Simulation Bench Research Articles

AIRSENSE-TO-ACT: A Concept Paper for COVID-19 Countermeasures Based on Artificial Intelligence Algorithms and Multi-Source Data Processing

The aim of this concept paper is the description of a new tool to support institutions in the implementation of targeted countermeasures, based on quantitative and multi-scale elements, for the fight and prevention of emergencies, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic. The tool is a cloud-based centralized system; a multi-user platform that relies on artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms for the processing of heterogeneous data, which can produce as an output the level of risk. The model includes a specific neural network which is first trained to learn the correlations between selected inputs, related to the case of interest: environmental variables (chemical–physical, such as meteorological), human activity (such as traffic and crowding), level of pollution (in particular the concentration of particulate matter) and epidemiological variables related to the evolution of the contagion. The tool realized in the first phase of the project will serve later both as a decision support system (DSS) with predictive capacity, when fed by the actual measured data, and as a simulation bench performing the tuning of certain input values, to identify which of them led to a decrease in the degree of risk. In this way, we aimed to design different scenarios to compare different restrictive strategies and the actual expected benefits, to adopt measures sized to the actual needs, adapted to the specific areas of analysis and useful for safeguarding human health; and we compared the economic and social impacts of the choices. Although ours is a concept paper, some preliminary analyses have been shown, and two different case studies are presented, whose results have highlighted a correlation between NO2, mobility and COVID-19 data. However, given the complexity of the virus diffusion mechanism, linked to air pollutants but also to many other factors, these preliminary studies confirmed the need, on the one hand, to carry out more in-depth analyses, and on the other, to use AI algorithms to capture the hidden relationships among the huge amounts of data to process.

Non-intrusive nonlinear and parameter varying reduced order modelling

In this paper, we are interested in deriving a non-intrusive numerical approach to construct nonlinear and linear parameter varying reduced order models from data. More specifically, based on data collected from a stable non-linear time-domain simulator or experimental bench, we show how we can infer either a reduced order nonlinear or a (quasi) linear parameter dependent model. The proposed approach is based on a very recent procedure called MII for Mixed Interpolation Inference, involving three steps: pencil method, interpolation and model inference. The complete process is illustrated on a polynomial nonlinear Duffing oscillator use-case showing how a reduced either nonlinear or linear parameter varying model can be obtained from time-domain raw data.

Vibration resistance of HST 90 hydrostatic transmission

Hydrostatic transmissions, which are usually used in the drives of mobile machines, have recently been actively used in drives of other working bodies of machines. For example, in drives of mixers of concrete carriers, drives of working bodies of agricultural machines - straw cutters, etc. This area of use of hydrostatic transmissions is actively developing. The successful solution of this problem is prevented by the occurrence of vibrational operating modes while reducing inertial and technological loads, and in some cases leads to significant disturbances in the operation of machines. Using computer simulation of the hydrostatic transmission, the influence of the inertial and technological loads, as well as the parameters of the hydraulic system, the conditions for the occurrence of vibrational modes of its operation are analyzed. Based on the results obtained, measures have been developed to improve the design of measures and shunt valves, which allow to exclude vibrational modes of operation with a significant expansion of the range of variation of inertial and technological loads.The results of a bench simulation of hydrostatic transmissions with advanced valves, conducted in the laboratories of PJSC Gidrosila APM (Kropyvnytskyi), confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed measures. The enterprise has begun mass production of hydrostatic transmissions of an improved design.

Оценка точности измерения параметров автомобиля на стенде с беговыми барабанами

Fuel efficiency is one of the indicators for evaluating the efficiency of rolling stock. The article discusses the main reasons that determine the need to assess the fuel efficiency of road vehicles during their operation. An analysis of recommendations for the accuracy of measuring vehicle parameters in regulatory documents was given. The goal of the work was formulated, which is to develop measures to improve the accuracy of measurements during bench tests of cars. The main features of measuring fuel consumption on a simulation stand with running drums were considered. Formulas for calculating fuel travel on the road and on the stand with running drums were presented. A criterion for the similarity of road and bench tests for the fuel efficiency of a car was determined. The factors that influence the measurement of fuel consumption were considered. The general measuring scheme of the simulation bench was drawn up. The components of the load-speed modes for the stand operation were analyzed. A metrological assessment was made of the equipment used to measure the torque and rotation speed of the drive shaft of the running drums. A diagram of the calibration process of a strain gauge beam was given, which is used to measure the torque on the running drums of the stand and the wheels of a car. An assessment was made of the regularity of the change in the output channel of the measuring signal from the torque. The characteristic of the relative error was obtained for two ranges of load measurements. The influence of the frequency and number of successive measurements on the convergence of the accuracy of determining the fuel consumption, speed and load of the vehicle during bench tests was established. The optimal measurement time was obtained with an acceptable accuracy. The general dependence of the total error in measuring fuel consumption on a stand with running drums was obtained, taking into account the accuracy of measuring, processing and sampling the signal. The influence of the sampling frequency of the analog-to-digital conversion on the measurement accuracy was assessed. Conclusions and recommendations were developed, which indicated the main avenues for further research.

