsets for text-intensive applications have not been studied. Measures of neck and shoulder discomfort and simulator sickness symptoms were quantified while participants were performing a document creation task for 60 min using a VR headset and a desktop monitor. During the task with the headset, participants rotated the head 2.7 times more frequently and used the neck extensor muscles 25.9% more, in average. They also rated the neck and shoulder discomfort 60% and 17.5% higher after the task. The simulator sickness symptoms were also rated significantly higher (p < .05) for the headset condition, with more pronounced differences in the symptoms related to visual discomfort. Results indicate that the physical discomforts due to the frequent head rotations and the headset weight, and visual discomforts due to difficulty in reading texts were the main issues of the VR headset for common office tasks. Practitioner summary: Ergonomics issues associated with the use of a VR headset for conducting office productivity work tasks have been evaluated in an experiment. Study results indicate that the development in the neck physical discomfort and visual discomfort may be the main barriers to the use of current VR headsets for office works. Abbreviations: VR: virtual reality; VDT: video display terminal; EMG: electromyography; MVC: maximum voluntary contraction; SSQ: simulator sickness questionnaire; ECG: electrocardiogram; NEMG: normalised electromyography

Suitability and Comparison of Questionnaires Assessing Virtual Reality-Induced Symptoms and Effects and User Experience in Virtual Environments.

Although virtual reality (VR) has already achieved technological maturity, there are still some significant drawbacks for technology acceptance and broader user adoption, presenting research challenges. Thus, there is a need for standard, reliable, and quick assessment tools for Virtual Reality-Induced Symptoms and Effects (VRISE) and user experience in VR Assessing VRISE and user experience could be time consuming, especially when using objective physiological measures. In this study, we have reviewed, compared, and performed a suitability assessment of existing standard measures for evaluating VRISE and user experience in VR We have developed a first-person VR game with different scenes and different conditions. For assessing VRISE symptoms, we have used the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and Fast Motion Sickness Score (FMS). For assessing user experience, we have used the short version of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ-S). We have also used a novel Virtual Reality Neuroscience Questionnaire (VRNQ) for assessing VRISE and user experience aspects. The result has shown that FMS and VRNQ (VRISE section) are suitable for quick assessment of VRISE and that VRNQ (User experience section) is suitable for assessing user experience. The advantage of FMS and VRNQ questionnaires is that they are shorter to fulfill and easier to understand. FMS also enables to record the VRISE levels during the virtual experience and thus capturing its trend over time. Another advantage of the VRNQ is that it also provides the minimum and parsimonious cut-offs to appraise the suitability of VR software, which we have confirmed in our study to be adequate.

Quantifiable Fine-Grain Occlusion Removal Assistance for Efficient VR Exploration.

This article presents an occlusion management approach that handles fine-grain occlusions, and that quantifies and localizes occlusions as a user explores a virtual environment (VE). Fine-grain occlusions are handled by finding the VE region where they occur, and by constructing a multiperspective visualization that lets the user explore the region from the current location, with intuitive head motions, without first having to walk to the region. VE geometry close to the user is rendered conventionally, from the user's viewpoint, to anchor the user, avoiding disorientation and simulator sickness. Given a viewpoint, residual occlusions are quantified and localized as VE voxels that cannot be seen from the given viewpoint but that can be seen from nearby viewpoints. This residual occlusion quantification and localization helps the user ascertain that a VE region has been explored exhaustively. The occlusion management approach was tested in three controlled studies, which confirmed the exploration efficiency benefit of the approach, and in perceptual experiments, which confirmed that exploration efficiency does not come at the cost of reducing spatial awareness and sense of presence, or of increasing simulator sickness.

Electrogastrography in Autonomous Vehicles-An Objective Method for Assessment of Motion Sickness in Simulated Driving Environments.

