Ad-hoc Network Simulator Research Articles

Chaotic Harris Hawks Optimization Algorithm for Electric Vehicles Charge Scheduling

Electric Vehicle (EV) technology and migration are hindered by battery sizing, short driving ranges, and optimal operations. This article focuses on developing a strategy for scheduling EV charging in a specific region, addressing waiting time, charging time, and uneven scheduling due to unevenly distributed charging stations (CS). The proposed approach optimizes CS using separate queues for different levels, reducing waiting time and costs during peak hours. Which considers trade-offs between time-aware fairness and overall waiting time, and factors like reachability, battery state of charge, depth of discharge limits, and charging rate constraints. A bi-objective formulation and online scheduling algorithm based on dynamic schedulable time, energy demand fluctuation and user’s prioritization are proposed. The aim is to allocate a charging station to each EV by considering travel needs and battery specifics, with the objective of minimizing travel time, queue time, recharging time, and energy costs. To achieve this, the scheduling system utilizes the Chaotic Harris Hawks Optimization (CHHO), an enhanced iteration of the previously discussed metaheuristic, the Harris Hawk Optimization. Validation of the system is conducted through Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) simulation and comparison with alternative algorithms Exponential Harris Hawk Optimization, Grey Wolf Optimizer and Random allocation. The outcomes demonstrate noteworthy decreases in travel time, queue time, recharging time, and energy costs, all while adhering to set constraints.

Advancements and Challenges in IoT Simulators: A Comprehensive Review.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as an important concept, bridging the physical and digital worlds through interconnected devices. Although the idea of interconnected devices predates the term "Internet of Things", which was coined in 1999 by Kevin Ashton, the vision of a seamlessly integrated world of devices has been accelerated by advancements in wireless technologies, cost-effective computing, and the ubiquity of mobile devices. This study aims to provide an in-depth review of existing and emerging IoT simulators focusing on their capabilities and real-world applications, and discuss the current challenges and future trends in the IoT simulation area. Despite substantial research in the IoT simulation domain, many studies have a narrow focus, leaving a gap in comprehensive reviews that consider broader IoT development metrics, such as device mobility, energy models, Software-Defined Networking (SDN), and scalability. Notably, there is a lack of literature examining IoT simulators' capabilities in supporting renewable energy sources and their integration with Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) simulations. Our review seeks to address this gap, evaluating the ability of IoT simulators to simulate complex, large-scale IoT scenarios and meet specific developmental requirements, as well as examining the current challenges and future trends in the field of IoT simulation. Our systematic analysis has identified several significant gaps in the current literature. A primary concern is the lack of a generic simulator capable of effectively simulating various scenarios across different domains within the IoT environment. As a result, a comprehensive and versatile simulator is required to simulate the diverse scenarios occurring in IoT applications. Additionally, there is a notable gap in simulators that address specific security concerns, particularly battery depletion attacks, which are increasingly relevant in IoT systems. Furthermore, there is a need for further investigation and study regarding the integration of IoT simulators with traffic simulation for VANET environments. In addition, it is noteworthy that renewable energy sources are underrepresented in IoT simulations, despite an increasing global emphasis on environmental sustainability. As a result of these identified gaps, it is imperative to develop more advanced and adaptable IoT simulation tools that are designed to meet the multifaceted challenges and opportunities of the IoT domain.

Analysis of the Dynamic Source Routing Protocol on the Performance of File Transfer Protocol and Video Conference Services in the Mobile AdHoc Network Simulation

Current technological advancements make it easier for users to do their work effectively and efficiently, including the use of wireless networks to exchange data via File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and video conferencing services (VCS). A Mobile AdHoc Network (MANET) is a wireless network technology that applies a dynamic set of nodes. Data transmission on the MANET does not require the use of devices such as base stations. Because each node on the MANET can act as a router in determining the direction of the data sent, the number of nodes in the MANET will influence the quality of the data sent. Using the OPNET Modeler simulator, this paper shows how to assess the quality of FTP and VCS based on delay, jitter, and packet loss parameters. The simulation scenario employs five, fifteen, and thirty nodes with low, medium, and high traffic loads, using the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol. According to the measurement results, the FTP service with the bad category is the packet loss parameter in high traffic loads, which has the highest packet loss value of 56.6 percent with 15 nodes. In contrast, good results for VCS are only produced on the delay parameter. The jitter increases with the number of nodes, and it is 5 in this case. In all scenarios, the packet loss parameter yields poor results, with the highest packet loss value approaching 100%.