Bench-scale study of centrifugal fan parameters

The article is devoted to the development of a special simulation bench installation for studying the quality of the centrifugal fan used in the suction -blower pneumatic transport system of modern vertical -spindle cotton pickers. The principle of operation of a production structure of a pneumatic transport system with a lateral elliptical inlet of the fan casing is described based on a known technical solution. In order to determine the optimal location of the lateral elliptical suction channel of the fan casing, a stand was created that includes a centrifugal fan mounted on a frame and receiving movement by means of a belt drive from an electric motor. Four different positions of the ellipsoidal inlet and one central side connection of the air intake to the fan casing were tested on the bench. Based on the experiments carried out using a given amount of transported cotton, the performance of the fan was determined with the least damage to the seeds.

Fault Detection and Behavior Analysis of Wheelset Bearing Using Adaptive Convolutional Sparse Coding Technique Combined with Bandwidth Optimization

Wheelset bearing is a critical and easily damaged component of a high-speed train. Wheelset bearing fault diagnosis is of great significance to ensure safe operation of high-speed trains and realize intelligent operation and maintenance. The convolutional sparse coding technique based on the dictionary learning algorithm (CSCT-DLA) provides an effective algorithm framework for extracting the impulses caused by bearing defect. However, dictionary learning is easily affected by foundation vibration and harmonic interference and cannot learn the key structure related to fault impulses. At the same time, the detection performance of fault impulse heavily depends on the selection of parameters in this approach. Union of convolutional dictionary learning algorithm (UC-DLA) is an efficient algorithm in CSCT-DLA. In this paper, UC-DLA is introduced and improved for wheelset bearing fault detection. Finally, a novel bearing fault detection method, adaptive UC-DLA combined with bandwidth optimization (AUC-DLA-BO), is proposed. The mathematical formulation of AUC-DLA-BO is a sort of constrained optimization problem, which can overcome foundation vibration and harmonic interference and adaptively determine parameters related to UC-DLA. The proposed method can detect the fault resonance band adaptively, eliminate the noise with the same frequency band as the fault resonance band, and highlight the bearing fault impulses. Simulated signals and bench tests are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results show that AUC-DLA-BO can effectively detect bearing faults and realize the refined analysis of fault behavior.

Adaptive Cruise Control for Eco-Driving Based on Model Predictive Control Algorithm

An adaptive cruise control (ACC) system is developed based on eco-driving for two typical car-following traffic scenes. The ACC system is designed using the model predictive control (MPC) algorithm, to obtain objectives of eco-driving, driving safety, comfortability, and tracking capability. The optimization of driving comfortability and the minimization of fuel consumption are realized in the manner of constraining the acceleration value and its variation rate, so-called the jerk, of the host vehicle. The driving safety is guaranteed by restricting the vehicle spacing always larger than minimum safe spacing from the host vehicle to the preceding vehicle. The performances of the proposed MPC-based ACC system are evaluated and compared with the conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller-based ACC system in two representative driving scenarios, through a simulation bench and an instantaneous emissions and fuel consumption model. In addition to meeting the other driving objectives mentioned above, the simulation results indicate an improvement of 13% (at the maximum) for fuel economy, which directly shows the effectiveness of the presented MPC-based ACC system.

