Hybrid Vehicle Simulation Research Articles

Study of a Hybrid Vehicle Powertrain Parameter Matching Design Based on the Combination of Orthogonal Test and Cruise Software

In order to further improve the power and fuel economy of hybrid vehicles, this paper proposes a method of hybrid vehicle powertrain matching by combining orthogonal tests with Cruise software, supplemented by the control strategy formulation of critical components of the whole vehicle on the MATLAB/Simulink platform. Considering the influence of vehicle engine, electric motor, battery and overall mass on the powertrain design, the L9(34)-type orthogonal table is selected for the orthogonal test design. After verifying the feasibility and accuracy of each design solution of the powertrain, the different design solutions are simulated for power and economic performance. Finally, the best performance indicators of the vehicle are as follows: the maximum speed is 183.35 km/h, the 0–100 km/h acceleration time is 6.87 s, and the maximum degree of climbing is 39.65 percent. The fuel consumption of 100 km is 3.47 L. The optimal solution was compared with the third-generation Harvard H6 and AITO M5 in terms of fuel saving and emission reduction, and it was found that for every 15,000 km driven, it is expected to save 469.5 L of fuel and 109.5 L of CO2, respectively, which can reduce fuel use and emission by about 1051.21 kg and 245.17 kg CO2, respectively. This simulation experiment can reduce the workload of traditional power system matching. It can provide ideas for power system matching and optimization for Corun CHS Technology Co., Ltd. (Foshan City, Guangdong Province, China) and offer a certain degree of reference for hybrid vehicle power system design and simulation.

Drive cycle simulation of light duty mild hybrid vehicles powered by hydrogen engine

In the ongoing efforts to reduce CO2 and pollutant emissions, hydrogen combustion engine can provide immediately available mature technology for carbon-free transportation. Hydrogen combustion does not produce on-site CO2 emissions, the principal pollutant is NOx (which can be minimized using appropriate combustion control and aftertreatment), and the available ICE technology can be readily modified to accommodate for hydrogen use. The paper provides a prediction of the performance of a hydrogen combustion engine in passenger vehicles, aiming at extending or updating the available research with the current powertrain trends, namely downsizing, turbocharging, and hybridization. Data gathered from a single-cylinder engine fueled by a lean hydrogen mixture are used as input into a mild hybrid vehicle model, which is used for quasi-static drive cycle simulations. The results show NOx emission around the EURO VI limit without the use of any aftertreatment and fuel consumption as low as 1.1 kgH2/100 km in WLTC.

Modeling of a Hybrid Fuel Cell Powertrain with Power Split Logic for Onboard Energy Management Using a Longitudinal Dynamics Simulation Tool

This work aims to develop a mathematical model for the simulation of a fuel cell (FC) hybrid powertrain. The work starts from modeling a single cell to obtain information on the entire FC stack. The model obtained was integrated into a simulation tool presented in the literature that simulates the longitudinal dynamics of auxiliary power unit hybrid electric vehicles and fully electric vehicles. Therefore, the integrated model allows the simulation of hybrid vehicles equipped with FC and a battery pack that acts as a peak power source. The tool simulates the mechanical and electrical behavior of the vehicle, introducing an investigation of the power flows relating to the FC and batteries. An appropriate power split logic has been implemented, allowing the correct management of the power distribution between the FC and the batteries. The importance of analyzing FC vehicles’ behavior arises from the recent necessity to find alternative propulsion systems, overcoming the range problems associated with fully electric vehicles. The innovation lies in the versatility and modularity of the model, which is open to modifications and features a low computational burden, making it suitable for testing new solutions by performing first design and sizing calculations.

Efficiency scaling method of gasoline engines for different geometries and the application in hybrid vehicle simulation

This work presents a scalable model of a naturally aspirated gasoline engine forecasting the effective efficiency map for varying cylinder displacements. Engine test bench measurements and a global nonlinear hybrid optimization method were used to calibrate the engine model. The validation showed a good prediction of engine efficiency by the scaling model with a mean error of 2% compared with the measurements. A pure scaling of the cylinder displacement led to overall small changes in the effective engine efficiency map. In addition to the development of a scalable engine model, a forward-looking hybrid vehicle simulation model was used in order to evaluate the impact of different engine cylinder displacements on fuel consumption. For this purpose, simulations for varying cylinder displacements were performed in a series–parallel hybrid drivetrain of an A-class vehicle in two driving cycles. The simulation results showed a small influence of different engine cylinder displacements on fuel consumption for the given configuration.