Methodology and Performance Assessment of Three-Dimensional Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network Simulation

Packet-based simulation is a key tool for the research and development of Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). Over the last decade, many models throughout the communication stack have been presented, which have increased the degree of realism that can be achieved with popular simulation frameworks. Nevertheless, the three-dimensional aspects of many real-world traffic situations barely find consideration. In this paper, we present a holistic approach to simulate large-scale three-dimensional VANET scenarios. We briefly summarize our previously presented models covering different aspects of communication in 3D scenarios, including an environmental diffraction model, an n-ray ground interference model, and the consideration of multi-floor communication. We then describe the principle of a model selector, which applies the appropriate models depending on the environment of the currently transmitted packet. Subsequently, we use the outlined methodology implemented in our Veins 3D framework to simulate a large urban reference scenario. The results differ significantly from comparable 2D simulations, demonstrating the necessity of three-dimensional considerations. However, they also show strongly increased execution times. Therefore, we further suggest different approaches to improve the simulation performance. Based on these optimizations, simulation durations in the same order of magnitude as a comparable 2D simulation can be achieved.

A Distributed Task Scheduling Method Based on Conflict Prediction for Ad Hoc UAV Swarms

UAV swarms have attracted great attention, and are expected to be used in scenarios, such as search and rescue, that require many urgent jobs to be completed in a minimum time by multiple vehicles. For complex missions with tight constraints, careful assigning tasks is inseparable from the scheduling of these tasks, and multi-task distributed scheduling (MTDS) is required. The Performance Impact (PI) algorithm is an excellent solution for MTDS, but it suffers from the suboptimal solution caused by the heuristics for local task selection, and the deadlock problem that it may fall into an infinite cycle of exchanging the same task. In this paper, we improve the PI algorithm by integrating a new task-removal strategy and a conflict prediction mechanism into the task-removal phase and the task-inclusion phase, respectively. Specifically, the task-removal strategy results in better exploration of the inclusion of more tasks than the original PI by freeing up more space in the local scheduler, improving the suboptimal solution caused by the heuristics for local task selection, as done in PI. In addition, we design a conflict prediction mechanism that simulates adjacent vehicles performing inclusion operations as the criteria for local task inclusion. Therefore, it can reduce the deadlock ratio and iteration times of the MTDS algorithm. Furthermore, by combining the protocol stack with the physical transmission model, an ad-hoc network simulation platform is constructed, which is closer to the real-world network, and serves as the supporting environment for testing the MTDS algorithms. Based on the constructed ad-hoc network simulation platform, we demonstrate the advantage of the proposed algorithm over the original PI algorithm through Monte Carlo simulation of search and rescue tasks. The results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the average time cost, increase the total allocation number under most random distributions of vehicles-tasks, and significantly reduce the deadlock ratio and the number of iteration rounds.

Simulation of IoT-based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) for Smart Traffic Management Systems

Nowadays, traffic congestion and increasing road accidents have become a major concern for both developed and developing countries. To overcome this challenge, an internet of things- (IoT-) based Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) system is proposed in which vehicles interact with other vehicles and infrastructure. These self-organized ad hoc vehicle networks not only boost traffic safety but also enhances the efficiency of traffic management systems. The VANET systems are beneficial in busy locations, where improved data dissemination protocols are used to categorize a vehicle’s transmission. However, the performance of these VANETs is also hampered by network splits and insufficient connections. Under these situations, the proposed simulation model reduces broadcast storms by minimizing redundancies, which is equally beneficial for both rural and urban settings. The suggested Next Forwarder Vehicle (NFV) protocol is based on three factors: position, distance, and orientation. Moreover, the DDP4V technique is used to analyse each of these features. Results indicate that DDP4V is compatible with 96% of all traffic scenarios and simulation durations. It can transport data packets 60% faster due to its broadcast suppression capabilities. Also, in comparison to AID and DBRS, DDP4V has fewer dispersed packets, which results into reduced retransmissions. For 200 automobiles/km2, all these techniques accomplish 35–40% of the needed cars. However, the coverage also faces some restrictions since data packets only reach vehicles on the same side as the originating vehicle. Similarly, DDP4V delivers 90% coverage for 400 vehicles/km2, which is 30% greater than prior techniques. It is observed that the proposed protocol reduces broadcast storms by employing a waggon wheel to choose the next forwarding vehicle. In high-traffic areas, it outperforms standard techniques. Similarly, it employs a patchwork of vehicles outside of the impacted region to convey data. The industrial IoT-based VANETs provide an effective tool to monitor and control traffic besides reducing the number of traffic accidents.

Design and Implementation of VANET in Ad hoc Network using MATLAB

Today wireless communications is becoming the most useful means of transferring data, and the most active research sector. In this I will demonstrate one of the most useful types of the Ad-Hoc networks; the Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks. VANET is the sort of technology of constructing an Ad-Hoc network with resilience between vehicles and each other, as well as, between mobile vehicles and with all roadside unit additionally. To facilitate the communication between automobiles, a special type of MANET known as VANET has been developed. Using realistic vehicle mobility models, we develop VANET simulators and models for representing vehicle communication and mobility. This test necessitates the use of both a traffic and network simulator. However, because it is simple, easy, and inexpensive, the MATLAB has been preferred to the traffic simulation. An urban scenario Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network (VAN) simulation is the goal of this paper, which can be used for testing. MAC protocols in VANETs can benefit from this type of environment.