Design and control of multiphase interleaved boost converters-based on differential flatness theory for PEM fuel cell multi-stack applications

This article is focused on the development of an energy management algorithm applied to a multi-stack fuel cell (FC) system for DC microgrid applications. To guarantee the performance of the FC stacks, the current ripple is reduced by employing multiphase interleaved boost converters. A proposed advanced control technique of the multi-stack with multiphase converters for the proton exchange membrane (PEM) FCs is estimated based on a differential flatness approach, in which it can track the power demand in real-time. Furthermore, the differential flatness based-control can ensure the balance of the DC bus voltage of the DC microgrid when load disturbance occurs. The flatness-based energy management strategy is based on both inner current loops (control of the multi-stack PEMFC through their multiphase interleaved boost converters) and outer voltage loop (DC bus voltage regulation). Compared to classic PI controllers mainly based on the linearization of the system to obtain the transfer function (making complex its application), the flatness-based theory leans on time-domain making it easier its use for various applications while ensuring good performances. To validate the proposed control structure, an FC converter system (5 kW) is realized and validated in the laboratory. For hydrogen production, the methanol FC system has consisted of a reformer engine that changes water mixed methanol liquid into hydrogen to supply FC stacks (ME2Power Fuel Cell System: 50 V, 5 kW). The proposed control algorithm is tested experimentally by using a dSPACE controller board platform. Simulation and test bench results authenticate the excellent performance during load cycles in DC microgrid.

Estimating dynamic positioning errors of coordinate measuring machines

Modern industrial production requires fast and automated quality control using state-of-the-art surface metrology sensors embedded in fast high-precision measuring machines. In order to achieve both fast and precise positioning, active control systems with model-based compensation of dynamic positioning errors due to increased acceleration forces can be applied. However, these active control systems require an accurate estimate of the dynamic positioning errors of the tool-center-point (TCP) with respect to the precisely measured position of the drive axes. A novel optical camera sensor system with high subpixel precision based on multi-spot detection enables the direct measurement of the TCP position at a slower rate than the sampling time of the control system and with significant latency or dead-time. Based on a general yet simple deviation model with large model mismatch, three approaches to estimate the TCP position are presented and compared with simulation and test bench results of a modified Mahr MFU 100 measuring machine. First, a multi-rate Kalman filter with delay compensation is designed based on a simple physical modal model generalizing the applicability of the concept for different types of measuring machines and machine tools. Second, additional sensors in form of accelerometers placed at the TCP are used to obtain an indirect measurement of the TCP position at a fast sampling rate to reduce the effect of the model mismatch. Third, instead of additional sensors, an alternative concept consisting of enhanced Gaussian process modeling to improve the model accuracy with a data-based error model is incorporated in the Kalman filter framework in form of fast pseudo-measurements outperforming the other approaches.

Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Autonomous Vehicles Considering Dynamic Stability Constraints

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Autonomous vehicle performance is increasingly highlighted in many highway driving scenarios, which leads to more priorities to vehicle stability as well as tracking accuracy. In this paper, a nonlinear model predictive controller for autonomous vehicle trajectory tracking is designed and verified through a real-time simulation bench of a virtual test track. The dynamic stability constraints of nonlinear model predictive control (NLMPC) are obtained by a novel quadrilateral stability region criterion instead of the conventional phase plane method using the double-line region. First, a typical lane change scene of overtaking is selected and a new composited trajectory model is proposed as a reference path that combines smoothness of sine wave and comfort of linear functional path. Reference lateral velocity, azimuth angle, yaw rate, and front wheel steering angle are subsequently taken into account. Then, by establishing a nonlinear vehicle dynamics model where Magic Formula of nonlinear tire model is adapted, the quadrilateral vehicle stability region is defined in consideration of designed velocity, road adhesion coefficient, and front wheel steering angle. Working condition-variant constraints determined by the boundaries of the quadrilateral region are subsequently obtained to guarantee the stability and vehicle performance. Finally, a nonlinear motion state space model with measured and unmeasured disturbance for NLMPC tracking maneuver is proposed, Meanwhile, a multi-objective cost function based on track error, ride comfort, and the smoothness of control derivative is established. Laguerre functions are applied to design optimal control trajectory and Hildreth’s quadratic programming procedure is introduced to find converged solutions meeting constraints derived from previously investigated quadrilateral stability region for sake of lightening computation load and finding better numerically conditioned solutions of control when NLMPC is implemented online. The configuration of a real-time virtual test track is explained and the NLMPC algorithm is validated. The simulation and experiment results are illustrated to show the effectiveness of the designed nonlinear model predictive control scheme under the test of the overtaking scene compared with the conventional driver control. This work may provide a useful basis for researches of autonomous vehicle lane change in terms of track accuracy, ride comfort as well as stability.</div></div>

Dynamic test bench simulation of SC landing on the Mars surface

Dynamic test bench simulation of SC landing on the Mars surface

An Unsupervised Intelligent Method for Cutting Pick State Recognition of Coal Mining Shearer