Investigation of the energy management and powertrain systems effects on hybrid vehicle performance

Reduction of greenhouse gas emission and fuel consumption is one of the main goals of automotive industry leading to the development of hybrid vehicles. Energy management, energy storage and transmission systems are the significant factors that affect hybrid vehicle performance. In this paper different powertrain system component combinations effects are investigated on fuel consumption, air pollution and performance of hybrid vehicles in various driving cycles. Results are compared in different traffic conditions, such as a newly established Teh-car, NEDC and FTP driving cycles. Hybrid vehicle simulation results are compared for various transmission and energy storage systems by using ADVISOR. Results indicate the effectiveness of proposed controller over real world driving cycles. Also, the optimal powertrain configuration which improves fuel and emissions efficiency is proposed for each driving condition. Finally, the effects of batteries' initial state of charge are investigated on hybrid vehicle performance to evaluate fuel consumption and emissions.

A Phenomenological Heat Transfer Model of SI Engines – Application to the Simulation of a Full-Hybrid Vehicle

A hybrid thermal-electric vehicle allows some significant fuel economy due to its peculiar use of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) that runs with better efficiency. However, this propulsion system impacts its thermal behaviour, especially during its warm-up after a cold start. The ICE can indeed be shut down when the vehicle is stopped (Stop&Start system) and during full-electric propulsion mode (allowed at light speed and load if the battery state of charge is high enough) resulting in a lack of heat source and a slow down of the warm-up. Moreover, the use of the ICE at higher loads while charging the batteries provides an increase of the heating power generated by the combustion. Control strategies in a hybrid vehicle (energy repartition between the two propulsions: thermal and electric) have a significant effect on its final consumption. Therefore, the simulation of hybrid vehicles is then useful to evaluate the efficiency of these strategies. However, the consideration of the warm-up of the ICE in such a propulsion system was done in only few published studies. A simulation tool using the Amesim software has been developed in order to simulate the warm-up of an ICE used in a hybrid parallel propulsion system. The corresponding model is developed in order to take into account the thermal phenomena occurring between the different ICE components. Thus, a thermodynamic model is coupled with a thermal model of the metallic parts and the different fluid loops (water and oil). Their mean temperature dependence with different parameters like speed, the load, the cylinder geometry and the spark advance, is studied with the aim at reducing fuel consumption. The thermal model of the engine is finally integrated in a simulation of the whole vehicle. The thermal behaviour of a parallel electric full-hybrid vehicle using a spark ignition engine is then presented using this simulation tool. The simulation results show the impact of the peculiar use of the ICE on its thermal behaviour. Especially, it appears that the efficiency of the engine is less penalized than expected by the cold state of the engine. Finally, a parametric study of the modeled engine and a research of a possible optimization of the engine efficiency and the warm-up period are done.

VHDL-AMS Full Hybrid Vehicle Simulation Model for the Concept Planning and the Power Performance and Fuel Economy Estimation results

By VHDL-AMS (IEC61691-6, IEEE1076.1) Full vehicle simulation, the fuel economy, the effect of heat energy recovery from the exhaust gas, and the power performance were discussed. The basic model performance was validated by PRIUS. The fuel economy for the LA#4 driving pattern was 22.0km/L by the simulation and on other hand measurement was 21.7km/L (error 1.4%). The energy management using an exhaust gas heat exchange system realized 10.3% fuel consumption improvement during warming up. As for the power performance, the simulated acceleration time of 0-100km/h was 11.12sec and the measured vehicle time was 11.27sec. The error between simulation and actual measurement result was 1.4%. We showed that the multi-domain full vehicle simulation is effective for the vehicle concept planning. Since the HV model uses embedded real control software, the VHDL-AMS modeling can be used as SIL at system control development stage.

Optimal use of telemetry by parallel hybrid vehicles in urban driving

The benefit of telemetry systems that can provide information about future traffic conditions has been previously established, with both vehicle velocity and torque split controllers in hybrid vehicles able to improve fuel economy and emissions. However, many existing algorithms are either computationally intractable for real application or do not maximise the potential savings available. Here, a computationally efficient approach for the optimal control of both velocity and torque split of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle with vehicle telemetry is proposed. The optimal control inputs are determined using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle and applied in a receding horizon fashion over realistic drive cycles. Although developed on a relatively simple model, the proposed controller is tested on a complex hybrid vehicle simulation. The effectiveness of the proposed controller in improving fuel consumption is investigated as preview information is varied, and in the presence of modelling error and measurement noise.

Modeling and simulation of fuel cell hybrid vehicles

A comprehensive procedure for mathematical modeling and validation of a fuel cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) is presented in this paper. The subsystems are modeled based on lab testing and in-field vehicle testing results from the Tongji University Start prototype vehicle. An FCHV-SIM (fuel cell hybrid vehicle simulation) model is then developed based on the experimental data. Model validation results confirm that the FCHV-SIM model is reasonably accurate and suitable for model-based control development.