A Path Loss and Shadowing Model for Multilink Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channels in Urban Intersections.

The non line-of-sight (NLOS) scenario in urban intersections is critical in terms of traffic safety—a scenario where Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication really can make a difference by enabling communication and detection of vehicles around building corners. A few NLOS V2V channel models exist in the literature but they all have some form of limitation, and therefore further research is need. In this paper, we present an alternative NLOS path loss model based on analysis from measured V2V communication channels at 5.9 GHz between six vehicles in two urban intersections. We analyze the auto-correlation of the large scale fading process and the influence of the path loss model on this. In cases where a proper model for the path loss and the antenna pattern is included, the de-correlation distance for the auto-correlation is as low as 2–4 m, and the cross-correlation for the large scale fading between different links can be neglected. Otherwise, the de-correlation distance has to be much longer and the cross-correlation between the different communication links needs to be considered separately, causing the computational complexity to be unnecessarily large. With these findings, we stress that vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) simulations should be based on the current geometry, i.e., a proper path loss model should be applied depending on whether the V2V communication is blocked or not by other vehicles or buildings.

Integration of traffic and network simulators for vehicular ad-hoc networks

Simulation is the replication of the process of the real-world process. Research tool selection is important for generating the realistic scenario. VanetMobiSim is used to generate the realistic scenario for vehicular mobility model and that traffic file simulated by network simulator NS-2.34. With the help of this step, one can generate the simulation results and run simulations for different scenarios to evaluate the performance of the on-demand routing protocols for VANET in terms of different performance parameters those are average throughput, PDF, NRL, average end-to-end delay and packet loss. In this paper, discuss the Integration of traffic and network simulators i.e. VanetMobiSim and NS-2 for vehicular adhoc network simulation. That Integration is useful for calculate the throughput for VANETs.

Vehicular ad-hoc network simulations of overtaking maneuvers on two-lane rural highways

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of a dedicated short-range communication (DSRC)-based wireless vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication system, called the overtaking assistant, devised for improving safety during overtaking (also referred to as passing) maneuvers on two-lane rural highways. Specifically, the paper examines the influence of vehicular kinematics (vehicle speeds, accelerations and distances), driver behavior (drivers’ perception/reaction time and overtaking rate), and DSRC characteristics (power settings, communication range, packet errors, sensor errors, and estimation inaccuracy) on the effectiveness of DSRC systems in predicting unsafe overtaking maneuvers. To this end, the paper utilizes a microscopic traffic simulator called VEhicles In Network Simulation (VEINS) that supports the simulation of wireless communication protocols in Vehicular Ad-hoc NEtworks (VANETs). 18,000 overtaking maneuvers – with roughly 10,000 collision maneuvers – were simulated to consider heterogeneity in vehicular kinematics, driver behavior, and DSRC performance. The overtaking assistant predicts whether a collision will occur and warns the driver before the maneuver begins. A descriptive analysis followed by a multivariate analysis (using binary discrete outcome models) of the simulated data reveals that the majority of collisions that could not be detected were due to the vehicles being out of communication range for the communication power settings used in the simulation. Packet errors, or failed communications, at a rate of up to 50% did not have a significant influence on the ability to detect collisions. These results suggest that the most important step in paving the way toward advanced driver assistance systems for rural highway overtaking maneuvers is to broaden the communication range of DSRC devices.

Performance Analysis of Routing Protocols in Mobile Wireless Sensor Network

A sensor network is nothing but the collection of number of wireless mobile nodes. Each node route the packet as well as forward the packet until the destination. Many routing protocol have been developed in mobile networks. Protocol selection is the main purpose of the wireless network and selected protocol must be best in all aspects of the mobile network. In this paper, simulation performance analysis is carried out on Adhoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) and Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) protocol using NS3 simulator. The metrics used for performance evaluation are Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio and Delay. General Terms Purpose of this paper is to cover mobile wireless sensor network routing protocols, Mobile Ad-hoc networks and Network simulator NS3.

Research on Gibbs Mobility Model for Ad Hoc Networks in the Contingency-Responding Battle

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) because of its flexible, networking fast, strong anti-destroying ability and other characteristics, is widely used in military, disaster relief, interim meetings and other scenes[1]. Simulation is the primary means of mobile Ad Hoc network research and evaluation of performance, while mobility model is an important component of the performance simulation of Ad Hoc networks. The authenticity of device nodes’ movement in the manner, directly affects the network to evaluate the effectiveness and reliability of the simulation. This paper selects Gibbs group mobility model, and simulate the characteristics of the nodes’ mobility in contingency-responding scene.

