Simulation Of Pedestrian Evacuation Research Articles

Pedestrian Evacuation Simulation Based on Dynamic Parameter Model with Friction

An expanded dynamic parameter model is introduced based on cellular automata. In this model friction is modeled quantitatively. The dynamic parameters including direction parameter and empty parameter are formulated to simplify tactically the process of making decisions for pedestrian evacuation. The pedestrian moving rule is modified by bringing in the conception of friction under high density, corresponding simulations of pedestrian evacuation is carried out. The improved model considers the impact of interactions among pedestrians on the evacuation process. Therefore, it is more accordance with actual circumstance than the original dynamic parameters model.

Pedestrian Evacuation with a Improved Dynamic Parameters Model

A improved dynamic parameters model is presented based on cellular automata in this paper.The dynamic parameters: Direction-parameter, Empty-parameter and Cognition-parameter are formulated to simplify tactically the decision-making process of pedestrians, which can reflect the pedestrian judgment on the surrounding conditions and decide the pedestrians choice of action. Simulation of pedestrian evacuation and pedestrian moving rules were established, according to two-dimensional cellular automaton Moore neighborhood. In the improved model, the impact of the pedestrian density around exits is considered, the simulation and experimental results prove that this improvement makes sense, because besides the spatial distance to exits, people may also choose the exit according to the pedestrian density around exits. And the simulation results of improved model is compared with experiment, comparison shows that the improved model can reproduce the experiment well. The improved model is useful for further study, it is instructional significant for pedestrian evacuation, avoiding or reducing the number injuries.

Simulation of Pedestrian Evacuation in a Room under Fire Emergency

An extended floor field model is proposed to simulate the pedestrian evacuation in a room by considering the smoke and fire effect under fire emergency. In this new model, the visibility floor field and temperature floor field are introduced, these extensions are important for evacuation simulations under fire circumstances. Through the numerical simulations, the influence of fire locations, type of burning materials, heat release rates and exit width on evacuation are analyzed. The results show these factors have great effects on evacuation, which may be useful to understand the pedestrian evacuation under fire emergency.

Simulation of pedestrian evacuation based on Jilin fire

In the fire of the factory of Jilin poultry company occurred on 3 June, 2013, which was the biggest fire disaster in the recent 13 years, 120 people were burned. One of the most important reasons lies in the shut off of 3 out of 6 exits, and further, the staff did not know which exit can be used to evacuate. In this paper, we simulate the evacuation process of the fire of Jilin using the foor field model, and show the importance of each exit and the influence of the shut off of exits. Results show that, if only there had been one more exit opened when the fire occurred, about 54.3% of the burned pedestrians could survive, and if all the exits ware opened, 76.6% of the burned pedestrians would survive. In addition, if the pedestrians had got the information of the availability of each exit, the number of burned pedestrians would reduce 21.6%. Hence, it is crucial to maintain the availability of the exits and spread the availability information for preventing loss of life and property.

Self-Organized Criticality Theory and its Potential Application in High Density Pedestrian Evacuation Simulation in Public Buildings

Many important nature evolution phenomena can be explained with Self-organized criticality (SOC) theory. SOC theory explains the tendency of large dissipative systems to drive themselves into a scale-invariant critical state without parameter adjustment. These phenomena are of crucial importance because fractal objects displaying SOC are found. This paper analyzes the characteristics of SOC theory, and then introduces basic principles of SOC theory in one-dimension model. Based on the self-organized criticality owned by the high-density pedestrian evacuation and even the trample event, this paper proposes the potential applications of SOC theory to explain the various phenomena in pedestrian evacuation from public buildings in unconventional emergencies.