Autonomous vehicles are expected to take complete control of the driving process, enabling the former drivers to act as passengers only. This could lead to increased sickness as they can be engaged in tasks other than driving. Adopting different sickness mitigation techniques gives us unique types of motion sickness in autonomous vehicles to be studied. In this paper, we report on a study where we explored the possibilities of assessing motion sickness with electrogastrography (EGG), a non-invasive method used to measure the myoelectric activity of the stomach, and its potential usage in autonomous vehicles (AVs). The study was conducted in a high-fidelity driving simulator with a virtual reality (VR) headset. There separate EGG measurements were performed: before, during and after the driving AV simulation video in VR. During the driving, the participants encountered two driving environments: a straight and less dynamic highway road and a highly dynamic and curvy countryside road. The EGG signal was recorded with a proprietary 3-channel recording device and Ag/AgCl cutaneous electrodes. In addition, participants were asked to signalize whenever they felt uncomfortable and nauseated by pressing a special button. After the drive they completed also the Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and reported on their overall subjective perception of sickness symptoms. The EGG results showed a significant increase of the dominant frequency (DF) and the percentage of the high power spectrum density (FSD) as well as a significant decrease of the power spectrum density Crest factor (CF) during the AV simulation. The vast majority of participants reported nausea during more dynamic conditions, accompanied by an increase in the amplitude and the RMS value of EGG. Reported nausea occurred simultaneously with the increase in EGG amplitude. Based on the results, we conclude that EGG could be used for assessment of motion sickness in autonomous vehicles. DF, CF and FSD can be used as overall sickness indicators, while the relative increase in amplitude of EGG signal and duration of that increase can be used as short-term sickness indicators where the driving environment may affect the driver.

Impact of 2D and 3D display watching on EEG power spectra: A standardized low-resolution tomography (sLORETA) study

We investigated whether watching two-dimensional television (2DTV) or three-dimensional television (3DTV) resulted in differences in the brain’s processing of sensory information. We divided 25 participants into 2DTV (n = 13) and 3DTV (n = 12) groups. Participants watched 2DTV or 3DTV for 1, 2, or 3 h on different days. Before and at the end of each session, electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded for 10 min. The Simulation Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) were used to assess general discomfort before and after watching. Each frequency band of the resting EEG was transformed into a standardized low-resolution electromagnetic tomographic (sLORETA) image. In the 2DTV group, 2 h of watching increased theta power in the central cortex and 3 h of watching increased beta power in the occipital cortex. In the 3DTV group, 3 h of watching increased delta power in the parahippocampal gyrus and middle frontal cortex. Theta power was significantly higher in the insular cortex after 3 h of 3DTV than after 3 h of 2DTV. SSQ scores were significantly higher after 1 h of 2DTV than after 1 h of 3DTV. Watching 2DTV vs. 3DTV triggered different time-dependent activity patterns. Watching 3DTV for 3 h increased slow-wave activity in the prefrontal cortex, while watching 2DTV increased fast-wave activity in the occipitoparietal cortex. Up to 2 h of 3DTV watching did not cause major changes in fatigue or EEG activity compared with 2DTV. Our findings promise to be useful in designing safety guidelines for watching 3DTV.

Education in the Digital Age: Learning Experience in Virtual and Mixed Realities

In recent years Virtual Reality has been revitalized, having gained and lost popularity between the 1960s and 1990s, and is now widely used for entertainment purposes. However, Virtual Reality, along with Mixed Reality and Augmented Reality, has broader application possibilities, thanks to significant advances in technology and accessibility. In the current study, we examined the effectiveness of these new technologies for use in education. We found that learning in both virtual and mixed environments resulted in similar levels of performance to traditional learning. However, participants reported higher levels of engagement in both Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality conditions compared to the traditional learning condition, and higher levels of positive emotions in the Virtual Reality condition. No simulator sickness was found from using either headset, and both headsets scored similarly for system usability and user acceptance of the technology. Virtual Reality, however, did produce a higher sense of presence than Mixed Reality. Overall, the findings suggest that some benefits can be gained from using Virtual and Mixed Realities for education.

Usability of the Virtual Reality Aviation Trainer for Runway-Width Illusions

The Virtual Reality Aviation Illusion Trainer (VRAIT) is a simulator that targets the topic of in-flight visual and vestibular illusions affecting pilots, specifically focusing on the runway width illusion. Effective training using state-of-the-art Virtual Reality (VR) technology is a new instructional method that can be leveraged to train pilots in recognition and awareness of aviation illusions, thus fostering a safer environment in the aviation industry. The VRAIT is designed to demonstrate simulated situations that can lead to illusions by providing examples of what the illusions look and/or feel like. A runway illusion scenario was designed, and pilots were recruited to provide feedback on their experience in the VRAIT. During the experience, pilots were reminded of what to do if illusions were experienced in flight through an active learning experience that aimed to better prepare the pilot to identify and take corrective action when and if future in-flight illusions occur. Data was collected on pilot experience during the scenarios, pilot enjoyment, realism, simulator sickness, the effect of the illusion, and knowledge gained in the scenario. Although knowledge on VR as a training tool is widely available, the research aimed to address the gap in whether VR is a useful and effective tool for training pilots for in-flight illusions.