NS2-Based Black Hole Attack Modeling and Simulation of Ad Hoc Network

Taking the AODV protocol as an example, the attack characteristics of different types of black holes are analyzed. Then, an attack model of black hole is established. Finally, the effects of black hole attacks to network performance are analyzed by simulations in different types and intensities. The simulation results show that this model can accurately simulate the impact of black hole attack on network performance and can provide reference and corresponding simulation environment for the security research of Ad Hoc network.

Stochastic Vector Mobility Model for Mobile and Vehicular Ad Hoc Network Simulation

In this paper, a random synthetic stochastic vector mobility model (VMM) to simulate vehicle traffic movement for mobile and vehicle ad hoc networks is proposed. The objective of the VMM is to be able to easily regenerate random mobility patterns that accurately match the stochastic characteristics of vehicles (e.g., cars and buses) better than other random synthetic stochastic mobility simulators, which include random walk, Gauss-Markov mobility, fluid flow, and random way point. An essential characteristic of vehicle mobility is that it has directionality and is targeted toward a destination while showing a certain degree of randomness in speed and angle changes as it moves toward its destination. To model these characteristics, a destination targeted VMM (DTVMM) is proposed, which can be made to randomly move toward the exact location or the neighborhood of the targeted destination based on the setting of the DTVMM stochastic parameters. When the stochastic parameters of actual traffic traces are used, the simulation results show that the DTVMM movement patterns are very similar to actual traces and have the same stochastic characteristics.

DDoS Attacks for Ad Hoc Network Based on Attack Cluster

Show the definition of Ad Hoc network attack cluster, and propose a new method of DDoS attacks for Ad Hoc Networks, which can accurately attack the target node, demonstrate no redundant aggressive behavior compared with the traditional attack and reduce the detection rate of aggressive behavior. Use NS2 simulation platform to build Ad Hoc network simulation scenarios with dynamic topology, and simulate DDoS attacks in this environment; The simulation results show that the new DDoS attack method can effectively reduce the communication ability of the Ad Hoc network, and increasing the attack node density will strengthen the attack effect.

Simulation of vehicular ad-hoc networks: Challenges, review of tools and recommendations

Vehicular communications are considered the next step in increasing transportation safety and comfort. The prohibitive price of operational test beds means that computer simulations are the only viable solution for analysing the performance of different protocols and architectures. However, simulation frameworks used in vehicular ad-hoc networks research are still highly heterogeneous and, as a consequence, many of the proposed ideas can not be compared and validated. In this paper, we focus on the challenges faced when modelling the vehicular environment and the solutions adopted in the main simulation tools. As the research community is concerned with many different problems, from safety related issues to traffic efficiency and from intersection management to Internet access, we consider that every study should chose the appropriate simulator based on its requirements. Consequently, we make some recommendations which take into account the scope of the simulated scenario and the properties of the simulation frameworks.

Model of Vehicular Movement in Simulation of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Currently, the research on Vehicular Ad hoc Networks(VANETs) is hot. Vehicular movement model is an important factor, which affects the simulation results of VANETs. In the simulation of VANETs, Vehicular movement model used in the urban environment should consider not only the characteristics of the vehicular movement, but also the role of obstructing the radio waves. In this paper, after a detailed analysis of vehicle motion features, it gives a vehicular movement model based on directed graph. The simulation shows that the model can well reflect the movement of vehicles in the real world, and the influence of urban environment on the network performance.

Simulation of Packet Telephony in Mobile Adhoc Networks Using Network Simulator

Packet Telephony has been regarded as an alternative to existing circuit switched fixed telephony. To propagate new idea regarding Packet Telephony researchers need to test their ideas in real or simulated environment. Most of the research in mobile ad-hoc networks is based on simulation. Among all available simulation tools, Network Simulator (ns2) has been most widely used for simulation of mobile ad-hoc networks. Network Simulator does not directly support Packet Telephony. The authors are proposing a technique to simulate packet telephony over mobile ad-hoc network using network simulator, ns2.

Parallel and Distributed Simulation of Ad Hoc Networks

Modeling and simulation are traditional methods used to evaluate wireless network design. This paper addresses issues associated with the application of parallel discrete event simulation to mobile ad hoc networks design and analysis. The basic characteristics and major issues pertaining to ad hoc networks modeling and simulation are introduced. The focus is on wireless transmission and mobility models. Particular attention is paid to the MobASim system, a Javabased software environment for parallel and distributed simulation of mobile ad hoc networks. We describe the design, performance and possible applications of presented simulation software.