Agent‐based approach for crowded pedestrian evacuation simulation

Pedestrian evacuation has long been a vital safety concern for any large indoor facility, for example, gymnasium or stadium. To efficiently simulate crowded pedestrian evacuation, an agent-based modelling approach in the cellular automata (CA) environment is proposed in this study. Different from a stand-alone CA method which roughly describes the external environment, the proposed agent-based modelling approach can describe individual behaviour more accurately. In order to verify the crowded pedestrian evacuation simulation and reflect the behaviour of pedestrian crowds' evacuation, this study simulates four evacuation scenarios as follows: (i) an ordered activity area with no obstacles, (ii) an unordered activity area with no obstacles, (iii) an ordered activity area with obstacles and (iv) an unordered activity area with obstacles. The effects of the parameters on the evacuation simulation process and the effects of maximal endurance capability on the number of casualties are also analysed. Furthermore, the order of evacuation of pedestrians with different competitive capabilities is estimated. The simulation results show that the proposed modelling framework, principles and methods are effective, and the model has a strong capability to describe, represent and explain the reality of evacuation.

A Research of Pedestrian Evacuation Simulation for BRT Station based on Fine Grid Method

Abstract BRT, short for Bus Rapid Transit System, has been an important choice for large and medium-sized cities to reduce the traffic congestion. Since BRT travel can greatly reduce the bus travel time of passengers, it attracts a large portion public bus trips, making BRT station a centralized area with a high density of passengers for public transport. Under the circumstances, accidents such as serious crowd, panic, trample and even casualties may occur in BRT station. It is of great significance to propose an evacuation model for BRT station to provide guidance and advices for evacuation in BRT station. First, by analysing existed computer evacuation simulation models, we propose a new simulation model, in which fine grid is used to model the BRT station and conflict resolution mechanisms and pedestrian movement rules are incorporated. Then, we develop a computer-programming evacuation simulation platform based on the evacuation simulation model. By applying it to Gangding station of Guangzhou BRT, we take a closer look on the laws of evacuation in BRT station. Finally, the simulation provides the details of the dynamic evacuation process clearly; some phenomenon such as bottleneck area and influences of obstacles are directly observed. The results verify the practicability and feasibility of the evacuation model.

Incorporating topography in a cellular automata model to simulate residents evacuation in a mountain area in China

In China, both the mountainous areas and the number of people who live in mountain areas occupy a significant proportion. When production accidents or natural disasters happen, the residents in mountain areas should be evacuated and the evacuation is of obvious importance to public safety. But it is a pity that there are few studies on safety evacuation in rough terrain. The particularity of the complex terrain in mountain areas, however, makes it difficult to study pedestrian evacuation. In this paper, a three-dimensional surface cellular automata model is proposed to numerically simulate the real time dynamic evacuation of residents. The model takes into account topographic characteristics (the slope gradient) of the environment and the biomechanics characteristics (weight and leg extensor power) of the residents to calculate the walking speed. This paper only focuses on the influence of topography and the physiological parameters are defined as constants according to a statistical report. Velocity varies with the topography. In order to simulate the behavior of a crowd with varying movement velocities, and a numerical algorithm is used to determine the time step of iteration. By doing so, a numerical simulation can be conducted in a 3D surface CA model. Moreover, considering residents evacuation around a gas well in a mountain area as a case, a visualization system for a three-dimensional simulation of pedestrian evacuation is developed. In the simulation process, population behaviors of congestion, queuing and collision avoidance can be observed. The simulation results are explained reasonably. Therefore, the model presented in this paper can realize a 3D dynamic simulation of pedestrian evacuation vividly in complex terrain and predict the evacuation procedure and evacuation time required, which can supply some valuable information for emergency management.

Simulation of Pedestrian Evacuation with the Optimal Exit Layout Based on a Dynamic Parameters Model

A dynamic parameters model is established based on cellular automata (CA) to simulate pedestrian evacuation in this article. The dynamic parameters are formulated to simplify tactically the decision-making process of pedestrians, which can reflect the pedestrian judgment on the surrounding conditions and determine the pedestrian's choice of action. The pedestrian moving rules are proposed according to two-dimensional cellular automaton Moore neighborhood. The simulation results of this model are compared and analyzed with previous model. It is clear that our model corresponds with the actual and shows the advanced nature. The evacuation time versus pedestrian density and exit width are studied. There is a linear relationship between evacuation time and pedestrian density, whereas there is a nonlinearly relationship (negative exponential) between evacuation time and exit width. Moreover, the authors consider the effects of the crowd distribution in evacuation process, and the optimal exit layout is given in a determined system, such as the optimal position and width of exits, providing safety guiding for the pedestrian in enclosed environments, and avoiding and/or reducing the number injuries.