This paper proposes an intelligent recognition method for shearer cutting state based on deep learning theory, to solve the problems where the picks are prone to various failure forms during the cutting of coal and rock masses by the shearer. The failure will lead to the decline on the stability of the entire machine of the shearer and affect the safety production. Specially, a 1:1 simulation bench is used for simulating underground mining conditions to measure and collect the cutting loads of picks and establish a sample database. Deep learning-based intelligent recognition method is an effective tool that can break away from the dependency of prior knowledge and recognition experience, and sparse. In this paper, a promising deep learning method called sparse filtering is proposed for intelligent recognition of shearer cutting. So sparse filtering is applied to construct an automatic feature extraction model, and softmax regression is adopted as a classifier for cutting pick state recognition. Furthermore, L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sub> regularization term is added to the cost function of sparse filtering to prevent the problem of excessive model training and weights. The proposed method for identifying the cutting status of the shearer can effectively monitor the cutting status of the picker, thereby improving the safety and stability of the cutting of the shearer and promote the coal mining efficiency.

Система мониторинга протяженных промышленных объектов

Priority is given to ensure safety and efficiency of technological processes in hazardous industries, especially in mining operations. Such factories utilize enormous amount of safety sensors. Triggering any one of them stops operations both locally and globally. For example, a single belt conveyor is fitted with up to a hundred sensors and reaches few kilometers length. It is very important to quickly localize a position of a triggered safety sensor to proceed with elimination of an accident. The purpose of this work is to create a hardware-software monitoring system of extended objects (f.e. belt conveyor), which detects a triggering of a two-wire safety line. According to the purpose of this work the following were developed and tested: a physical control model that replicates the triggering of safety sensors, a hardware architecture of monitoring system, a mathematical model of separate nodes of devices, electrical schematics, and a device prototype. A function algorithms and software architectures for each device were developed and tested. As a result an experimental system prototype was developed with accordance to the rules of hazardous environment. On a basis of a monitoring system and a physical control model a simulation bench was developed. By results of concluded experiments following system specifications were deducted: safety sensor triggering detection in less than 100 ms, an address definition from 1 up to 3 simultaneously triggered safety sensors, definition of the type of accident. Created monitoring system may be used to control a variety of industrial extended objects, in particular in gas- and dust-hazardous environment, using discrete safety sensors.

A study on the enhancement of amplitude of DCT measured load spectrum considering time-frequency domain damage characteristics

The indoor enhancement simulation bench test of transmission is an important method of assessment, evaluation and promotion of its performance. On the basis of equivalence between time domain and frequency domain damages, an editing and evaluating method of fatigue damage is proposed based on quantitative damage, with which a real load spectrum measured is edited and concentrated. Through test verification, we find that the editing method of load spectrum proposed preserves the damage characteristics of load spectrum in both time and frequency domains, and the road simulation test with the edited load spectrum can accurately assess the fatigue reliability of dual clutch automatic transmission (DCT) key components within a time period greatly shortened.

A study on the enhancement of amplitude of DCT measured load spectrum considering time-frequency domain damage characteristics

The indoor enhancement simulation bench test of transmission is an important method of assessment, evaluation and promotion of its performance. On the basis of equivalence between time domain and frequency domain damages, an editing and evaluating method of fatigue damage is proposed based on quantitative damage, with which a real load spectrum measured is edited and concentrated. Through test verification, we find that the editing method of load spectrum proposed preserves the damage characteristics of load spectrum in both time and frequency domains, and the road simulation test with the edited load spectrum can accurately assess the fatigue reliability of dual clutch automatic transmission (DCT) key components within a time period greatly shortened.

THE ROLE OF A SIMULATION BENCH WITH PLASMA- BEAM INSTALLATION IN RESEARCHES OF PLASMA-SURFACE INTERECTION

In accordance with purpose of the program for ensuring scientific study efficiency, an experimental simulation bench with a plasma-beam installation was created based on IAE Branch RSE NNC RK at the KTM installation, in 2008, whose role is the testing of small samples from promising structural materials and the setting up of diagnostic equipment for thermonuclear reactors. The installation is oriented on universality and possibility of quick readjustment to solve various specialized tasks, and also has wide possibility and allows testing materials under the complex effect of plasma flow and powerful heat load on them.

New physiological bench test reproducing nocturnal breathing pattern of patients with sleep disordered breathing.