Feed-forward modelling and fuzzy logic based control strategy for powertrain efficiency improvement in a parallel hybrid electric vehicle

With the stricter limitations on both fuel consumption and air pollution, the advantages of a hybrid electric vehicle are becoming more evident than ever. In the present study, an energy management system for a hybrid electric vehicle is developed. Because the plant under consideration is nonlinear, multi-domain, time-varying, has multiple uncertainties and, in addition, the designed control strategy must be able to obey the driver's commands and achieve the par-internship for a new generation of vehicle regulations, the fuzzy logic approach is chosen. A feed-forward hybrid vehicle simulation model is used to demonstrate the validity and the convenience of the current approach and its results have been compared with the other parallel hybrid electric vehicle control strategies. Simulation results show considerable improvement in the efficiency of the internal combustion engine and, consequently, fuel consumption and acceleration performances.

Modeling and Simulation of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper discusses the need for modeling and simulation of electric and hybrid vehicles. Different modeling methods such as physics-based Resistive Companion Form technique and Bond Graph method are presented with powertrain component and system modeling examples. The modeling and simulation capabilities of existing tools such as Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT), ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR), PSIM, and Virtual Test Bed are demonstrated through application examples. Since power electronics is indispensable in hybrid vehicles, the issue of numerical oscillations in dynamic simulations involving power electronics is briefly addressed. </para>

Emissions and fuel economy trade-off for hybrid vehicles using fuzzy logic

In this paper, a generalized fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used to optimize the fuel economy and reduce the emissions of hybrid vehicles with parallel configuration. Using the driver input, the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage, the motor/generator speed, the current gear ratio and vehicle speed, a set of 44 rules have been developed, in a fuzzy controller, to effectively determine the power split between the electric machine and the internal combustion engine (ICE). The underlying theme of the fuzzy controller is to optimize the fuel flow and reduce NOx emission. The parameters in the fuzzy rules can be adjusted to trade-off the fuel economy and the NOx emission of the vehicle. Simulation results are used to assess the performance of the controller. A forward-looking hybrid vehicle simulation model is used to implement the control strategies. By using fuzzy logic, trade-off between fuel economy and emission improvement has been shown.

Modelling and control of a medium-duty hybrid electric truck

The main contributions of this paper are the development of a forward-looking hybrid vehicle simulation tool, and its application to the design of a power management control algorithm. The hybrid electric vehicle simulation tool (HE-VESIM) was developed at the Automotive Research Center of the University of Michigan to study the potential fuel economy and emission benefits of the parallel hybrid propulsion system for a medium truck. The fundamental architecture of the feed-forward simulation tool and the dynamic equations of its sub-system modules are first described. A power management control algorithm is then designed and evaluated, which is based on mimicking the behaviour of a dynamic-programming optimisation scheme. Simulation results over an urban driving cycle demonstrate that the hybrid control algorithm is able to improve vehicle fuel economy significantly, compared with the original vehicle, powered only by a diesel engine.

Controlling torque distribution for Parallel Hybrid Vehicle based on Hierarchical Structure Fuzzy Logic

The Hierarchical Structure Fuzzy Logic Control (HSFLC) strategies of torque distribute for Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) in the mode of operation of the vehicle i. e. , acceleration, cruise, deceleration etc. have been studied. Using secondly developed the hybrid vehicle simulation tool ADVISOR, the dynamic model of PHEV has been set up by MATLAB/SIMULINK. The engine, motor as well as the battery characteristics have been studied. Simulation results show that the proposed hierarchical structured fuzzy logic control strategy is effective over the entire operating range of the vehicle in terms of fuel economy. Based on the analyses of the simulation results and driver’s experiences, a fuzzy controller is designed and developed to control the torque distribution. The controller is evaluated via hardware-in-the-loop simulator (HILS). The results show that controller verify its value.

Hybrid vehicle simulation for a turbogenerator-based power-train

The potential of the turbogenerator-based power-train for hybrid vehicles is described. Data from a small gas turbine, a prototype high-speed generator and an advanced lead-acid battery pack show that the ‘turboelectric’ concept is feasible and can provide a viable road transport solution which will comply with the stringent environmental legislation. The simulation results show improved overall vehicle efficiencies due to the implementation of regenerative braking capability. Most importantly the lean combustion of the gas-turbine engine with a suitable energy control strategy can provide lower emissions than ultra-low-emission vehicle (ULEV) limits, while an acceptable zero-emissions vehicle (ZEV) driving range can be achieved for city centres.