Effects of Virtual Reality Head-mounted Displays on Oculomotor Functions

Purpose: Three-dimensional (3D) video games played using virtual reality head-mounted displays (VR-HMDs) are becoming increasingly popular. However, the use of this technology may lead to visual symptoms and discomfort by disrupting the normal linkage between the accommodation and vergence systems. This study aimed to investigate the effect of playing 3D video games using VR-HMDs on different oculomotor functions (i.e., accommodation and/or vergence system parameters) and to quantify symptoms associated with playing games using VR-HMD technology. Methods: Twenty –six male and female young adults (age range 19–27 years) with normal binocular vision completed this study. Different clinical accommodative and vergence measurements were collected before and after playing 3D video games using a VR-HMD system for 45 minutes. In addition, visual- and non–visual-related symptoms were measured before and after the video game sessions using the standardized Simulator Sickness Questionnaire. Results: The majority of accommodative parameters—including negative relative accommodation, accommodative accuracy, and monocular and binocular accommodative facilities—were significantly affected after playing 3D video games. With respect to vergence system measurements, the horizontal negative fusional vergence range at near and vergence facility test outcomes were affected significantly after the 3D video game sessions. Significant increments in different types of symptoms (i.e., visual and nonvisual) were also observed after playing 3D video games using the VR-HMD system. Conclusions: Playing 3D video games using VR-HMD systems can lead to a deterioration of certain oculomotor functions (i.e., accommodative and vergence systems). Players can be expected to experience eyestrain and discomfort after just 45 minutes of playing.

Efficacy of Shunti and Badara Churna in Motion Sickness: A Single Blind,Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial

Ayurveda the Indian system of medicine is one of the oldest systems of medicine that is practiced for thousands of years. Numerous disease conditions are found explained in Ayurvedic classics. But nowadays there are many diseases that are emerging and are not found directly mentioned in classics such as HIV Dengue Ebola and so on. One among them is Motion sickness MS. The drugs used to treat MS in Contemporary Medicine have side effects and there is always a quest for newer drug. In this regard the Shunti Zingiber officinale and Badara Ziziphus jujuba well-known Ayurvedic drugs were selected for the study.Materials and MethodsnbspInstitutional ethics committee approved protocol was carried out. Forty five patients diagnosed with motion sickness were randomly recruited into three groups. Simulator Sickness Questionnaire SSQ was considered for the assessment of the treatment.ResultsnbspThe clinical study showed significant results on SSQ parameters in the ginger group when compared with the other two groups. Significant reduction in symptoms with p value fatigue 0.013 eyestrain 0.015 dizziness with eye open 0.044 vertigo 0.000 stomach awareness 0.007 was observed in the ginger group. As Shunti has snigdha guna ushna veerya madhura vipaka the efficacy can be attributed to kapha vata hara and vamihara karma of shunti.ConclusionnbspShunti Churna used in this study was effective in motion sickness.nbsp

Quality of Experience Comparison of Stereoscopic 3D Videos in Different Projection Devices: Flat Screen, Panoramic Screen and Virtual Reality Headset

The use of Stereoscopic 3D (S3D) videos has been popular in commercial markets with ongoing developments in the field of visual entertainment in recent years. A wide variety of projection methods of 3D video content is currently available, such as projection to a panoramic screen and projection of omnidirectional video content from head mounted displays using Virtual Reality (VR) technology. This article investigates the Quality of Experience (QoE) and associated Visually Induced Motion Sickness (VIMS) caused by the viewing of S3D videos. The investigations used three different projection screens: a 3D flat screen, a 3D panoramic screen in a hemispherical shaped room and a VR headset. Several assessment methods including a Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ), ElectroEncephaloGraphy (EEG), and measurement tools for eye blink rate detection were applied to measure the QoE experienced by viewers. The SSQ scores were also compared with the behavioral data such as attention and meditation levels and enjoyment ratings acquired from different video content and projection screens. The results indicate that the projection screen is a key factor affecting the level of visual fatigue, VIMS and QoE assessments, which are discussed in-depth in the article.