Previous studies have shown that Automatic Positive Airway Pressure devices display different behaviors when connected to a bench using theoretical respiratory cycle scripts. However, these scripts are limited and do not simulate physiological behavior during the night. Our aim was to develop a physiological bench that is able to simulate patient breathing airflow by integrating polygraph data. We developed an algorithm analyzing polygraph data and transformed this information into digital inputs required by the bench hardware to reproduce a patient breathing profile on bench. The inputs are respectively the simulated respiratory muscular effort pressure input for an artificial lung and the sealed chamber pressure to regulate the Starling resistor. We did simulations on our bench for a total of 8 hours and 59 minutes for a breathing profile from the demonstration recording of a Nox T3 Sleep Monitor. The simulation performance results showed that in terms of relative peak-valley amplitude of each breathing cycle, simulated bench airflow was biased by only 1.48% ± 6.80% compared to estimated polygraph nasal airflow for a total of 6,479 breathing cycles. For total respiratory cycle time, the average bias ± one standard deviation was 0.000 ± 0.288 seconds. For patient apnea events, our bench simulation had a sensitivity of 84.7% and a positive predictive value equal to 90.3%, considering 149 apneas detected both in polygraph nasal simulated bench airflows. Our new physiological bench would allow personalizing APAP device selection to each patient by taking into account individual characteristics of a sleep breathing profile.

Evaluation of Stuck-at Faults in a FIR Filter Design

The development of integrated circuits becomes more complex and gets more susceptible to manufacturing errors as technology nodes get smaller. Along with that, the observability of more complex chips gets reduced, making it harder and more expensive to test. Therefore, the impact of different faults must be observed on the design as early as possible, in order to reduce the time to market and the cost of the fault to the project.Since many designs depend on Digital Signal Processing applications, this project proposes a case study of the implementation of a FIR filter design in Verilog and the analysis and comparison of its response by inserting stuck-at faults in its shift registers via test bench simulation.&#x0D;

To the issue of choosing the well pump operation mode under unsteady drainage

The article discusses the unsteady drainage as one of the ways to increase oil recovery. With this well operation process, optimal periods of pump switching are determined to increase the oil flow rate and reduce the watercut. The object of study is the "reservoir — well — pump" system. The purpose of the study is to ensure efficient operation of wells. We use the descriptive method, including the analysis of transient processes of the "reservoir — well — pump" system on a simulation bench, interpretation of transient graphs, and comparison and generalization of the results. The research results showed the dependence of the pressure change on the pump operation mode, i.e. the dependence of the formation parameter on the change in the flow resistance of the "reservoir — well — pump" system. For each transient process, the optimal period of pump operation was determined equal to 3 τ, which will ensure efficient well production mode.

Novel single-use duodenoscope compared with 3 models of reusable duodenoscopes for ERCP: a randomized bench-model comparison

Multidrug-resistant infectious outbreaks associated with duodenoscope reuse have been documented internationally. A single-use endoscope could eliminate exogenous patient-to-patient infection associated with ERCP. We conducted a comparative bench simulation study of a new single-use and 3 models of reusable duodenoscopes on a synthetic anatomic bench model. Four ERCP tasks were performed: guidewire locking (single-use and 1 reusable duodenoscope only), plastic stent placement and removal, metal stent placement and removal, and basket sweeping. The study schedule included block randomization by 4 duodenoscopes, 4 tasks, and 2 anatomic model ERCP stations. Ability to complete tasks, task completion times, and subjective ratings of overall performance, navigation/pushability, tip control, and image quality on a scale of 1 (worst) to 10 (best) were compared among duodenoscopes. All 4 ERCP tasks (total 14 subtasks) were completed by 6 expert endoscopists using all 4 duodenoscopes, with similar task completion times (median, 1.5-8.0 minutes per task) and overall performance ratings by task (median, 8.0-10.0). Navigation/pushability ratings were lower for the single-use duodenoscope than for the 3 reusable duodenoscopes (median, 8.0, 10.0, 9.0, and 9.0, respectively; P< .01). Tip control ratings were similar among all the duodenoscopes (median, 9.0-10.0; P= .77). Image quality ratings were lower for 1 reusable duodenoscope compared with the single-use and other 2 reusable duodenoscopes (median, 8.0, 9.0, 9.0, and 9.0, respectively; P< .01). A new single-use duodenoscope was used to simulate 4 ERCP tasks in an anatomic model, with performance ratings and completion times comparable with 3 models of reusable duodenoscopes.