Theoretical analysis and simulation of pedestrian evacuation under invisible conditions

We study a class of pedestrian evacuation process in rooms without visibility by analytical and simulative methods. First, the moving distance of pedestrians for leaving the rooms is analyzed using the mean and variance theory. A microscopic pedestrian model is then extended to simulate pedestrian evacuation in the rooms. By numerical examples, the distributions of single individual’s evacuation efficiency in the rooms and the improvement by increasing the number of exits for the individual’s evacuation efficiency are demonstrated. Pedestrians’ moving distances obtained by analytical and simulative methods are also compared. The study is helpful for assessing the efficiency of evacuation and the safety of buildings under conditions of invisibility.

A personalized spatial cognitive road network for agent-based modeling of pedestrian evacuation simulation: a case study in Hong Kong

In this article, we study the spatial knowledge issue of pedestrians while simulating their routing behaviors in agent-based simulation research. As the data collected from a field survey conducted in a real event case exposed, we proposed a personalized spatial cognitive road network (PSCRN) model, which assumes that different pedestrians hold different probabilities of recognizing a particular road for evacuation due to different spatial cognition under the incomplete spatial knowledge hypothesis. The multivariate binary logistic regression method was applied to identify the linkage between the predictors selected and the response probability variable quantitatively, and the Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic was used to test the regression model. Thus, in agent-based simulations for a given pedestrian, the PSCRN model could predict the recognized roads that the pedestrian was able to take for evacuation with respect to the diversity of spatial cognition lying in the public rather than every road as the complete spatial knowledge hypothesis assumes.

Simulation of pedestrian evacuation based on an improved dynamic parameter model

An improved dynamic parameter model is presented based on cellular automata. The dynamic parameters, including direction parameter, empty parameter, and cognition parameter, are formulated to simplify tactically the process of making decisions for pedestrians. The improved model reflects the judgement of pedestrians on surrounding conditions and the action of choosing or decision. According to the two-dimensional cellular automaton Moore neighborhood we establish the pedestrian moving rule, and carry out corresponding simulations of pedestrian evacuation. The improved model considers the impact of pedestrian density near exits on the evacuation process. Simulated and experimental results demonstrate that the improvement makes sense due to the fact that except for the spatial distance to exits, people also choose an exit according to the pedestrian density around exits. The impact factors α, β, and γ are introduced to describe transition payoff, and their optimal values are determined through simulation. Moreover, the effects of pedestrian distribution, pedestrian density, and the width of exits on the evacuation time are discussed. The optimal exit layout, i.e., the optimal position and width, is offered. The comparison between the simulated results obtained with the improved model and that from a previous model and experiments indicates that the improved model can reproduce experimental results well. Thus, it has great significance for further study, and important instructional meaning for pedestrian evacuation so as to reduce the number of casualties.

Simulation of pedestrian evacuation with asymmetrical pedestrian layout

Simulation of pedestrian evacuation from a room with multi-exit and asymmetrical pedestrian layout is presented based on an improved dynamic parameter model in this paper. The computation and the count-area of imaginary distance are improved based on the Max-Min evacuation path selection of actual and imaginary distance in order to reduce evacuation imbalance caused by the asymmetry of pedestrian layout. An imbalance coefficient is introduced to describe the asymmetry of pedestrian layout. The effects of pedestrian layout asymmetry on the evacuation time are analyzed respectively from fixed and unfixed pedestrian initialization site. The simulation results of the improved and original models are compared and analyzed, and the improved model can effectively reduce evacuation imbalance. Simulation results show that under normal evacuation condition with considerring reasonable pedestrian and jam around exits, evacuation time is hardly affected by pedestrian and exit layout and depends mainly on cognition coefficient, total width of exits and pedestrian initialization amount.