Biofeedback as an intervention for persistent post-concussive symptoms: A randomized feasibility trial

Background Case reports indicate that low-resolution electromagnetic tomography neurofeedback and heart rate variability biofeedback may improve physiological functioning in individuals with persistent post-concussive symptoms. However, it is unclear whether larger-scale studies are feasible. Purpose To evaluate the feasibility of a combined low-resolution electromagnetic tomography neurofeedback and heart rate variability biofeedback intervention for individuals with persistent post-concussive symptoms. Methods Individuals with persistent post-concussive symptoms were randomized into intervention and control groups, and their baseline and post-test assessments were compared to a healthy control group. Outcomes included self-report questionnaires, resting electroencephalograph and electrocardiograph recordings, and a driving simulation task. Participants in the intervention group completed three 20 min low-resolution electromagnetic tomography neurofeedback sessions per week and at-home heart rate variability biofeedback training every morning and night for 8 weeks. Feasibility was evaluated according to recruitment capability and sample characteristics, data collection procedures, suitability of the intervention and study procedures, management and implementation of the study intervention, and preliminary participant responses to the intervention. Results Thirty-three individuals were recruited and 24 completed this study (seven intervention participants, nine persistent post-concussive symptoms control participants, and eight healthy control participants). One-quarter of participants (four intervention participants and three persistent post-concussive symptoms control participants) experienced simulator sickness during the driving simulator task and had to withdraw from the study. Intervention participants had an 88% and 86% compliance rate for the low-resolution electromagnetic tomography neurofeedback and heart rate variability biofeedback sessions, respectively. Low-resolution electromagnetic tomography neurofeedback sessions took approximately 1 h to complete per participant. Preliminary analysis indicated that the intervention reduced electroencephalograph z-score deviation with a very large effect size ( d = 1.36) compared to the other study groups. Conclusions Pilot studies evaluating the efficacy of low-resolution electromagnetic tomography neurofeedback and heart rate variability biofeedback should be performed to confirm these preliminary findings. However, the protocol should be modified to reduce participant fatigue and withdrawal. This trial was registered with Clinicialtrials.gov (NCT03338036; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03338036?term=03338036&amp;draw=2&amp;rank=1 ).

Test-retest reliability of the virtual reality sickness evaluation using electroencephalography (EEG)

No reliable quantitative and objective measurement method for virtual reality (VR) sickness has been firmly established to date. Electroencephalography (EEG) may be a strong candidate to evaluate VR sickness objectively. However, no test-retest evaluation has been made for VR sickness using EEG. To recruit VR sickness-sensitive participants, we tested 858 participants (age = 20′s–50′s) using the Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire (MSSQ). Among them, we recruited 21 males (average age = 25.0) who obtained the 75th percentile of scores on the MSSQ (32.9 ± 5.7). VR sickness was evaluated twice (one week apart) using EEG with VR video content designed to cause VR sickness. A Simulation Sickness Questionnaire (SSQ) was also used to evaluate VR sickness. In terms of the reliability of EEG, ICC and Cronbach’s alpha analyses showed that three waves (delta, theta, and alpha) were consistent in two areas (frontal and central). A significant difference in EEG was also found repeatedly between the baseline and VR sickness (delta, theta, and alpha) in two areas (frontal and central). We evaluated EEG for its reliability and found specific waves and areas that showed good consistency and significant changes associated with VR sickness. These findings may support further research of VR sickness evaluation.

Feasibility Study on Virtual Reality Based Basketball Tactic Training.

In this article, a VR-based basketball training system comprising a standalone VR device and a tablet is proposed. The system is intended to improve the ability of players to understand offensive tactics and practice these tactics correctly. We compare the training effectiveness of various degrees of immersion, including a conventional basketball tactic board, a 2D monitor, and virtual reality. A multi-camera-based human tracking system was designed and built around a real-world basketball court to record and analyze the running trajectory of each player during tactical execution. The accuracy of the running path and hesitation time at each tactical step were evaluated for each participant. Furthermore, we assessed several subjective measurements, including simulator sickness, presence, and sport imagery ability, to conduct a more comprehensive exploration of the feasibility of the proposed VR framework for basketball tactics training. The results indicate that the proposed system is useful for learning complex tactics. Furthermore, high VR immersion training improves athletes' abilities with regards to strategic imagery.