Simulation of pedestrian evacuation with asymmetrical exits layout

A simulation of pedestrian evacuation from a room with asymmetrical exit layout is presented based on the improved Dynamic Parameter Model in this paper. A special technique is introduced to compute two basic dynamic parameters: Direction- parameter and Empty- parameter considering the effects of pedestrian jam around exits and the width of exits on evacuation path selection in order to reduce evacuation imbalance caused by the asymmetry of exits layout. Two new coefficients: cognition coefficient and imbalance coefficient are introduced to respectively describe pedestrian cognitive ability and the layout imbalance of exits. The simulation results of the improved and original models are compared and analyzed. Simulation results show that evacuation time depends on the cognition coefficient and imbalance coefficient under normal evacuation condition with reasonable pedestrian. It is also found that there are phase transitions and critical points in the simulation curves of evacuation time against cognition coefficient and that the pedestrian flow shows distinctive characteristics at different phases. The values of critical cognition coefficient points depend on the initial pedestrian density and imbalance coefficient.

The representation and implementation of time-dependent inundation in large-scale microscopic evacuation simulations

Multi-agent simulation has increasingly been used for transportation simulation in recent years. With current techniques, it is possible to simulate systems consisting of several million agents. Such multi-agent simulations have been applied to whole cities and even large regions. In this paper it is demonstrated how to adapt an existing multi-agent transportation simulation framework to large-scale pedestrian evacuation simulation. The underlying flow model simulates the traffic-based on a simple queue model where only free speed, bottleneck capacities, and space constraints are taken into account. The queue simulation, albeit simple, captures the most important aspects of evacuations such as the congestion effects of bottlenecks and the time needed to evacuate the endangered area. In the case of an evacuation simulation the network has time-dependent attributes. For instance, large-scale inundations or conflagrations do not cover all the endangered area at once. These time-dependent attributes are modeled as network change events. Network change events are modifying link parameters at predefined points in time. The simulation framework is demonstrated through a case study for the Indonesian city of Padang, which faces a high risk of being inundated by a tsunami.

A modified floor field cellular automata model for pedestrian evacuation simulation

Considering the fact that the interaction among pedestrians in a high-density crowd is asymmetric, accumulative and transferable, we present a modified floor field cellular automata model for simulating the pedestrian evacuation. In this model, the space for evacuation is discretized into smaller cells, every pedestrian is allowed to occupy multiple cells and the interaction among pedestrians is characterized by their own inertia and the forces received or to be imposed on others. By numerical simulation the effects of the pedestrian movement manner and the model parameters on evacuation efficiency are investigated. The results obtained by our modified model are compared with those by the original floor field model.

Theory of Collective Behavior.Neil J. Smelser

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsTheory of Collective Behavior. Neil J. Smelser Lewis M. KillianLewis M. Killian Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 69, Number 3Nov., 1963 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/223588 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 6Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1963 University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Linjiang Zheng, Xiaoli Peng, Linglin Wang, Dihua Sun Simulation of pedestrian evacuation considering emergency spread and pedestrian panic, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 522 (May 2019): 167–181.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2019.01.128M. Travis Maynard, Christian J. Resick, Quinn W. Cunningham, Marco S. DiRenzo Ch-Ch-Ch-changes: How Action Phase Functional Leadership, Team Human Capital, and Interim vs. Permanent Leader Status Impact Post-transition Team Performance, Journal of Business and Psychology 32, no.55 (Jan 2017): 575–593.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9482-5Michael Schwartz Academic apartheid and the poverty of theory: the impact of scholarly segregation on the development of sociology in the United States, The British Journal of Sociology 68, no.11 (Mar 2017): 49–66.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12242_2Marco S. DiRenzo, Steven M. Weingarden, Christian J. Resick Following the Leader in Sports: A Targeted Review and a Rally for Extended Research, (Mar 2016): 67–93.https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-357120160000008003 Patricia H. Thornton and William Ocasio Institutional Logics and the Historical Contingency of Power in Organizations: Executive Succession in the Higher Education Publishing Industry, 1958‐1990 Thornton & Ocasio, American Journal of Sociology 105, no.33 (Jul 2015): 801–843.https://doi.org/10.1086/210361Joseph C. Schumacher Salary Administration of Scientific and Engineering Personnel in an Atmosphere of Increasing Competition, Research Management 6, no.55 (Sep 2016): 355–366.https://doi.org/10.1080/00345334.1963.11755675